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The work in this paper incorporated printed circuit board (PCB) technology into micro-direct methanol fuel cells (µDMFCs) and conjectured and verified the performance degradation factors of PCB current collectors in µDMFCs by testing different designed configuration µDMFCs. The experiment results showed that all kinds of PCB coating can benefit from the porous stainless-steel plates covering to a great extent. At the end of 48 h discharging, µDMFCs with porous stainless-steel plates between MEA and PCB coating achieved higher performance than those of the direct contacting series. It can be inferred from various types of experimental data that because of stainless-steel porous plate isolating, the impact of corrosion on the surface of the PCB electrode plate was reduced to a certain extent. The corrosion of the electrode plate was slowed down in the µDMFC discharging as a result of the passivation behavior on the iron surface and a decrease in corrosion current. Consequently, the attenuation of the PCB performance was delayed. The conclusion of this work explores a practical direction to enhance the cost-effectiveness of fuel cells, promoting the large-scale application of DMFCs in the future.

Given the corrosion protection failure of the cable-stayed bridge cable in the actual project, the impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) technology was used to carry out the anti-corrosion tests from steel wire scale to cable scale, analyze the corrosion protection characteristics of steel wire ICCP, deduce the corrosion factor ICCP diffusion model, and reveal the space ICCP mechanism of the initial damaged cable. The analysis shows that ICCP can effectively inhibit the corrosive effect of steel wires and cables, and reduce the loss of mechanical properties of steel wires. Its protective efficiency increases with an increase in the absolute value of its protective potential and decreases with an increase in the dead load level. ICCP has a blocking effect on the diffusion of corrosion factors in the cable space, and the corrosion spatial distribution range, corrosion factor concentration, and diffusion coefficient of the initial damaged cable decrease significantly with the increase in the absolute value of the protection potential. The open circuit potential moves in a positive direction with the development of the corrosion process, and the blocking effect of corrosive factor diffusion is transformed from the joint participation by sacrificial anode cathodic protection and ICCP to the dominance of ICCP.

Heterotopic ossification refers to the pathological formation of extra-skeletal bone. It is a common complication of trauma or surgery that can cause disability and has no definitive cure. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying chronic inflammation during ossification remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the systemic immune microenvironment status of heterotopic ossification and identify biomarkers of therapeutic efficacy and recurrence. A combination of stereoarthrolysis with prophylactic radiotherapy and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was used to treat patients with heterotopic ossification. Changes were observed in peripheral blood lymphocyte levels after treatment. The number of IFNγ+CD8+T cells (3.753 % vs 12.90 %, P

Segregation of the solidification structure of an immiscible alloy is related to the convection induced by the density differences of the components under gravity during solidification. Here, the solidification of the Al–Bi alloy in both opposing and parallel directions to the gravity force was investigated in situ using radiography and optical flow techniques. A quantitative analysis was performed on the flow, solute, and constitutional undercooling fields at the interface. During upward solidification, a flat solute-enriched layer was observed, with the melt flowing toward the center from both sides of the interface. During downward solidification, the solute-enriched layer was deformed, and solute plumes were observed, with the melt flowing toward the sides from the center of the interface. A high solute concentration gradient enhances the local flow and solute transport. The elongation of the plumes was attributed not only to the convective diffusion of the solute but also to the dispersion of droplet clusters. The forces acting on the droplets were calculated, and it was found that the resultant force on the droplets increased the area of the solute-enriched layer. Convection within the bulk melt and the motion of the droplets have synergistic effects on the flow pattern and solute distribution. Distinct microstructures were observed in opposite directions of solidification owing to the differences in constitutional undercooling and flow instability. This work offers insights into the quantitative measurement and understanding of the multi-physics fields during the solidification process.

