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Objective: This article examined the cost-effectiveness of zanubrutinib and ibrutinib for managing relapsed and refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia from the viewpoint of payers in China and the US. Methods: Markov models were employed to conduct comparisons. Baseline characteristics and clinical data were extracted from the ALPINE study. The cost-effectiveness outcome indicators encompassed cost, quality-adjusted life years, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Results: The Markov model analysis revealed that the zanubrutinib group incurred an incremental cost per patient of $-24,586.53 compared to the ibrutinib group. The zanubrutinib group exhibited an incremental utility per capita of 0.28 quality-adjusted life years, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $-88,068.16 per quality-adjusted life year, which is lower than the payment threshold in China. The willingness-to-pay value in China for 2022 was three times the country's gross domestic product per capita. In the US, patients in the zanubrutinib group experienced per capita incremental costs of $-79,421.56, per capita incremental utility of 0.28 quality-adjusted life years, and an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $-284,485.45 per quality-adjusted life year. Conclusion: For Chinese payers, zanubrutinib exhibited superior cost-effectiveness compared to ibrutinib. Zanubrutinib proved to be a more affordable option for US payers when considering the payment threshold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety of vancomycin in children requires special attention. The evidence from active pharmacovigilance systems about vancomycin-related adverse drug reactions (ADRs) was rare. We aimed to investigate the association between doses of vancomycin and ADRs among children. This retrospective cohort study included a total of 643 inpatient children. Children who received vancomycin were regarded as exposed groups and classified into low-dose, normal-dose, and high-dose groups. Those who did not receive vancomycin and had similar severity of infection were classified into the unexposed group. ADR signal detection was performed by the China Hospital Pharmacovigilance System. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the effect of intravenous vancomycin on ADRs. This study included 156 patients (178 ADR cases) in the exposed group and 487 patients (364 ADR cases) in the unexposed group. The top three reported ADRs were eosinophilia (n = 75, 48.1%), hemoglobin decreased (n = 72, 46.2%), and blood bilirubin increased (n = 13, 8.3%) in the exposed group. Patients in the low-dose, normal-dose, and high-dose groups showed a higher risk of hemoglobin decreased when compared with those in the unexposed group, with the fully adjusted ORs (95% CIs) of 6.91 (3.61, 13.20), 7.80 (3.87, 15.76), and 8.80 (4.08, 19.01), respectively. Besides, compared with patients in the unexposed group, those in the normal-dose and high-dose groups show a significantly higher risk of eosinophilia and blood bilirubin increased, respectively. It is important to monitor eosinophilia, hemoglobin decreased, and blood bilirubin increased in pediatrics receiving vancomycin, especially those receiving normal-dose and high-dose vancomycin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D magnetic materials with high spin polarization and Curie temperature are highly desirable for ultrathin spintronic devices. This study utilizes first‐principles methods to systematically investigate 225 O adsorption configurations, demonstrating that Cr2COx MXene consistently maintains a long‐range‐ordered ferromagnetic arrangement with high spin polarization, irrespective of the O adsorption configuration. Most configurations also display Curie temperature (TC) exceeding room temperature, with the possibility of further enhancement by reducing O coverage. Machine learning models are developed to accurately predict O adsorption configurations, exchange interaction energies, and TC. A novel approach of stripping F and OH groups to create Cr2COx on Cr‐based MXene surfaces is proposed to address the difficulty in achieving long‐range‐ordered magnetic structures by manipulating surface adsorbates in MXene. This approach enhances the ability to control the magnetic properties of MXenes and paves the way for their application in ultrathin spintronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Submerged flapping hydrofoils have the capability to directly convert wave energy into thrust, offering a sustainable approach to marine propulsion. This research employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the propulsion mechanism of wave-induced flapping hydrofoils. Initially validated through established benchmarks and experimental results with foil in uniform flow, the CFD model was then applied to examine the generation of thrust by flapping hydrofoils in heading regular wave. The study reveals a distinct transition from drag to thrust, characterized by the patterns of vortex flow. For the first time, the influence of pitch stiffness on this propulsion process is extensively explored, identifying optimal wave conditions and pitch stiffness for the application of future eco-friendly marine systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unresolved digital rock images are often used to avoid high computational costs and limited field of views associated with processing fine‐resolution rock images. However, segmentation of unresolved images using classical methods is suboptimal due to the presence of the partial‐volume effect. Suboptimal segmentations can significantly influence the geometry and effective properties of the reconstructed models. This study reveals that partial‐volume pixels with high pore fractions remain as regional minima in intensity levels in unresolved images. By identifying these regional‐minima pixels, we can effectively extract pore space obscured by the partial‐volume effect. Based on this observation, we propose a novel segmentation method capable of identifying these regional‐minima partial‐volume pixels and converting them to pure pore pixels, thereby binarizing the digital rock images. The method is validated on sandstone and carbonate rock samples. Our method demonstrates a notable improvement in modeled permeability accuracy, surpassing 50% compared to the thresholding method and over 30% compared to the watershed method. Moreover, models segmented by this approach exhibit smaller pore and throat sizes compared to the substantially overestimated results obtained by classical methods. These findings suggest that the regional‐minima segmentation method effectively corrects for the partial‐volume effect and preserves more detailed pore structures. Consequently, it enhances the quality of binarized rock geometries, leading to improved accuracy in fluid‐flow simulations. Key Points: We proposed a novel regional‐minima segmentation method designed for reconstructing pore spaces from unresolved imagesThe method provides improved pore‐ and throat‐size distribution and flow pathsThe method enhances the accuracy of fluid‐flow simulations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ag@SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted extensive attention for their excellent surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-fluorescence (SEF) and their potential applications in sensing, biomedicine, and imaging. The thickness of silica shell plays a crucial role in determining the SERS-SEF properties. However, a few studies have been made to synthesize Ag@SiO2 core–shell NPs with controllable thickness of silica shell and systematic research about the optimized SERS-SEF enhancement. Here, Ag@SiO2 core–shell NPs were prepared by a modified one-pot synthetic method via reducing AgNO3 using formaldehyde in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride and sequentially hydrolyzing tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The effects of the type of surfactant and the concentrations of NaOH and AgNO3 on the size and morphology of the resulting Ag@SiO2 core–shell NPs were systematically investigated. The thickness of the silica shell could be finely tuned from 9.3 to 38.9 nm by easily adjusting the amount of TEOS. The crystal violet molecule was used for examining SERS and SEF properties of Ag@SiO2 core–shell NPs with different SiO2 thicknesses. The current work will provide guidance for further understanding the growth mechanism of Ag@SiO2 core–shell NPs and how the thickness of silica shell affects the SERS-SEF properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]