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Combined with available local resources and traditional manufacturing techniques of Yimeng mountain area, several transformation methods, which are ecological economical and practical for the existing rural housing, are put forward. After optimization, the rural residence will be more energy-efficient, more environmental and more comfortable. The aim of the paper is to make the eco-renovation feasible and economical for farmers and popularize the reform measures in more rural areas like Yimeng.

The rapid development of urbanization in China brought serious challenges for the rural development and led to the phenomenon of inner-decaying village. Through a on-the-spot investigation, detailed informations of typical villages over the past 30 years are obtained. By the quantitative analysis of the home interview and field measurement data, and interpretation of satellite images, this paper summarizes the shape change regularity of villages in urbanization process, systematically analyzes the causes of inner-decaying village and then proposes solutions of it.

The experimental investigations on resistance spot welding are presented for 316 stainless steel. The influence of spot welding parameters (welding time, electrode force and welding current) on the tensile shear load and the diameter of nugget have been researched, based on an orthogonal test and analysis method. The results show that welding current has significant influence on the tensile shear load and diameter of nugget, and then is electrode force, welding time in turn. The optimum parameters are as follows: welding time is 5 cycles, electrode force is 3.5KN and welding current is 5.5KA. And the maximum tensile shear force of joint is up to 13.55KN.

The duration of construction project is of great uncertainty because the construction project is of large scale, its construction cycle is long, it takes much consumption in material resources, human and financial resources, it is of complicated cases, and there are also many unpredictable factors. A method to determine the uncertainty duration whose chief path is not a single one is raised combining with engineering practices in this thesis.

Numerical simulation of the die for cylinder upsetting is done by Marc AutoForge software on base of elastic-plastic theoretical mechanical model to analyze transient temperature field, equivalent total strain field and thermal strain field. Then qualitative and quantitative relationship is found between these Factors and die-damage. A new method-Heat Exchange Balance Method is put forward to solve the cooling problems of hot -forging die by combinating with production practice , research practice and using basic theory of finite element and thermal.

In consideration of the crosstalk between reconstructed image and zero-order image existed in the digital reconstruction for off-axis digital holography,this paper presents a method to suppress the zero-order image.Based on the principle that the pixel gray-scale of the image is decided both by the image illumination and surface reflectance,the hologram is considered as a product of the incident and reflected components.The incident components which change slowly are mainly concentrated in the low-frequency region,and the reflected components which determine the detail of the image are concentrated in the high-frequency region.A reasonable homomorphic filter with the upper and lower limits of 0.001 and 1 respectively and a diameter of 300 pixel is designed and processed into the hologram.The results show that the zero-order image can be suppressed with only one Fresnel digital hologram at a distance of 34 cm.Meanwhile,the contrast and the details of reconstructed image at the same distance are improved.

Background Lymphocyte recruitment into the portal tract is crucial not only for homeostatic immune surveillance but also for many liver diseases. However, the exact route of entry for lymphocytes into portal tract is still obscure. We investigated this question using a rat hepatic allograft rejection model. Methods A migration route was analyzed by immunohistological methods including a recently developed scanning electron microscopy method. Transmigration-associated molecules such as selectins, integrins, and chemokines and their receptors expressed by hepatic vessels and recruited T-cells were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Results The immunoelectron microscopic analysis clearly showed CD8β+ cells passing through the portal vein (PV) endothelia. Furthermore, the migrating pathway seemed to pass through the endothelial cell body. Local vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression was induced in PV endothelial cells from day 2 after liver transplantation. Although intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression was also upregulated, it was restricted to sinusoidal endothelia. Recipient T-cells in the graft perfusate were CD25+CD44+ICAM-1+CXCR3+CCR5– and upregulated α4β1 or αLβ2 integrins. Immunohistochemistry showed the expression of CXCL10 in donor MHCIIhigh cells in the portal tract as well as endothelial walls of PV. Conclusions We show for the first time direct evidence of T-cell transmigration across PV endothelial cells during hepatic allograft rejection. Interactions between VCAM-1 on endothelia and α4β1 integrin on recipient effector T-cells putatively play critical roles in adhesion and transmigration through endothelia. A chemokine axis of CXCL10 and CXCR3 also may be involved. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00535-016-1169-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In this paper, theoretical and experimental researches were done to find the repeated cracking reason of stuffing box in a super hyper pressure compressor. The mathematical expression of the assembly pressure was deduced in interference fit. From macro and micro perspectives, residual stresses were measured by X-ray diffraction in typical position of stuffing box when the packing box in combination and separation states. Besides, metallography and fracture examinations were carried out. The results showed that the real magnitude of shrink range of the failed stuffing box was only account for 12% of the designed size requirements, however, under this working condition this stress was not sufficient to cause cracking; Unqualified smelting process and tensile stress concentration in tank caused micro crack, which finally results in fracture of the stuffing box under fatigue mode.