Abstract To provide evidence for optimization of multi-kinase inhibitors (MKIs) use in the clinic, we use the public database to describe and evaluate electrolyte disorders (EDs) related to various MKIs treated for renal cell carcinoma. We analyzed spontaneous reports submitted to the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) in an observational and retrospective manner. Selecting electrolyte disorders' adverse events to multikinase inhibitors (axitinib, cabozantinib, lenvatinib, pazopanib, sunitinib, and sorafenib). We used Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR), Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR), Bayesian Confidence Propagation Neural Network (BCPNN), and multi-item gamma Poisson shrinker (MGPS) algorithms to analyze suspected adverse reactions of electrolyte disorders induced by MKIs (which were treated for renal cell carcinoma) between January 2004 and December 2022. As of December 2022, 2772 MKIs (which were treated for renal cell carcinoma) ICSRs were related to electrolyte disorders AEs. In general, there were more AEs cases in males, except lenvatinib and 71.8% of the cases were submitted from North America. ICSRs in this study, the age group most frequently affected by electrolyte disorders AEs was individuals aged 45–64 years for axitinib, cabozantinib, pazopanib, and sunitinib, whereas electrolyte disorders AEs were more common in older patients (65–74 years) for sorafenib and lenvatinib. For all EDs documented in ICSRs (excluding missing data), the most common adverse outcome was hospitalization(1429/2674, 53.4%), and the most serious outcome was death/life-threat(281/2674, 10.5%). The prevalence of mortality was highest for sunitinib-related EDs (145/616, 23.5%), excluding missing data (n = 68), followed by cabozantinib-related EDs (20/237, 8.4%), excluding missing data (n = 1). The distribution of time-to-onset of Each drug-related ICSRs was not all the same, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.001). With the criteria of ROR, the six MKIs were all significantly associated with electrolyte disorders AEs, the strongest association was the association between cabozantinib and hypermagnesaemia. MKIs have been reported to have significant electrolyte disorders AEs. Patients and physicians need to recognize and monitor these potentially fatal adverse events.

Abstract This paper efficiently addresses the high-dimensional robust order scheduling problem. A novel algorithm named dynamic cooperative coevolution based on an implicit decision variable classification approach (DCC/IDVCA) is developed to search for robust order schedules. To significantly reduce the computational resources required for solving the high-dimensional robust order scheduling problem, we propose decomposing the original decision variables through implicit classification methods. First, a novel estimation method is introduced to evaluate the weighted contribution of variables to robustness. This method utilizes historical information, including the variation of the overall mean effective fitness and the frequency of variables being classified into highly robustness-related subcomponents in previous cycles, for evaluating their weighted contribution to robustness. Then, based on the corresponding weighted robustness contributions, the original variables are classified into highly and weakly robustness-related variables. Finally, these two types of variables are decomposed into highly and weakly robustness-related subgroups within a dynamic cooperative coevolution framework and optimized separately. In the experimental section, the proposed algorithm is applied to two practical order scheduling problems in discrete manufacturing industry. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves competitive outcomes compared to state-of-the-art high-dimensional robust multi-objective optimization algorithms.

Highlights Low pH value of electrolyte suppresses the charge capabilities of electrolytic Zn–Mn batteries. Unique solid phase alkaline properties of zinc sulfate hydroxide hydrate endow the electrolytic Zn–Mn batteries with greatly enhanced charge capabilities. The highly active Zn2Mn3O8·H2O nanorods array deposited during the charge process improve the discharge efficiency and stability of electrolytic Zn–Mn batteries.

Lactate, once viewed as a byproduct of glycolysis and a metabolic “waste”, is now recognized as an energy-providing substrate and a signaling molecule that modulates cellular functions under pathological conditions. The discovery of histone lactylation in 2019 marked a paradigm shift, with subsequent studies revealing that lactate can undergo lactylation with both histone and non-histone proteins, implicating it in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, liver fibrosis, sepsis, ischemic stroke, and acute kidney injury. Aberrant lactate metabolism is associated with disease onset, and its levels can predict disease outcomes. Targeting lactate production, transport, and lactylation may offer therapeutic potential for multiple diseases, yet a systematic summary of the small molecules modulating lactate and its metabolism in various diseases is lacking. This review outlines the sources and clearance of lactate, as well as its roles in cancer, liver fibrosis, sepsis, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and acute kidney injury, and summarizes the effects of small molecules on lactate regulation. It aims to provide a reference and direction for future research.

