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Selective photoreduction of CO2 to multicarbon products, is an important but challenging task, due to high CO2 activation barriers and insufficient catalytic sites for C−C coupling. Herein, a defect engineering strategy for incorporating copper sites into the connected nodes of defective metal–organic framework UiO‐66‐NH2 for selective overall photo‐reduction of CO2 into acetone. The Cu2+ site in well‐modified CuN2O2 units served as a trapping site to capture electrons via efficient electron‐hole separation, forming the active Cu+ site for CO2 reduction. Two NH2 groups in CuN2O2 unit adsorb CO2 and cooperated with copper ion to functionalize as a triple atom catalytic site, each interacting with one CO2 molecule to strengthen the binding of *CO intermediate to the catalytic site. The deoxygenated *CO attached to the Cu site interacted with *CH3 fixed at one amino group to form the key intermediate CO*‐CH3, which interacted with the third reduction intermediate on another amino group to produce acetone. Our photocatalyst realizes efficient overall CO2 reduction to C3 product acetone CH3COCH3 with an evolution rate of 70.9 μmol gcat−1 h−1 and a selectivity up to 97 % without any adducts, offering a promising avenue for designing triple‐atomic sites to producing C3 product from photosynthesis with water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective photoreduction of CO2 to multicarbon products, is an important but challenging task, due to high CO2 activation barriers and insufficient catalytic sites for C−C coupling. Herein, a defect engineering strategy for incorporating copper sites into the connected nodes of defective metal–organic framework UiO‐66‐NH2 for selective overall photo‐reduction of CO2 into acetone. The Cu2+ site in well‐modified CuN2O2 units served as a trapping site to capture electrons via efficient electron‐hole separation, forming the active Cu+ site for CO2 reduction. Two NH2 groups in CuN2O2 unit adsorb CO2 and cooperated with copper ion to functionalize as a triple atom catalytic site, each interacting with one CO2 molecule to strengthen the binding of *CO intermediate to the catalytic site. The deoxygenated *CO attached to the Cu site interacted with *CH3 fixed at one amino group to form the key intermediate CO*‐CH3, which interacted with the third reduction intermediate on another amino group to produce acetone. Our photocatalyst realizes efficient overall CO2 reduction to C3 product acetone CH3COCH3 with an evolution rate of 70.9 μmol gcat−1 h−1 and a selectivity up to 97 % without any adducts, offering a promising avenue for designing triple‐atomic sites to producing C3 product from photosynthesis with water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Converting dilute CO 2 source into value-added chemicals and fuels is a promising route to reduce fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emission, but integrating electrocatalysis with CO 2 capture still faced marked challenges. Herein, we show that a self-healing metal-organic macrocycle functionalized as an electrochemical catalyst to selectively produce methane from flue gas and air with the lowest applied potential so far (0.06 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE) through an enzymatic activation fashion. The capsule emulates the enzyme' pocket to abstract one in situ -formed CO 2 -adduct molecule with the commercial amino alcohols, forming an easy-to-reduce substrate-involving clathrate to combine the CO 2 capture with electroreduction for a thorough CO 2 reduction. We find that the self-healing system exhibited enzymatic kinetics for the first time with the Michaelis-Menten mechanism in the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 and maintained a methane Faraday efficiency (FE) of 74.24% with a selectivity of over 99% for continuous operation over 200 h. A consecutive working lab at 50 mA·cm -2 , in an eleven-for-one (10 h working and 1 h healing) electrolysis manner, gives a methane turnover number (TON) of more than 10,000 within 100 h. The integrated electrolysis with CO 2 capture facilitates the thorough reduction of flue gas (ca. 13.0% of CO 2 ) and first time of air (ca. 400 ppm of CO 2 to 42.7 mL CH 4 from 1.0 m 3 air). The new self-healing strategy of molecular electrocatalyst with an enzymatic activation manner and anodic shifting of the applied potentials provided a departure from the existing electrochemical catalytic techniques.

Most antipsychotic drugs (APDs) induce hyperphagia and weight gain. However, the neural mechanisms are poorly understood, partly due to challenges replicating their metabolic effects in rodents. Here, we report a new mouse model that recapitulates overeating induced by clozapine, a widely prescribed APD. Our study shows that clozapine boosts food intake by inhibiting melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Interestingly, neither clozapine nor risperidone, another commonly used APD, affects receptor-ligand binding or the canonical Gαs signaling of MC4R. Instead, they inhibit neuronal activity by enhancing the coupling between MC4R and Kir7.1, leading to the open state of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel. Deletion of Kir7.1 in Mc4r-Cre neurons prevents clozapine-induced weight gain, while treatment with a selective Kir7.1 blocker mitigates overeating in clozapine-fed mice. Our findings unveil a molecular pathway underlying the effect of APDs on feeding behavior and suggest its potential as a therapeutic target.

