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China is highly rich of medicinal plants. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has a long history and is important traditional resources in China. As one of the important strategic resources and the link among all the countries along the ancient "Silk Road", TCM has played important role in economy, politics, society and ecology. With the initiative of the "Belt and Road" in recent years, many natural resources of TCM now are facing the risk of extinction due to more and more frequent trade between China and other countries, also the increase of export has influenced to the stock of TCM. In order to prevent the loss of the resources, strengthen the protection and sustainable use of TCM, our study provided the strategies to the natural resources of TCM's entry-exit supervision from nine aspects, like law and regulation system, based on the analysis of current supervision status quo.

Docetaxel-loaded nanomicelles were prepared in this study to improve the solubility and tumor targeting effect of docetaxel(DTX),and further evaluate their anticancer effects in vitro. PBAE-DTX nanomicelles were prepared by film-hydration method with amphiphilic block copolymer polyethyleneglycol methoxy-polylactide(PELA) and pH sensitive triblock copolymer polyethyleneglycol methoxy-polylactide-poly-β-aminoester(PBAE) were used respectively to prepare PELA-DTX nanomicelles and PBAE-DTX nanomicelles. The nanomicelles were characterized by physicochemical properties and the activity of mice Lewis lung cancer cells was studied. The results of particle size measurement showed that the blank micelles and drug-loaded micelles had similar particle sizes, ranging from 10 to 100 nm. The particle size of PBAE micelles was changed under weak acidic conditions, with good pH response. The encapsulation efficiency of the above two types of DTX-loaded nanomicelles determined by HPLC was(93.8±1.70)% and(87.2±4.10)%, and the drug loading amount was(5.3±0.10)% and(4.9±0.05)%,respectively. Furthermore,the DTX micelles also showed significant inhibitory effects on Lewis lung cancer cells by MTT assay, and pH-sensitive PBAE-DTX showed better cytotoxicity. The results of flow cytometry indicated that,the apoptosis rate of lung cancer Lewis cells was(20.72±1.47)%,(29.71±2.38)%,and(40.91±1.90)%(P0.05) at 48 h after treatment in DTX,PELA-DTX,and PBAE-DTX groups. The results showed that different docetaxel preparations could promote the apoptosis of Lewis cells, and PBAE-DTX had stronger apoptotic-promoting effect. The pH-sensitive DTX-loaded micelles are promising candidates in developing stimuli triggered drug delivery systems in acidic tumor micro-environments with improved inhibitory effects of tumor growth on Lewis lung cancer.

Mesozoic volcanic rocks are widespread throughout the Great Xing'an Range of northeastern China. However, there has been limited investigation into the age and petrogenesis of the Mesozoic volcanics in the eastern Great Xing'an Range. According to our research, the volcanic rocks of the Dayangshu Basin, eastern Great Xing'an Range are composed mainly of trachybasalt, basaltic andesite, and basaltic trachyandesite, with minor intermediate–basic pyroclastic rocks. In this study, the geochemistry and geochronology of the Mesozoic volcanic rocks are presented in order to discuss the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Ganhe Formation in the Dayangshu Basin. Zircon U–Pb dating by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry indicates that the Mesozoic lavas formed during the late Early Cretaceous (114.3–108.8 Ma). This suite of rocks exhibits a range of geochemical signatures indicating subduction-related genesis, including: (i) calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline major element compositions; (ii) enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (e.g. Rb, Ba, K) and light rare earth elements (LREEs/HREEs =7.33–9.85); and (iii) weak depletion in high field strength elements (e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti). Furthermore, Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data yield initial 87Sr/86Sr values of 0.70450–0.70463, positive eNd(t) values of +1.8 to +3.3, and a mantle-derived lead isotope composition. Combined with the regional tectonic evolution, the results of this study suggest that the Ganhe Group lavas are derived from decompression melting of a metasomatized (enriched) lithospheric mantle, related to asthenospheric upwelling, which resulted from lithospheric mantle delamination and produced extension of the continental margin following the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.

This contribution proposes an adiabatic criterion ( cri ad ) for online detection of thermal runaway region and determination of the real-time acceptable accumulation in a semibatch process. The cri ad is deduced based on a mathematic analysis of the mass and heat balance equations of semibatch reactors. It states that the semibatch processes are in a potential runaway situation if the value of cri ad is positive on a segment of the reaction path. Furthermore, the numerical simulations for semibatch second order reactions were performed under isoperibolic and isothermal operating conditions verify the validation of the cri ad . To take advantage of this criterion, the information on real-time temperature of the reaction mixture and conversion of the reactants are required. Specifically, the temperature of reaction mixture can be directly measured, while the conversion of the reactants can be online measured through a modified reaction calorimetry method. This criterion can potentially contribute to optimize the feeding profile as a safety constraint as well as enhance the inherent safety of the semibatch processes.

In this paper, the stagnation line heat transfer characteristics and critical heat flux (CHF) of small slot jet impingement boiling were experimentally investigated. Water with the Reynolds number range 34,013–136,054, the size of slot jet nozzle of 12 mm × 1 mm, and the non-dimensional nozzle to target spacing of 0.2 were used. Besides, heat transfer surface sizes were 5 mm × 1 mm and 1.5 mm × 1 mm. It was found that the stagnation line heat transfer characteristics of the jet impingement nucleate boiling in the fully developed region are irrelevant to jet velocity, subcooling and heater size for the slot jet impingement in the present experimental range. The heat transfer correlation of nickel foil heater for the jet impingement nucleate boiling in the fully developed region was obtained. Meanwhile, the CHF of the jet impingement boiling on the stagnation line was also studied. Using the experimental data to modify the semi-empirical and semi-theoretical correlation proposed previously for predicting the CHF, its modified form with heater size effect was also obtained. Through increasing jet velocity and subcooling while decreasing heater size, extremely critical heat fluxes (>108 W/m2) were achieved in the experiment, and its maximum value was 1.14 × 108 W/m2. In addition to decreasing heater size to a moderate value, it is also necessary to change heater’s surface features including CA to achieve a higher heat flux.