Ferroelectric thin films Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12,Bi3.15Nd0.85Ti3O12 and Bi3.15(La0.5Nd0.5)0.85Ti3O12 of A-site substitution of Bi4Ti3O12 were fabricated by sol-gel method in the paper. X-ray diffraction pattern shows the prepared thin films exhibit a highly random orientation with predominantly (117) and (00l) orientation. Pr values of Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 、Bi3.15Nd0.85Ti3O12 and Bi3.15(La0.5Nd0.5)0.85Ti3O12 thin films were respectively 13.14μC/cm2, 20.65μC/cm2 and 21.23μC/cm2 at the voltage of 10V.FE-SEM shows that the BNT thin film has a dense and homogeneous microstructure without any crack. The BNT thin film thickness is about 300nm.

A novel method for the acquisition of full-color three dimensional(3-D) images of real objects was proposed based on multiple projections.In order to improve sampling efficiency,an orthogonal scanning mode was presented,instead of conventional 2-D scanning mode,to capture a series of projection images by a color charge coupled device in both vertically and horizontally direction with an incoherent light source.The 3-D Fourier spectra were extracted by using the projection images.The computer-generated hologram(CGH) was synthesized and the numerical 3-D image was reconstructed.The experimental results show that the acquisition method of multiple projection view images has good performance,high efficiency.Moreover,a new extraction method was adopted to improve viewing quality of 3-D imaging by using the multi-circle sampling area.Comparison with experimental result shows that more available data is used to synthesize the CGH and a significant improvement in image definition.

Comprehensive residual stress of a 1500m3 liquefied petroleum gas spherical vessel was measured and analyzed after many cracks arised. The results show that the general residual stress was at a high level in the field with cracks as well as the field without cracks. Furthermore, the measurements were taken at the same place to evaluate the effect of the heat treatment after this spherical vessel was re-welded and the integral heat treatment was performed. Meanwhile, the measurement to the stress in the vertical direction with X-Ray was finished after a set of special treatments in the outfield.

Background: We have investigated how recirculating lymphocytes patrol the liver in a normal steady state. Methods: Thoracic duct lymphocytes of congeneic rats were intravenously transferred to host rats and donor cell trafficking in the liver and hepatic lymph was examined. Host hepatic lymph nodes (HLNs) were selectively removed, which allowed liver-derived donor cells to collect in the thoracic duct without transit in the intervening HLNs. Results: The number of donor cells in the thoracic duct lymph significantly increased over the baseline 3, 5 and 11 h after transfer in the HLN-removed, non-pretreated, and HLN-ligated (in which a lymph efflux was blocked) groups, respectively. Histologically, donor cells appeared in the portal area from 0.5 h after transfer and frequently attached to the basal lamina of portal vein both externally and internally. Three hours after transfer, a few donor cells appeared in the subcapsular sinus of HLNs. Conclusion: The minimal transit time of rat recirculating lymphocytes is 3–4 h in the liver and 5–8 h in the hepatic LNs, in a normal steady state. Recirculating lymphocytes might transmigrate through the portal vein as well as the sinusoid in the periportal zone. This rapid transit might enable an efficient surveillance of the liver portal area by the recirculating lymphocytes.