Selective photoreduction of CO 2 to multicarbon products, is an important but challenging task, due to high CO 2 activation barriers and insufficient catalytic sites for C-C coupling. Herein, a defect engineering strategy for incorporating copper sites into the connected nodes of defective metal-organic framework UiO-66-NH 2 for selective overall photo-reduction of CO 2 into acetone. The Cu 2+ site in well-modified CuN 2 O 2 units served as a trapping site to capture electrons via efficient electron-hole separation, forming the active Cu + site for CO 2 reduction. Two NH 2 groups in CuN 2 O 2 unit adsorb CO 2 and cooperated with copper ion to functionalize as a triple atom catalytic site, each interacting with one CO 2 molecule to strengthen the binding of *CO intermediate to the catalytic site. The deoxygenated *CO attached to the Cu site interacted with *CH 3 fixed at one amino group to form the key intermediate CO*-CH 3 , which interacted with the third reduction intermediate on another amino group to produce acetone. Our photocatalyst realizes efficient overall CO 2 reduction to C 3 product acetone CH 3 COCH 3 with an evolution rate of 70.9 μmol g cat -1  h -1 and a selectivity up to 97 % without any adducts, offering a promising avenue for designing triple-atomic sites to producing C 3 product from photosynthesis with water., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

A novel organodiphosphonate-based telluromolybdate cluster, (NH 4 ) 6 Na 3 H 13 [TeMo 10 O 37 (CoMo 2 O 6 L) 4 ]·11H 2 O [ 1 ; L = (O 3 P) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) 3 NH 2 ], has been successfully synthesized by a simple one-pot aqueous reaction. Intriguingly, the [TeMo 10 O 37 ] 10- subunit with tetrahedral geometry of TeO 4 is observed in the organophosphonate-functionalized polyoxometalates for the first time. Compound 1 was prepared in a buffer solution (pH = 5.5) with alendronic acid (Ale) and (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 ·4H 2 O as raw materials. The polyanion [TeMo 10 O 37 (CoMo 2 O 6 L) 4 ] 22- was constructed from four {Mo 2 O 6 L} subunits encapsulating an interesting Te-Mo heterometal subunit [TeMo 10 O 37 ] 10- through four CoO 6 octahedra and has been fully characterized by routine techniques. In addition, compound 1 , as a heterogeneous catalyst, shows good conversion (92%) and high selectivity (99%) for Knoevenagel condensation reaction.

The crown-shaped 36-molybdate cluster organophosphonate-functionalized polyoxomolybdates with the highest nuclearity in organophosphonate-based polyoxometalate chemistry, (NH 4 ) 19 Na 7 H 10 [Cu(H 2 O)TeMo 6 O 21 {N(CH 2 PO 3 ) 3 }] 6 ⋅31 H 2 O, has been reported for the first time. The synthesized 36-molybdate cluster was characterized by routine techniques and tested as a heterogeneous catalyst for selective oxidation of sulfides with impressive catalytic and selective performances after heat treatment. High efficiency (TON=15333) was achieved in the selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides, caused by the synergic effect between copper and polyoxomolybdates and the generation of the cuprous species during the heat treatment., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The zebrafish retina grows for a lifetime. Whether embryonic and postembryonic retinogenesis conform to the same developmental program is an outstanding question that remains under debate. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of ∼20,000 cells of the developing zebrafish retina at four different stages, we identified seven distinct developmental states. Each state explicitly expresses a gene set. Disruption of individual state-specific marker genes results in various defects ranging from small eyes to the loss of distinct retinal cell types. Using a similar approach, we further characterized the developmental states of postembryonic retinal stem cells (RSCs) and their progeny in the ciliary marginal zone. Expression pattern analysis of state-specific marker genes showed that the developmental states of postembryonic RSCs largely recapitulated those of their embryonic counterparts, except for some differences in rod photoreceptor genesis. Thus, our findings reveal the unifying developmental program used by the embryonic and postembryonic retinogenesis in zebrafish., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing or financial interests., (© 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.)

Microsaccades are small-amplitude (typically <1°), ballistic eye movements that occur when attempting to fixate gaze. Initially thought to be generated randomly, it has recently been established that microsaccades are influenced by sensory stimuli, attentional processes, and certain cognitive states. Whether decision processes influence microsaccades, however, is unknown. Here, we adapted two classic economic tasks to examine whether microsaccades reflect evolving saccade decisions. Volitional saccade choices of monkey and human subjects provided a measure of the subjective value of targets. Importantly, analyses occurred during a period of complete darkness to minimize the known influence of sensory and attentional processes on microsaccades. As the time of saccadic choice approached, microsaccade direction became the following: 1) biased toward targets as a function of their subjective value and 2) predictive of upcoming, voluntary choice. Our results indicate that microsaccade direction is influenced by and is a reliable tell of evolving saccade decisions. Our results are consistent with dynamic decision processes within the midbrain superior colliculus; that is, microsaccade direction is influenced by the transition of activity toward caudal saccade regions associated with high saccade value and/or future saccade choice., (Copyright © 2016 the American Physiological Society.)