Developing a high thermal performance heat exchanger is of great importance to the storage and usage of liquid natural gas (LNG). In this paper, the heat transfer and flow characteristics of supercritical methane in a square mini-channel with dimple array were studied numerically to enhance the thermal performance of LNG in the mini-channel heat exchanger made by 3D printing technology. The Reynolds number and average temperature of fluid are ranged from 10000 to 85000 and 125K to 265K respectively which covers the pseudo critical temperature of supercritical methane. By preliminary optimal design, the basic sizes of dimple array were determined. Then, the present study focused on the effects of Reynolds number or the mass flow rate, the average fluid temperature or inlet temperature, and the pressure on the heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, flow friction factor and PEC (performance evaluation criteria) by comparing the dimple channel to the smooth channel. Moreover, the local flow pattern and thermal performance are analyzed to discover the enhancement mechanism of heat transfer. The results show that the heat transfer of supercritical methane in the dimple channel has a great increase compared to the smooth channel. While the flow friction factor in the dimple channel has an only weak increase. In addition, the thermal enhancement mechanism of the dimple channel is that the dimple structure results in the vortex and the increase of turbulent kinetic energy.

Because of structural features and batch job requirements in automotive manufacturing line of automotive flange fork parts, the high requirement about its parts is made in the aspect of four positioning datum hole position degrees. Therefore, it is necessary to consider special fixture when designing and processing its parts to make sure batch production, and precision measurement to ensure product quality. In the actual processing, three generations of special fixtures for processing and production use are designed to make improvement for processing and contrasting, through the process of design, trial processing, size adjustment, fixture precision measure and adjustment. Special fixture size precision adjustment is completed, through modern precision measurement equipment using three-dimensional coordinate measurement, to satisfy the parts processing quality and requirements. At present, this production technology has reference significance to a certain extent in the manufacturing process of automotive fork similar products.

In automated cervical cancer screening, the segmentation to find the contours of cells and nucleuses is one of the most important challenges. Existing methods are computationally expensive and may not be effective for both normal and cancerous cases. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for the rapid segmentation of cells and nucleuses in partial image of large-scale liquid-based monolayer smears. The image is first enhanced by contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) and a bilateral filter. Otsu's double thresholding is used to initialize cells contours. Afterwards, we propose a robust low-intensity segmentation (RLIS) approach to initializes the contours of nucleuses. In addition, we propose two optimizers: adaptive non-iterative active contours (ANAC) and active contour with discretization (ACWD). One of the optimizers is selected to optimize the initial contours of the cells and nucleuses. Experimental results show that our method is able to achieve above 85% in accuracy, sensibility and specificity for both normal and cancerous cases with time complexity of O(n). Implemented in Python (ver. 3.5) on a 3.4GHz clock rate CPU, our method takes less than 1 second to process an image of 2048×2048.

The phytochemical investigation of the roots of Triosteum himalayanum Wall. led to the isolation of eleven iridoids (1-6 and 8-12), one monoterpene diglycoside (7), and four flavonoids (13-16), of which 4',6'-di-O-isopropylidene sweroside (1) and secologanin diethylacetal (2) were new iridoid glucosides. The existence of iridoids and flavonoids provided further confirmation of the typical profile of the secondary metabolites found in the genus Triosteum, suggesting a close relationship among the species of Caprifoliaceae. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Laminar and turbulent forced convection heat transfer and flow characteristics of nanofluids in small smooth tubes are numerically simulated using two kinds of multiphase-flow models. The simulated results are compared with the experimental results from the published papers and the traditional predicting correlations to investigate the applicability of these models for nanofluids. The multiphase-flow models including mixture model and Eulerian model, and both of them belong to the well-known Euler–Euler model. The effects of various parameters such as Reynolds number and nanoparticles concentration on the heat transfer and flow characteristics are investigated and discussed in each model. The study results show that little deviation exists between the simulated results and the traditional predicting correlations for low concentration nanofluid, which indicates that low concentration nanofluid has no meaningful nano-effect on forced convection heat transfer. While, non-traditional fluid characteristics occur and increase with increasing the nanoparticles concentration, and the simulated results using special models of multiphase flow are closer to the experimental data than that of the traditional correlations, which means the multiphase flow models are more accurate than traditional correlations for high concentration nanofluid. Moreover, the numerical results also indicate that the drag coefficients of simulated results have only little difference less than 0.4% with that of experimental results for nanofluids in the laminar flow region. However, the drag coefficients of simulated results have a increase by about 60–22% compared with the experimental results in the turbulent flow region. As conclusion, the present study indicates that the two-phase models, including mixture model and Eulerian model, can predict the forced convection heat transfer and flow characteristics of nanofluid well, and have important implications for the application of nanofluid.

Based on analyzing a semi-analytical heat transfer model with both contact angle and surface roughness effects in the pool boiling, the present paper concluded that the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) could be expressed as a uniform function of wall superheat, solid–liquid contact angle, surface roughness, influence parameter of heating surface material and the fluid thermophysical properties. The comprehensive effects of surface characteristics are expressed for the first time in one correlation, and they are thoroughly discussed. An improved correlation which is similar to Rohsenow’s correlation are proposed by the induction using the experimental data of 7 kinds of fluids (water, ethanol, CCl 4 , acetone, n -hexane, R113, R141b). It is verified that the proposed correlation for predicting pool boiling heat transfer can be widely applied on the common plain surfaces without capillary structures under various pressures. These surfaces include ordinary metal, metal with coating and high thermal conductive nonmetal. It has a uniform correlation factor and fixed dimensionless parameter exponent, which will not vary with changing the surface–fluid combination. Its accuracy has satisfied the general engineering application requirements, which will offer a calculating basis for heat transfer engineering application.

Waste tires have excellent mechanical performance and have been used as reinforcing material in geotechnical engineering; however, their interface properties are poorly understood. To further our knowledge, this paper examines the pull-out characteristics of waste tire strips in a compacted sand, together with uniaxial and biaxial geogrids also tested under the same conditions. The analysis of the results shows that the interlocking effect and pull-out resistance between the tire strip and the sand is very strong and significantly higher than that of the geogrids. In the early stages of the pull-out test, the resistance is mainly provided by the front portion of the embedded tire strips, as the pull-out test continues, more and more of the areas towards the end of the tire strips are mobilized, showing a progressive failure mechanism. The deformations are proportional to the frictional resistance between the tire-sand interface, and increase as the normal stresses increase. Tire strips of different wear intensities were tested and presented different pull-out resistances; however, the pull-out resistance mobilization patterns were generally similar. The pull-out resistance values obtained show that rubber reinforcement can provide much higher pull-out forces than the geogrid reinforcements tested here, showing that waste tires are an excellent alternative as a reinforcing system, regardless of the environmental advantages.

Drought is the one of the most important environment stresses that restricts crop yield worldwide. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food and energy crop that has many desirable traits such as drought, heat and low nutrients tolerance. However, the mechanisms underlying drought tolerance in cassava are unclear. Ethylene signaling pathway, from the upstream receptors to the downstream transcription factors, plays important roles in environmental stress responses during plant growth and development. In this study, we used bioinformatics approaches to identify and characterize candidate Manihot esculenta ethylene receptor genes and transcription factor genes. Using computational methods, we localized these genes on cassava chromosomes, constructed phylogenetic trees and identified stress-responsive cis-elements within their 5' upstream regions. Additionally, we measured the trehalose and proline contents in cassava fresh leaves after drought, osmotic, and salt stress treatments, and then it was found that the regulation patterns of contents of proline and trehalose in response to various dehydration stresses were differential, or even the opposite, which shows that plant may take different coping strategies to deal with different stresses, when stresses come. Furthermore, expression profiles of these genes in different organs and tissues under non-stress and abiotic stress were investigated through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses in cassava. Expression profiles exhibited clear differences among different tissues under non-stress and various dehydration stress conditions. We found that the leaf and tuberous root tissues had the greatest and least responses, respectively, to drought stress through the ethylene signaling pathway in cassava. Moreover, tuber and root tissues had the greatest and least reponses to osmotic and salt stresses through ethylene signaling in cassava, respectively. These results show that these plant tissues had differential expression levels of genes involved in ethylene signaling in response to the stresses tested. Moreover, after several gene duplication events, the spatiotemporally differential expression pattern of homologous genes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses may imply their functional diversity as a mechanism for adapting to the environment. Our data provide a framework for further research on the molecular mechanisms of cassava resistance to drought stress and provide a foundation for breeding drought-resistant new cultivars.

The jet impingement boiling is the most effective heat transfer method among all the steady-state heat transfer forms. However, various researches on the jet impingement boiling still lack experimental data for heat transfer characteristics under high impact velocity and special heated surface topography. Due to this reason, the present experimental study investigates the heat transfer characteristics of high-velocity circular jet impingement boiling on the nano-characteristic surface of the stagnation zone with different surface wettability. The wettability of the copper surface is varied to hydrophilic or hydrophobic nano-characteristic surface by modifying surface topography and chemistry. The effects of impact velocity, subcooling and solid–liquid contact angle (CA) on the onset of nucleate boiling (ONB), nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and critical heat flux (CHF) are studied experimentally. It is found that the effects of impact velocity, subcooling and CA on the ONB are respectively independent. Comprehensive effects of impact velocity and CA on the nucleate boiling HTC are also obtained. The proportion of nucleate boiling HTC after the ONB point gets more significant with increasing wall superheat. The HTC will increase with increasing impact velocity and CA. Some empirical correlations are proposed for predicting the effects of impact velocity, subcooling and CA on the jet boiling heat transfer characteristics. What’s more, the method for predicting the wall superheat corresponding to the CHF is discussed. The comparison results indicate the predicted value agrees well with the experimental data.

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have the potential to compete with other rivals in applications of lighting and small size displays because of low power consumption. To achieve commercial standard, however, the luminance efficiency and device lifetime of the OLEDs still need to be improved. This work characterizes the performance of OLEDs improved by Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). PEDOT:PSS films are deposited on ITO glass by spin coating at the first, and then the hole transporting layer and electron transporting layer of the OLED materialsN,N'-bis (naphthalene-1-yl)-N,N'-bis (phenyl) benzidine/tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (NPB/Alq3) are thermally evaporated with 1 Å/s deposition rate. The thickness effects of the PEDOT:PSS on the OLED performance are studied. The result shows that PEDOT:PSS effectively improves the luminance of the OLEDs, where 40 nm thick PEDOT:PSS increases 12% and 30 nm thick increases 31% luminance, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of the PEDOT:PSS on the mechanical properties of the OLED are also studied.

An extended Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (eNJL) model with nucleons as the degrees of freedom is used to investigate properties of nuclear matter and neutron stars (NSs), including the binding energy and symmetry energy of the nuclear matter, the core-crust transition density, and mass-radius relation of NSs. The fourth-order symmetry energy at saturation density is also investigated. When the bulk properties of nuclear matter at saturation density are used to determine the model parameters, the double solutions of parameters are obtained for a given nuclear incompressibility. It is shown that the isovector-vector interaction has a significant influence on the nuclear matter and NS properties, and the sign of isovector-vector coupling constant is critical in the determination of the trend of the symmetry energy and equation of state. The effects of the other model parameters and symmetry energy slope at saturation density are discussed.

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the thermal performances of a new type of copper wire-bonded flat heat pipe using water, ethanol and nanofluids as working fluids. The influences of the working fluid, the operating temperature or operating pressure, the wire diameter and the space gap between two wires on the thermal performances of the heat pipe were investigated. Experimental results show that the wire diameter has an important effect on the heat transfer coefficient but has hardly impact on the maximum heat flux. The space gap between two wires not only has an important effect on the heat transfer coefficient but also has a significant impact on the maximum heat flux. The maximum heat power increases apparently with increasing the operating temperature. Using nanofluid as working fluid can improve the heat transfer performance of the heat pipe; the best heat transfer performance of heat pipe is achieved at the concentration of 1.0 wt.% under different saturation temperature conditions with different nanofluid; nanofluid is a kind of new working fluid to the copper wire-bonded flat heat pipe.

2D seismic reflection data and magnetism data, gravity data and electrical data together define the overall subsurface structure of the East Gobi basin (EGB), and reflect Jurassic-Cretaceous intracontinental rift evolution through deposition of at least five distinct stratigraphic sequences. Three major NE-SW trending fault zones divide the basin[. In the paper, through strata sequence description and sedimentary facies analysis, as well as zone appraisal for the oil and gas in the study area, we conclude that western step-fault zone of the block VI of EGB was most favorable pay, then the reverse faulted-nose structure in the east, while in the western slope and eastern fault zone, their hydrocarbon prospect need further proved.

in the hydraulic and pneumatic system, spool valve is the spool component which is widely used in various types of control valves. Generally, valve spool, use fluid pressures as control signals, regulates the opening and closing of the pipeline, the pressure and flow of the system automatically. The spool valves static and dynamic quality impacts the system performance greatly. Researching its characteristic has practical implications to improve the performance of related products and optimize the system design. This article aims at researching the influences, on the static and dynamic characteristics of the sliding spool valve, caused by different structural parameters, through mathematical modeling, computer simulation and experimental tests.

Background Mutations in activin receptor-like kinase-1 (ACVRL-1) or endoglin (ENG) are mostly identified in patients with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH), but have not yet been studied in Chinese patients. Material and methods In this study, we investigated the clinical and molecular genetic features of Chinese patients with HHT-associated PH and analysed genotype/phenotype correlations in 14 probands and their relatives. Mutation analyses in ACVRL-1, bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) and ENG were performed in 14 Chinese Han patients with HHT-associated PH. Results The overall mutation rate was 71·4%, including 8 ACVRL-1 mutations and 2 ENG mutations, 6 of which were novel. Six patients were identified with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), including four patients with pulmonary AVMs and two patients with liver AVMs. Five of the patients with AVMs were identified with mutations. Most patients received targeted therapy for PH. Conclusions Our findings have revealed the clinical phenotype and molecular genetic features of HHT-associated PH in Chinese Han patients and indicate that mutations of ACVRL-1 and ENG are genetic predisposing factors in Chinese patients. Our data further addressed clinical management and have provided limited experience in treating this group of disorders.

The Wudaogou plutonic complex is located in the eastern Yanbian area of Jilin Province and consists of hornblende gabbros, gabbroic diorites, and quartz diorites that contain abundant dioritic microgranular xenoliths. Zircon U–Pb dating of gabbroic and quartz diorites yielded weighted mean 206Pb/238Pb ages of 263.5 ± 5.1 Ma (N = 12, mean squared weighted deviation (MSWD) = 0.78, probability = 0.66) and 262.0 ± 5.6 Ma (N = 10, MSWD = 0.50, probability = 0.87), respectively. These units are characterized by high Na2O/K2O (0.33–0.77) ratios and Al2O3 (15.05–18.91 wt%) concentrations and are large ion lithophile element (LILE) (light rare earth element (LREE), Rb, Ba, K, etc.) enriched and high field strength element (HFSE) (Nb, Ta, P, Ti) depleted. They also have initial 87Sr/86Sr values of 0.70192–0.70420 and ϵNd(t) values of +1.9 to +4.7 with two-stage model ages (TDM2) of 653–878 Ma. These characteristics indicate that these rocks formed from calc–alkaline magmas derived from partial melting of a mixture ...

Central Jilin Province lies along the eastern edge of the Xing–Meng orogenic belt of northeast China. At least 10 Mo deposits have been discovered in this area, making it the second-richest concentration of Mo resources in China. To better understand the formation and distribution of porphyry Mo deposits in the area, we investigated the geological characteristics of the deposits and applied zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os isotope dating to constrain the age of mineralization. Our new geochronological data show the following: the Jidetun Mo deposit yields molybdenite Re–Os model ages of 164.6–167.1 Ma, an isochron age of 168 ± 2.5 Ma, and a weighted mean model age of 165.9 ± 1.2 Ma; the Houdaomu Mo deposit yields molybdenite Re–Os model ages of 167.4–167.7 Ma, an isochron age of 168 ± 13 Ma, and a weighted mean model age of 167.5 ± 1.2 Ma; and the Chang’anpu Mo deposit yields a zircon U–Pb age for granodiorite porphyry of 166.9 ± 1.5 Ma (N = 16). These new age data, combined with existing molybdenite Re–...

Phytochemical investigation of Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. afforded one novel 30-nor-ursane triterpene, 3 β -hydroxy-30-nor-urs-21-en-20-one, and seven known compounds including two sesquiterpenes and five monoterpenes. These eight compounds were isolated from the genus Eupatorium for the first time. These finds may be chemotaxonomically significant to distinguish E. fortunei from other Eupatorium species.

A new water-based SiO2 functionalized nanofluid was used in a loop thermosyphon as the working fluid. Functionalized nanofluid has unique dispersing ability and has no deposition on heated surfaces. The flow evaporating heat transfer characteristics of functionalized nanofluid in a loop thermosyphon were investigated to understand the sole effect of thermal properties of nanofluid on the heat transfer characteristics of the loop thermosyphon, regardless of the effects of heated surface characteristics. Results show that: functionalized nanofluid deteriorates both the evaporating heat transfer coefficient and the maximum heat flux of the loop thermosyphon. The changes in the thermal properties of functionalized nanofluid mainly result in the heat transfer deterioration. No especial nano-scale effect is found in the present study.

To investigate the value of five-repetition sit-to-stand test (5STS) in clinical evaluation of elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Fifty-one patients with COPD and 20 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. All the participants underwent 5STS, pulmonary function examination, and 6 min walking test (6MWT) and were evaluated for severity of dyspnea (by mMRC) and BODE index during the tests.All the participants completed 5STS test with a good reproducibility of the time used for 3 sessions of the test (P0.001). The mean time used by COPD patients for 5STS was significantly longer than that by healthy individuals (12.93±3.11s vs 0.72±0.71 s, P=0.002). The results of 5STS showed a significant negative correlation with those of 6MWT in the case group and control group with correlation coefficients of -0.611 and -0.682, respectively. The results of 5STS were negatively correlated with FEV1%Pre and body mass index (P0.05) but positively with mMRC and BODE index in COPD patients (P0.05).5STS is a simple and reproducible test to evaluate the patients' exercise capacity and the severity of COPD, and is well correlated with the current methods for clinical evaluation of COPD.

To investigate the chemical constituents from Barringtonia racemosa, twelve compounds were isolated by chromatography methods and identified as 3β-p-E-coumaroymaslinic acid (1), cis-careaborin (2), careaborin (3), maslinic acid (4), 2α, 3β, 19α-trihydroxyolean-12-ene-24, 28-dioic acid (5), 3β-p-Z-coumaroylcorosolic acid (6), corosolic acid (7), 1α, 2α, 3β, 19α-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (8), 19α-hydroxyl ursolic acid (9), 3α, 19α-dihydroxyurs-12-en-24, 28-dioic acid (10), tormentic acid (11), 3-hydroxy-7, 22-dien-ergosterol（12） by the NMR and MS data analysis. Among them, compounds 1-4,7-12 were obtained from the genus Barringtonia for the first time. All the compounds didn't show nocytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and A549 cell lines (IC₅₀>50 mg•L⁻¹).

The Naozhi Au–Cu deposit is located on the continental margin of Northeast China, forming part of the West Pacific porphyry–epithermal gold–copper metallogenic belt. In this paper, we systematically analyzed the compositions, homogenization temperatures, and salinity of fluid inclusions as well as their noble gas isotopic and Pb isotopic compositions from the deposit. These new data show that (1) five types of fluid inclusions were identified as pure gas inclusions (V-type), pure liquid inclusions (L-type), gas–liquid two-phase inclusions (W-type, as the main fluid inclusions (FIs)), CO2-bearing inclusions (C-type), and daughter-mineral-bearing polyphase inclusions (S-type); (2) W-type FIs in quartz crystals of early, main, and late stage are homogenized at temperatures of 324.7–406.7, 230–338.8, and 154.6–308 °C, with salinities of 2.40–7.01 wt% NaCleq, 1.73–9.47 wt% NaCleq, and 6.29 wt% NaCleq, respectively. S-type FIs in quartz crystals of early stage are homogenized at temperatures of 328.6–400 °C, with salinities of 39.96–46.00 wt% NaCleq; (3) Raman analysis results reveal that the vapor compositions of early ore-forming fluids consisted of CO2 and H2O, with H2O gradually increasing and CO2 being absent at the late mineralization stage; (4) fluid inclusions in pyrite and chalcopyrite have 3He/4He ratios of 0.03–0.104 Ra, 20Ne/22Ne ratios of 9.817–9.960, and 40Ar/36Ar ratios of 324–349. These results indicate that the percentage of radiogenic 40Ar* in fluid inclusions varies from 8.8 to 15.5 %, containing 84.5–91.2 % atmospheric 40Ar; (5) the 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 206Pb/204Pb ratios of sulfides are 18.1822–18.3979, 15.5215–15.5998, and 38.1313–38.3786, respectively. These data combined with stable isotope data and the chronology of diagenesis and metallogenesis enable us suppose that the ore-forming fluids originated from the melting of the lower crust, caused by the subduction of an oceanic slab, whereas the mineralized fluids were exsolved from the late crystallization stage and subsequently contaminated by crustal materials/fluids during ascent, including meteoric water, and the mineral precipitation occurred at a shallow crustal level.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels are a strong, independent inverse predictor of cardiovascular disease. The present study aimed to determine whether serum HDL cholesterol levels correlated with disease severity and clinical outcomes in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). The serum HDL cholesterol levels were measured in 76 Chinese patients with IPAH and 45 healthy controls, together with other clinical variables. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to assess the prognostic value of HDL cholesterol and event-free survival. Event-free survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Serum HDL cholesterol levels were significantly decreased in patients with IPAH compared with controls (1.0 ± 0.3 vs 1.5 ± 0.3 mmol/L; p0.001). The serum HDL cholesterol levels decreased in proportion to the severity of World Health Organization functional class. Compared to the high HDL cholesterol group, the low HDL cholesterol group demonstrated a significantly lower 6-minute walking distance, cardiac index, mixed venous saturation, and arterial carbon dioxide pressure but significantly greater pulmonary vascular resistance and serum uric acid levels. The serum HDL cholesterol levels correlated positively with the cardiac index (r = 0.42; p = 0.002) and negatively with the pulmonary vascular resistance (r = -0.25; p = 0.04). Serum HDL cholesterol was independently related to event-free survival on multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves according to the median HDL cholesterol value showed that lower HDL cholesterol levels were associated with lower event-free survival. In conclusion, serum HDL cholesterol levels might serve as an indicator of disease severity and prognosis in patients with IPAH.

Numerical studies are conducted to research the performance of a kind of lift-drag type vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) affected by solidity with the CFD method. Moving mesh technique is used to construct the model. The Spalart-Allmaras one equation turbulent model and the implicit coupled algorithm based on pressure are selected to solve the transient equations. In this research, how the tip speed ratio and the solidity of blade affect the power coefficient (Cp) of the small H-VAWT is analyzed. The results indicate that Cp curves exhibit approximate parabolic form with its maximum in the middle range of tip speed ratio. The two-blade wind turbine has the lowest Cp while the three-blade one is more powerful and the four-blade one brings the highest power. With the certain number of blades, there is a best chord length, and too long or too short chord length may reduce the Cp.

Six azo aromatic diacyl chlorides were synthesized under microwave irradiation. The method offers better yields in shorter reaction times compared to classical heating approaches and ultrasonic irradiation.

ObjectiveTo assess the safety of individual medication of Guo's Ma Qian Decoction on the basis of effective treatment of fluorosis of bone with Guo's therapy.MethodsOne hundred and fourteen cases of moderate fluorosis of bone were randomly divided into a treatment group (n=60) and a control group (n=54) between December 2007 and August 2009 by using the block randomized method and a central random system. At the same time of basic treatment, the patients in the treatment group were orally administrated with Guo's Ma Qian Decoction. The initial dose of Ma Qian Zi (Semen Strychni) was 0.4 g and increased by 0.05 g every two days, with the doses of other drugs unchanged, until the patient had “nux vomica response”. For the patients with no “nux vomica response”, the dosage was continued to increase and the maximum dosage was not more than 1.2 g/day. The control group was treated with decoction placebo. The changes of strychnine and brucine contents before and after processing and after decoction of Ma Qian Zi (Semen Strychni) were determined with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, which were controlled within ranges stipulated in the Pharmacopeia; Adverse events were analyzed; Blood strychnine and brucine contents in 10 cases who had taken the drugs were determined.Results1) Strychnine (2.125%) and brucine (1.425%) contents before processing of Ma Qian Zi and 1.88% and 1.31% after processing all conformed with the standards of strychnine (1.2–2.2%) and brucine (no less than 0.8%) stipulated in the Pharmacopeia. When the maximum dosage of Ma Qian Zi was 1.2 g/day, strychnine in the decoction was 11.17 mg and brucine was 7.44 mg, which all conformed with the maximum limited amount (strychnine 13.32 and brucine no less than 4.8 mg) stipulated in the Pharmacopeia. 2) Eight cases had “nux vomica response” in the treatment group and one case in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P0.05); Among them, 10 cases (8.77%) with the adverse event were not related with therapeutic drugs, with an incidence rate of 6.67% (4 cases) in the treatment and 11.11% (6 cases) in the control group, with no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Seven cases had suspicious relative adverse events, the risk in the treatment group was 0.658 times of the control group, with no significant difference (P>0.05), and one case had the toxic reaction of nux-vomica seed. 4) Strychnine and brucine were unable to be detected in the blood in all points of time in the 10 cases who had taken the drugs, indicating that plasma strychnine and brucine contents were lower than the minimum detectable amount (10 ng), and accumulation of strychnine and brucine were not found in blood of the patient during and after administration for 8 weeks.ConclusionThe individual medication of Ma Qian Zi (Semen Strychni) in the Guo's therapy has a better safety.

Failure of bolted connections has frequently occurred during fire events. Because knowledge of the behavior of high-strength bolts while under fire is insufficient, there is further need to establish the behavior of high-strength bolt while under fire load. In this study, the behavior of high-strength bolts was investigated by a series of tests conducted at elevated temperatures with the parameters of temperature, number of bolts and the joint geometry analyzed. The strength deterioration and the deformation characteristics of the bolts were analyzed and discussed. Based on the experimental results, it was found that AIJ specification provides a conservative prediction for the strength of high-strength bolt under fire conditions, while BS5950 overestimated bolt strength. Eurocode 3 gave a good prediction on bolt strength.

Two new ent-kaurane diterpenes, wedelidins A (8) and B (9), together with eighteen other constituents, including the sesquiterpenoids 1 and 2, ent-kaurane diterpenes 3–7, triterpenoids 10 and 11, steroids 12–14, and flavonoids 15–17 as well as benzene derivatives 18–20, were isolated from the aerial parts of Wedelia trilobata. The structures of wedelidins A (8) and B (9) were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses (including UV, IR, NMR, and MS). Furthermore, the structures of compounds 2 and 3 were confirmed by X-ray single-crystal diffraction analyses.

In this study, hollow olive-shaped BiVO(4) and n-p core-shell BiVO(4)@Bi(2)O(3) microspheres were synthesized by a novel sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT)-assisted mixed solvothermal route and a thermal solution of NaOH etching process under hydrothermal conditions for the first time, respectively. The as-obtained products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, and UV-vis diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy in detail. The influence of AOT and solvent ratios on the final products was studied. On the basis of SEM observations and XRD analyses of the samples synthesized at different reaction stages, the formation mechanism of hollow olive-shaped BiVO(4) microspheres was proposed. The photocatalytic activities of hollow olive-shaped BiVO(4) and core-shell BiVO(4)@Bi(2)O(3) microspheres were evaluated on the degradation of rhodamine B under visible-light irradiation (λ > 400 nm). The results indicated that core-shell BiVO(4)@Bi(2)O(3) exhibited much higher photocatalytic activities than pure olive-shaped BiVO(4). The mechanism of enhanced photocatalytic activity of core-shell BiVO(4)@Bi(2)O(3) microspheres was discussed on the basis of the calculated energy band positions as well. The present study provides a new strategy to enhancing the photocatalytic activity of visible-light-responsive Bi-based photocatalysts by p-n heterojunction.

Phytochemical investigation of Gerbera saxatilis (Astraceae) afforded three new coumarin derivatives 1- 3 and a known coumarin 4. Compounds 1 and 2 represent the first examples of the natural occurrence of the novel polycyclic pyrano[3-2c]coumarin carbon skeleton. The structures of compounds 1- 4 were characterized based on extensive spectroscopic analyses as well as comparison to the spectroscopic data reported. The structures of compounds 1 and 3 were further confirmed by X-ray data analyses. The cytotoxic activity of compounds 1- 4 was evaluated against selected cancer cell lines, including human leukemia cell (HL-60), human hepatoma cell (SMMC-7721), and human cervical carcinoma cell (HeLa) lines.

The velocity profiles and properties of proto-magnetar winds are investigated. It is found that the corotation of wind matter with magnetic field lines significantly affects r-process nucleosynthesis and could lead to long duration γ-ray bursts and hyper-energetic supernovae.

Tissue specific RNA in-situ hybridization is a critical technique required for botanists to examine exact gene expression domain within plant tissues. This powerful technique provides a way to examine the spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression of plants and animals in developmental stages content and at tissue cellular level. However, this technique has been largely hampered by difficulties of obtaining reliable protocols for non-model organism. Here we offer our lab experiences on how to optimize in-situ hybridization process among various plant species. This step-by-step guide however should not be regarded as the only solution to resolve the difficulties of RNA tissue specific RNA in-situ hybridization. Instead, the key optimization steps including tissue fixation time, proteinase/pronase treatment, probe length/content and hybridization time are priority issues to be tested first. We further summarized some recent advance of literature on alternative ways to conduct in-situ hybridization process.

Three new substituted 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran derivatives, compounds 1-3, were isolated from two extracts of Gerbera saxatilis, together with twelve known constituents. The structures of the new compounds were established by means of detailed spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of analytical data with those reported for structurally related compounds.

Three new eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes, (6β,8α)-6-(acetyloxy)-8-hydroxyeremophil-7(11)-en-12,8-olide (1), (6α,8α)-6-hydroxyeremophil-7(11)-en-12,8-olide (2), and (6α,8α)-6-(acetyloxy)eremophil-7(11)-en-12,8-olide (3) ((8α)-eremophil-7(11)-en-12,8-olide = (4aR,5S,8aR,9aS)-4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9,9a-octahydro-3,4a,5-trimethylnaphtho[2,3-b]furan-2(4H)-one), besides the recently elucidated eremoligularin (4) and bieremoligularolide (5), as well as a new highly oxygenated monoterpene, rel-(1R,2R,3R,4S,5S)-p-menthane-1,2,3,5-tetrol (12), together with six known constituents, i.e., the sesquiterpenes 6 and 7, the norsesquiterpenes 8–10, and the monoterpene 13, were isolated from the roots of Ligularia muliensis. In addition, an attempt to dimerize 1 to a bieremophilenolide (Scheme) resulted in the generation of the new derivative (6β,8β)-6-(acetyloxy)-8-chloroeremophil-7(11)-en-12,8-olide (11). The new structures were established by means of detailed spectroscopic analysis (IR, FAB-, EI-, or HR-ESI-MS as well as 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments). Compounds 4 and 5 were evaluated for their antitumor effects in vitro (Table 3).

To study the influence of several excipients on damp-proof performance of pharmaceutical materials of traditional Chinese medicine.The moisture absorption rate and parameters of hydroscopicity were used as the evaluation index of the damp-proof property of the complex Chinese medicine and preparation 1 and 2.The moisture rate of complex Chinese medicine 1 was 62.54%, the critical relative humidity (CRH) was 38%. The moisture rate of complex Chinese medicine 2 was 16.36%, the CRH was 53%. Excipients had different effect on lower the hyproscopic property of complex Chinese medicine 1 and 2. The initial moisture adsorption velocity of excipients of complex Chinese medicine 1 in a ascending order were dextrincalcium hydrogen phosphatemicro crystalline celluloselactoseethyl cellulosemannitolhydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. The moisture adsorption acceleration of excipients in a ascending order were dextrin = calcium hydrogen phosphate = micro crystalline cellulosemannitol = ethyl cellulose = lactosehydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. The moisture adsorption rate of excipients in a ascending order were dextrinlactosecalcium hydrogen phosphateethyl cellulosemicro crystalline cellulosemannitolhydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. The initial moisture adsorption velocity of excipients of complex Chinese medicine 2 in a ascending order were mannitoldextrincalcium hydrogen phosphatelactoseethyl cellulosemicro crystalline cellulosehydroxypropyl methyl cellulose . The moisture adsorption acceleration of excipients in a ascending order were mannitol = dextrin = calcium hydrogen phosphatelactoseethyl celluloselactosemicro crystalline cellulosehydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. The moisture adsorption rate of excipients in a ascending order were mannitoldextrincalcium hydrogen phosphatelactoseethyl cellulosemicro crystalline cellulosehydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.The choosing of damp-proof excipients of preparation based on the property of the complex traditional Chinese medicine. The study provided experimental evidences for the research and development of the pharmaceutical materials of traditional Chinese medicine.

Barley HvNAC6 is a member of the plant-specific NAC (NAM, ATAF1,2, CUC2) transcription factor family and we have shown previously that it acts as a positive regulator of basal resistance in barley against the biotrophic pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh). In this study, we use a transgenic approach to constitutively silence HvNAC6 expression, using RNA interference (RNAi), to investigate the in vivo functions of HvNAC6 in basal resistance responses in barley in relation to the phytohormone ABA. The HvNAC6 RNAi plants displayed reduced HvNAC6 transcript levels and were more susceptible to Bgh than wild-type plants. Application of exogenous ABA increased basal resistance against Bgh in wild-type plants, but not in HvNAC6 RNAi plants, suggesting that ABA is a positive regulator of basal resistance which depends on HvNAC6. Silencing of HvNAC6 expression altered the light/dark rhythm of ABA levels which were, however, not influenced by Bgh inoculation. The expression of the two ABA biosynthetic genes HvNCED1 and HvNCED2 was compromised, and transcript levels of the ABA conjugating HvBG7 enzyme were elevated in the HvNAC6 RNAi lines, but this effect was not clearly associated with transgene-mediated resistance. Together, these data support a function of HvNAC6 as a regulator of ABA-mediated defence responses for maintenance of effective basal resistance against Bgh.

OBJECTIVE To prepare four breviscapine lipid carrier gels and general gel, and to study the transdermal promotive effects of them in vitro. METHOD Improved Franz-type diffusion cell and isolated rat skin were used as transdermal barrier, and the transdermal property was fitted by pharmacokinetics equations. The unit area cumulative permeation quantity of breviscapine was determined by HPLC method. RESULT The 24 hours' unit area cumulative permeation quantity of SLN gel was the highest, followed in descending order were transfersomal gel, liposomal gel, NLC gel and general gel. The transdermal property in vitro of SLN gel fitted in with Higuchi pharmacokinetics equation. CONCLUSION The lipid carrier gels had different transdermal promotive effects to breviscapine, SLN gel was the best one as breviscapine transdermal carrier.

Background Limited data are available on the risk ratios for fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcome from gout and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in non-diabetic individuals. Methods Nationwide population-based retrospective prospective study with a 5-year follow-up to investigate the association between physician-diagnosed gout and CKD in non-diabetics aged 50 and above who had no pre-existing serious CVD and the subsequent risk of death from CVD. Hazard ratios (HR) of CVD mortality were adjusted for gender, age, smoking- and alcoholism-related diagnoses, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation and Charlson’s comorbidity index score. Results A case cohort (n=164,463) having gout and a control cohort (n= 3,694,377) having no gout were formed. The prevalence of gout in this study was 4.26% whereas that of gout plus CKD was 8.17%. Male to female ratio among the individuals with gout was 3.2:1. The relative risk (RR) of subsequent cardiovascular mortality between the case and control cohort was 1.71 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.66-1.75). The presence of CKD in nondiabetic subjects with no gout (control group) has a RR of CVD mortality at 3.05 (95% CI, 2.94-3.15). The presence of gout has protective effect on subjects with CKD with a RR of 1.84 (95% CI, 1.71-1.98). As compared with individuals with no gout, the adjusted HR (aHR) for CVD mortality among the individuals with gout was 1.10 (95% CI 1.07-1.13). In a Cox model, when compared with subjects having neither gout nor CKD, the aHR in subjects with no gout but with CKD is 1.76 (95% CI, 1.70-1.82); in subjects with gout but without CKD, 1.10 (1.07-1.13); interestingly, the aHR is attenuated in subjects with concomitant gout plus CKD which is 1.38 (1.29-1.48). Conclusions Among non-diabetic individuals aged 50 years or above who had no preceding serious CVD, those with gout were 1.1 times more likely to die from CVD as were individuals without gout. The presence of gout appears to attenuate the risk of subsequent CV mortality in subjects with CKD. Further studies should focus on finding an explanation for the protective effect of gout on CV mortality in patients with CKD.