The serine proteases of Mycobacteria tuberculosis (Mtb) are important contributors to the process of bacterial invasion and its pathogenesis. In the present study, we systematically characterized the role of the Rv1043c protein in Mycobacterium infection by purifying the Rv1043c protein in Escherichia coli and constructing a Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msg) strain overexpressing Rv1043c (Msg_Rv1043c). We found that Rv1043c had serine protease activity and localized to the surface of Mtb. We determined that the optimal pH and temperature for the Rv1043c serine protease were 9.0 and 45°C, respectively. Moreover, the serine protease activity of Rv1043c was enhanced by divalent metal ions of Ca2+ and Mg2+. Site-directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated that the serine 279 residue in Rv1043c plays a catalytic role. Additionally, mouse model studies confirmed that Rv1043c significantly enhanced the survival of Msg in vivo, induced pulmonary injury and lung cell apoptosis, and promoted the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 in mice. This study presents novel insights into the relationship between mycobacterial serine protease and the pathogenesis of the disease.

Abstract 4D printing combines 3D printing with nanomaterials to create shape-morphing materials that exhibit stimuli-responsive functionalities. In this study, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization agents grafted onto liquid metal nanoparticles are successfully employed in ultraviolet light-mediated stereolithographic 3D printing and near-infrared light-responsive 4D printing. Spherical liquid metal nanoparticles are directly prepared in 3D-printed resins via a one-pot approach, providing a simple and efficient strategy for fabricating liquid metal-polymer composites. Unlike rigid nanoparticles, the soft and liquid nature of nanoparticles reduces glass transition temperature, tensile stress, and modulus of 3D-printed materials. This approach enables the photothermal-induced 4D printing of composites, as demonstrated by the programmed shape memory of 3D-printed composites rapidly recovering to their original shape in 60 s under light irradiation. This work provides a perspective on the use of liquid metal-polymer composites in 4D printing, showcasing their potential for application in the field of soft robots.

Abstract As China has entered a new stage of high-quality development, clarifying the mechanism and spatial characteristics of green development for urban agglomerations are critical to sustainable development. Based on the data of 11 major cities in the Harbin-Changchun urban agglomeration (HCUA) from 2010 to 2020, this study constructs an evaluation system of green development index (GDI) is composed of four dimensions, i.e. urban green construction (UGC), industrial green development (IGD), resource and environmental carrying capacity (RECC), and technological innovation support (TIS). Furthermore, using the entropy weight method to obtain the weights of evaluation indicators. And then, the comprehensive index calculation is used to evaluate the GDI. The driving factors of each level of GDI are determined by the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results infer some novel findings as follows: (1) the overall tendency of the GDI of the HCUA has gradually increased from 0.358 in 2010 to 0.379 in 2020 which is at the average level. The dimension of TIS shows the highest rate of contribution while IGD and RECC show a fluctuating trend over the time window. (2) The GDI in the HCUA exhibits a patchy clustering differentiation feature that spreads from the central area to the surrounding areas with a “high in the south and low in the north” pattern. Specifically, Changchun, Harbin, and Daqing form an “inverted triangle” structure in geographical location to drive the green development of neighboring areas. (3) The core cities of the HCUA, Changchun, and Harbin, show a much higher level than the other cities. Jilin and Daqing are at the average level, and besides, the rest of the cities of GDI are at the poor level with significant fluctuations in ranking. (4) There are different driving factors between each level of GDI. For cities with good and average levels should focus on protecting resources and the environment. Meanwhile, cities with poor level of GDI need to improve IGD to optimize the urban green structure. Thus, it is suggested to strengthen the flow of factors and implement differentiated strategies to promote coordinated development and spatial clustering.

Aims: Doxorubicin is a powerful chemotherapeutic agent for cancer, whose use is limited due to its potential cardiotoxicity. Semaglutide (SEMA), a novel analog of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), has received widespread attention for the treatment of diabetes. However, increasing evidence has highlighted its potential therapeutic benefits on cardiac function. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of semaglutide in ameliorating doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Methods and results: Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is an established model to study cardiac function. Cardiac function was studied by transthoracic echocardiography and invasive hemodynamic monitoring. The results showed that semaglutide significantly ameliorated doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction. RNA sequencing suggested that Bnip3 is the candidate gene that impaired the protective effect of semaglutide in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. To determine the role of BNIP3 on the effect of semaglutide in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, BNIP3 with adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) expressing cardiac troponin T (cTnT) promoter was injected into tail vein of C57/BL6J mice to overexpress BNIP3, specifically in the heart. Overexpression of BNIP3 prevented the improvement in cardiac function caused by semaglutide. In vitro experiments showed that semaglutide, via PI3K/AKT pathway, reduced BNIP3 expression in the mitochondria, improving mitochondrial function. Conclusion: Semaglutide ameliorates doxorubicin-induced mitochondrial and cardiac dysfunction via PI3K/AKT pathway, by reducing BNIP3 expression in mitochondria. The improvement in mitochondrial function reduces doxorubicin-mediated cardiac injury and improves cardiac function. Therefore, semaglutide is a potential therapy to reduce doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity.

Abstract Organic scintillators have recently gained considerable attentions in X‐ray detection for their potential applications in biomedical radiograph and security inspection. However, the weak X‐ray absorption and/or inefficient exciton utilization have limited the development and commercialization of organic scintillators. Currently, high‐performance X‐ray organic scintillators are scarce and organic scintillators with dual triplet‐harvesting channels have not been explored before. Here, we develop several proof‐of‐concept sulfone‐based organic molecules, C1–C7, using different alkoxy chains to manipulate molecular packing mode. These materials exhibit dual triplet‐harvesting channels of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in aggregated state. Inspiringly, these molecules display distinct radioluminescence under the X‐ray stimulation. Among them, C6 behaves the highest light yield of 16,558 photons MeV−1. Moreover, clear X‐ray images are demonstrated in both aggregated state and single‐molecule level. High spatial resolutions of 15.0 and 10.6 line pairs per millimeter (lp mm−1) are achieved for rigid and flexible scintillator screens, exceeding most reported organic and conventional inorganic scintillators. These results highlight the great potential of organic molecules with TADF and RTP nature for efficient X‐ray scintillation and imaging.

Abstract A study to determine the impact of cyclosporine (Neoral), an inhibitor of P‐gp, on the pharmacokinetics of pralsetinib (trade name GAVRETO®) was conducted in 15 healthy adult volunteers. A single 200 mg dose of pralsetinib was administered orally alone and in combination with cyclosporine with a 9‐day washout between treatments. Co‐administration with cyclosporine resulted in a clinically relevant increase in pralsetinib maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration–time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC0–∞) with associated geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of 148% (109, 201) and 181% (136, 241), respectively. These findings provide insight into concomitant dosing of pralsetinib with inhibitors of P‐gp given the increases in pralsetinib exposure observed when administered with cyclosporine. Based on these results, co‐administration of pralsetinib with P‐gp inhibitors is not recommended. In the event that co‐administration cannot be avoided, it is recommended that the dose of pralsetinib be reduced.

Summary: Electrocatalytic generation of H2O2 via the 2-electron pathway of oxygen reduction reaction (2e-ORR) is an attractive technology compared to the anthraquinone process due to convenience and environmental friendliness. However, catalysts with excellent selectivity and high activity for 2e-ORR are necessary for practical applications. Reported here is a catalyst comprising boron-doped porous carbon hollow spheres (B-PCHSs) prepared using the hard template method coupled with borate transesterification. In an alkali electrolyte, the selectivity of B-PCHS for 2e-ORR above 90% in range of 0.4–0.7 VRHE and an onset potential of 0.833 V was obtained. Meanwhile, the generation rate of H2O2 reached 902.48 mmol h−1 gcat−1 at 0.4 VRHE under 59.13 mA cm−2 in batch electrolysis. The excellent catalytic selectivity of B-PCHS for 2e-ORR originates from the boron element, and the catalytic activity of B-PCHS for H2O2 generation is contributed to the morphology of porous hollow spheres, which facilitates mass transfer processes.