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Background Overweight and obesity are considered a serious health problem. There are little data on the prevalence of overweight and obesity among the Yi ethnic group in China. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiologic features of overweight/obesity among Chinese Yi nationality. Methods A cross-sectional study, including 1255 subjects aged 20-75 years, was carried out in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan province from 2007 to 2008. Overweight/overall obesity was defined by World Health Organization (WHO) or the Working Group on Obesity in China. Results Overall, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 19.0% and 2.9%, respectively, based on the WHO definition, while it was 21.0% and 7.4%, respectively, according to the Working Group on Obesity in China, which is similar to data reported in the 2002 Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey. Urban residents had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity (WHO criteria: 4.3% vs 1.7% p = 0.008; China criteria: 11.4% vs 3.7%, p < 0.001) and overweight (WHO criteria: 28.9% vs 8.9% p < 0.001; China criteria: 31.2% vs 10.4%, p < 0.001) than that in rural residents. Older age, a family history of obesity, higher income, drinking and urban residence were significantly associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity. Conclusions The prevalence of overweight/obesity in the Yi nationality is similar to that in Chinese adults 5 years ago. However, urban residents have a much higher prevalence of overweight/obesity than their rural counterparts. Lifestyle and diet patterns associated with socioeconomic status may explain the difference between urban and rural residents. The prevention of overweight/obesity among urban inhabitants deserves more attention in national health education programs.

To investigate the blood lead status and influencing factors among preschool children in the sampling city.Stratified-clustered-random sampling was used. Standardized questionnaire and peripheral blood samples were obtained from 69 968 children aged 0-6 years in fixed kindergartens and communities of Yinchuan, Xi'an, Chengdu, Wuhan, Hefei, Beijing, Harbin, Zhengzhou, Huhhot, Shijiazhuang, Haikou, Dalian, Qingdao, Guangzhou, Nanning and Changsha from 2004 to 2008, respectively. Tungsten atomic absorbtion spectrophotometry was employed to determine the blood lead level of children.The proportion of children with blood lead level ≥ 100 µg/L was 7.57% (among which the proportion of high blood lead level, mild lead poisoning, moderate lead poisoning, severe lead poisoning were 91.0%, 2.76%, 3.32%, 2.93%, respectively) and the blood lead level was lower than those of the past studies. The proportion of high blood lead level has steadily declined from 2004 to 2008 [the proportions were 10.03%, 7.85%, 7.40%, 6.91% and 4.78%, respectively (χ(2) = 297.36, P0.0001)]. The proportion of children with blood lead level ≥ 100 µg/L in Haikou, Zhengzhou, Guangzhou, Shijiazhuang, Changsha, Xi'an, Wuhan, Hefei, Chengdu, Yinchuan, Harbin, