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The efficacy of different educational methods needs to be evaluated in dental courses. The main objective of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of two educational methods in the improvement of medical emergencies management among dentists in terms of knowledge, diagnosis, practice, and availability of necessary drugs and equipment. The target population of this randomized controlled trial study was all the dentists working in public and private offices in the city of Tehran, Iran. Baseline data collection through a designed and piloted questionnaire was conducted among 210 randomly selected dentists. The dentists were then randomly assigned to one of the one-day workshop program (W), flipchart (F), and control (C) groups. One month after interventions the follow-up data collection using the same questionnaire was performed. Chi-square, non-parametric Kruskal Wallis, and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks were used to compare outcome variables among the three groups before and after the interventions. The total response rate was 61.5%. No statistical differences existed among the three groups regarding the background at baseline. Diagnosis, practice, and knowledge score before and after the intervention improved significantly among the participants in W group (P=0.02, P

Background: Transformation and differentiation of activated B-cell to plasmacells and also memory cells depend on signaling from B-cell receptors. The signals from antigen and cytokine receptors on the surface of B cells lead to induce the expression of specific transcription factors, which finally determine the fate of B cells. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated via ficoll gradient and then purified B cells were separated using magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Pure B cells were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (RPMI1640) culture media at the presence of purified anti-human CD40 antibody and anti-immunoglobulin M f (ab)´2 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anti-human CD40 antibody that induced B-cells differentiation to plasmablasts which was assessed with 3 markers (CD38+, CD27+, IgM-) and analyzed via flow cytometry. Findings: In stimulation of B cells with purified anti-human CD40 antibody and anti-IgM f (ab)´2 or LPS through cross-linking B-cell receptor, the majority of B cells remained alive and differentiated to another lineage of B cells (plasmablast: CD38+, CD27+, IgM-). There was no significant statistical difference between expressions of plasmablast markers in two states of stimulation. Conclusion: B cells can be stimulated and differentiated to plasmablasts in vitro similar to in vivo condition. However, to achieve the best outcome in the differentiation of B cells, we should consider the nature of stimulator, the time of incubation, and the type of stimulators.

Human linguatulosis poses an important medical and veterinary concern in en-demic countries. Animals, as reservoir host, play a major role in transmission of infestation and epidemiology of the disease. This study reports a case of human linguatulosis caused by Linguatula serrata in the city of Kerman, South-eastern Iran. A woman suffering from upper respiratory symptoms is presented. The pa-tient consumed raw liver of sheep who was admitted to the Afzalipour University Hospital in Kerman for the symptoms of upper respiratory tract. In microscopic examination of the nasopharyngeal discharge, L. serrata was detected. This report has future medical implication in precise diagnosis of L. serrata in patients with complaints of nasopharyngeal symptoms.

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Leukemia is a hematological tumor in which the malignant myeloid or lymphoid subsets play a pivotal role. Newly identified T helper cell 22 (Th22) is a subset of CD4(+) T cells with distinguished gene expression, function and specific properties apart from other known CD4(+) T cell subsets.Th22 cells are characterized by production of a distinct profile of effector cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-22, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The levels of Th22 and cytokine IL-22 are increased and positively related to inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Recently, several studies have reported the changes in frequency and function of Th22 in acute leukemic disorders as AML and ALL. This review discusses the role of Th22 and its cytokine IL-22 in the immunopathogenesis of leukemic disease.

مقدمه: سلول TH17 با تولید IL-17 می‌تواند سبب افزایش تولید دو سایتوکین BAFF و APRIL شود که نقش مهمی در بقا و فعال شدن سلول B، و در نتیجه، پاسخ‌های ایمنی هومورال دارند. نارسایی ایمنی رایج متغیر (Common variable immunodeficiency یا CVID)، یکی از بیماری‌های نقص ایمنی اولیه می‌باشد که با کاهش سطح آنتی‌بادی‌ها (نارسایی ایمنی هومورال) همراه است. فراوانی افراد مبتلا به CVID در جمعیت‌های مختلف در محدوده‌ی 1:10000 تا 1:50000 گزارش شده است. هدف از این مطالعه، مقایسه‌ی میانگین بیان ژن IL-17 در بیماران مبتلا به CVID با افراد سالم بود. روش‌ها: ابتدا 2 میلی‌لیتر خون کامل از 10 بیمار مبتلا به CVID و 10 فرد سالم گرفته و سپس تمام mRNA موجود در این نمونه‌ها جدا شد. پس از ساختن cDNA از روی mRNA، میزان بیان ژن IL-17 را با استفاده از روش Real Time-PCR سنجیدیم. یافته‌ها: میزان بیان ژن IL-17 در بیماران مبتلا به CVID نسبت به افراد شاهد کاهش یافت که البته این کاهش از لحاظ آماری معنی‌دار نبود (195/0 = P). نتیجه‌گیری: در این پژوهش نشان دادیم که میزان بیان ژن IL-17 در خون بیماران مبتلا به CVID نسبت به افراد سالم کاهش داشت؛ این موضوع دلیلی بر نقص تولید این سایتوکین است و می‌تواند دلیل نارسایی پاسخ ایمنی هومورال در این افراد باشد.