Pathological neovascularization are the most prevalent causes of moderate or severe vision loss. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a novel class of regulatory molecules involved in numerous biological processes and complicated diseases. However, the role of lncRNAs in ocular neovascularization is still unclear. Here, we constructed a murine model of ocular neovascularization, and determined lncRNA expression profiles using microarray analysis. We identified 326 or 51 lncRNAs that were significantly either up-regulated or down-regulated in the vaso-obliteration or neovascularization phase, respectively. Based on Pearson correlation analysis, lncRNAs/mRNAs co-expression networks were constructed. GO enrichment analysis of lncRNAs-co-expressed mRNAs indicated that the biological modules were correlated with chromosome organization, extracellular region and guanylate cyclase activator activity in the vaso-obliteration phase, and correlated with cell proliferation, extracellular region and guanylate cyclase regulator activity in the neovascularization phase. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that MAPK signaling was the most significantly enriched pathway in both phases. Importantly, Vax2os1 and Vax2os2 were not only dynamically expressed in the vaso-obliteration and neovascularization phases, but also significantly altered in the aqueous humor of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), suggesting a potential role of lncRNAs in the regulation of ocular neovascularization. Taken together, this study provided novel insights into the molecular pathogenesis of ocular neovascularization. The intervention of dysregulated lncRNA could become a potential target for the prevention and treatment of ocular vascular diseases.

The existence of donor effector cell subsets responsible for either gut or skin graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is still undetermined. We examined the trafficking and role of donor CD8(+) intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in the gut and skin epithelia concerning alpha E beta 7 integrin (CD103) expression, using a rat acute lethal GvHD model. Most CD103(+) donor cells were CD8(+) and showed a proliferative activity in the target epithelia. On the other hand, activated donor T cells in the host lymphoid tissues did not express CD103, indicating the presence of CD8(+) IEL precursors in the lymphoid tissues that may up-regulate CD103 only after migrating to the target organs. At the late stage of GvHD, while >80% of the donor CD8(+) IELs were CD103(+) in the gut epithelium, both CD4(+) and CD103(+)CD8(+) T cells evenly accumulated in the skin epidermis. The CD103 expression by donor CD8(+) IELs especially in the gut was also correlated with the clinical GvHD manifestations. Furthermore, the selective removal of gut lymph nodes (LNs) but not skin LNs suppressed the infiltration of CD103(+) donor IELs in the gut and alleviated intestinal GvHD. In conclusion, CD103(+)CD8(+) donor T cells predominantly infiltrate into the gut epithelium and are responsible for the manifestations of intestinal GvHD. This pathology is at least partly dependent on the gut LNs.

We have investigated how recirculating lymphocytes patrol the liver in a normal steady state.Thoracic duct lymphocytes of congeneic rats were intravenously transferred to host rats and donor cell trafficking in the liver and hepatic lymph was examined. Host hepatic lymph nodes (HLNs) were selectively removed, which allowed liver-derived donor cells to collect in the thoracic duct without transit in the intervening HLNs.The number of donor cells in the thoracic duct lymph significantly increased over the baseline 3, 5 and 11 h after transfer in the HLN-removed, non-pretreated, and HLN-ligated (in which a lymph efflux was blocked) groups, respectively. Histologically, donor cells appeared in the portal area from 0.5 h after transfer and frequently attached to the basal lamina of portal vein both externally and internally. Three hours after transfer, a few donor cells appeared in the subcapsular sinus of HLNs.The minimal transit time of rat recirculating lymphocytes is 3-4 h in the liver and 5-8 h in the hepatic LNs, in a normal steady state. Recirculating lymphocytes might transmigrate through the portal vein as well as the sinusoid in the periportal zone. This rapid transit might enable an efficient surveillance of the liver portal area by the recirculating lymphocytes.