Background: Asthma as an airway disease is identified by increase network respon-siveness of the trachea and bronchus to a specific stimulus. Th17 cells through produc-tion of IL-17 have important role in inflammation and autoimmune diseases .In some studies has been shown which IL-17 as major cytokine of Th17 probably has im-portant role in the pathogenesis of allergy and asthma. Methods: Total mRNA extracted from whole blood samples and sputum of 23 asthma patients and 23 normal controls. Then, total RNA was converted into cDNA according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Finally, the transcript levels of IL-17 were quanti-fied by the real-time quantitative PCR. Twenty-three patients with asthma were diag-nosed and selected according to the global initiative for asthma (GINA) and none of the patients had taken the medication at least three week before sampling. Healthy in-dividuals did not have any history of allergy, asthma and other inflammatory diseases at the time of sampling. All of experiments have done in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran during May to February, 2013. Results: This study showed a significant increase in transcript levels of IL-17 in the blood (287±79 versus 1/18±0/13) and sputum samples of the patients (64±28 versus 0/9±0/1) in comparison with normal individuals (P= 0.000, P= 0.029 respectively). It al-so revealed that the expression levels of the cytokines in the serum samples of the asthmatics were significantly more than their levels in patient’s sputum samples (P= 0.000). However, there was no significant difference between the cytokines expression levels in serum samples and sputum samples of the controls (P> 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, we showed which the expression of IL-17 was increased in serum and sputum of asthmatic patients compared to healthy controls, this could re-sult in elevation of neutrophils population and activation of pulmonary neutrophil.

immunodeficiency, is a heterogeneous set of immunological abnormalities including decreased serum levels of antibodies, and impaired antibody response to infections or vaccination. The syndrome includes impaired B-cell maturation, impaired somatic hypermutation, reduced numbers of circulating memory B cells, and absent or reduced plasma cells. B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a transcription factor which is important for the evolution and proliferation of B cells. This study aimed to investigate the expression of BCL6 in peripheral blood CD38+ B lymphocytes in patients with CVID. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 14 patients with CVID under substitutive immunoglobulin (Ig) therapy before immunoglobulin infusion and 14 normal controls. Then, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated using Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation. CD19+ B lymphocytes were purified from PBMCs by positive selection using B-cell isolation kit. Flow cytometery method was employed to determine the expression of the BCL6 in CD38+ B cells. Findings: The expression of BCL6 in CD38 +B lymphocytes was 1.51% and 0.58% in patients and healthy subjects, respectively; the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that there is no significant difference in the mean expression of BCL6 of the CD38+ B cells in patients with CVID, compared with control group. However, the average BCL6 expression of CD38+ B lymphocytes in patients was more than control group.

Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) is a diverse group of diseases, characterized by a defect in the immune system. These patients are susceptible to recurrent respiratory infections, gastrointestinal problems, autoimmune diseases, and malignancies. In most cases, patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders have genetic defects and are monogenic disorders that follow a simple Mendelian inheritance, however, some PIDs recognize a more complex polygenic origin. Overall, almost 70 to 90 percent of patients with primary immunodeficiency are undiagnosed. Given that these patients are exposing to respiratory infectious agents and some live-attenuated vaccines, thus they have a high risk to some clinical complications. The administration of oral polio vaccine in patients with PIDs especially can increase the possibility of acute flaccid paralysis. These patients will excrete the poliovirus for a long time through their feces, even though they are not paralyzed. Long-term virus proliferation in the vaccinated individuals causes a mutation in the poliovirus and creates a vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), which is a major challenge to the final stages of the worldwide eradication of polio. To increase the diagnosis and identification of patients with immunodeficiency and carrying out a national plan for screening patients with immunodeficiency from the fecal excretion of the poliovirus, a possible polio epidemic can be prevented during post-eradication. Development of laboratory facilities in provincial and city centers, improvement of communications among physicians regarding medical consultation and establishment of referring systems for patients by national network lead to improve status of diagnosis and treatment of patients with primary immunodefiicencies. In this context, launching and activating the national network of immunodeficiency diseases is essential for improving the health of children and reducing the cost of the health system of the country. A national network of immunodeficiency can lead to increase awareness of physicians regarding primary immunodeficiency disorders, improve collaboration among physicians about genetic consultation and establish a practical referral system in Iran that results in increased diagnosis and improve treatment of patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders.

Background: The KW-2449 is a novel multikinase inhibitor that inhibits FLT3, ABL, ABL-T315I, and Aurora A. FLT3 and Aurora A kinases play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). KW-2449 could modulate immune cells, but the immunomodulatory effects of KW-2449 on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have not been investigated yet. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of KW-2449 on EAE mouse model. Methods: In this study, C57BL/6 EAE mice were orally treated with (10 mg/kg/day) KW-2449 solution and compared with EAE and control mice. Following the treatment, histological analyses were performed on the brain and cerebellum to evaluate the pathological score. The gene expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) were measured using qRT-PCR. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, CCL-2 and MMP-2 were determined by using quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The results indicated that the clinical score, the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the demyelination in EAE mice treated with KW-2449 decreased significantly compared to control groups. KW-2449 also decreased TNF-α, IL-6, CCL-2 inflammatory cytokines, and MMP-2 in both brain mRNA expressions and serum levels of EAE mice. Conclusion: The KW-2449, aging as a multi-kinase inhibitor, modulates the inflammatory responses of cytokine cascades either in the brain or in plasma and reduces EAE pathogenesis manifestation.