Donor dendritic cell (DC) migration and allosensitization in host secondary lymphoid organs after liver transplantation are ill defined. We used rat models to investigate graft-derived cells and intrahost allosensitization. Liver transplantation induced diffuse blood-borne migration of donor major histocompatibility class II antigen–positive (MHCII+) cells and MHCI+ cells from the graft to host secondary lymphoid organs, not only the spleen, but also lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. The migrated MHCII+ cells included DCs and some T cells and B cells. The DCs formed clusters with host BrdU+ cells where they up-regulated CD86+, and a CD8+ T cell proliferative response originated within 24 hours after liver transplantation, demonstrating that these DCs can quickly mature and trigger direct allosensitization in host lymphoid organs. Transfer of allogeneic bone marrow cells also induced DC transmigration and a similar host response. In contrast, allogeneic thoracic duct lymph cells contained many fewer transmigrating DCs, and their transfer induced a comparable T cell response but significantly weaker CD8+ T cell proliferation. Thus, there is a different outcome via the indirect pathway by host DCs that have captured donor alloantigens. Conclusion: The rat liver as well as bone marrow contains an immature DC population that can systemically transmigrate through blood vessel walls of the host secondary lymphoid organs, quickly mature, and induce diffuse intrahost CD8+ T cell responses, which may promote graft rejection. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)

To assess whether preservative-free 1% lidocaine is capable of loosing the junction between the rabbit lens epithelial cells (LECs) and between the cells and capsules and is capable of destroying the LECs, in order to provide scientific basis for pursuing safe and effective drugs to eliminate LECs in cataract surgery and to prevent capsular pacification.Lens capsule specimens were collected from 29 rabbits (58 eyes) and divided into 3 groups: balanced salt solution (BSS) group (exposed to BSS for 1 minute), lidocaine group (exposed to preservative-free 1% lidocaine for 1 minute) and the control group. Specimens were stained with trypan blue and alizarin red. Photomicrographs of each capsule were taken to observe the viability of LECs and count the number of dead LECs. The histopathologic changes of LECs treated with lidocaine were evaluated by histological method and transmission electron microscope.The rate of dead LECs of the anterior and the equatorial lens capsules in control group was (1.51 +/- 0.39)%, and (1.52 +/- 0.32)%, respectively. The rate of dead LECs of the anterior and the equatorial lens capsules irrigated with BSS was (1.78 +/- 0.50)% and (1.77 +/- 0.47)%. The rate of dead LECs of the anterior and the equatorial lens capsules irrigated with preservative-free 1% lidocaine was (13.01 +/- 4.67)% and (9.59 +/- 3.35)%, respectively. The nested design ANOVA showed that the rate of dead LECs in the lidocaine group was greater than that in the control group or BSS group (P0.05), There was no significant difference in the number of dead cells between the anterior lens capsules and the equatorial lens capsules. After irrigated with lidocaine, cavities appeared ibetween the LECs and the capsule, cells detached from the capsule and showed vacuoles. The capsules of control group and BSS group showed a normal layer of LECs attached to the capsule. Under transmission electron microscope, in the lidocaine group, the junction between LECs and between the cell and the capsule were destroyed, many cells detached from the capsule and the rest arranged loosely. Some LECs dentes, and many vacuoles emerged, resulting in destruction of the cellular frame.Preservative-free 1% lidocaine may loose the junction between the LECs and between the cells and capsules, resulting in degeneration and death of the LECs.

YBa2Cu3O7-δ(YBCO) films with highly biaxial textures were deposited on SrTiO3 single crystal, textured polycrystalline Ag and NiO/Ni substrates using pulsed laser deposition, metal-organic decomposition and ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. The microstrains in different specimens with strong textures were measured using x-ray diffractometer and were compared each other.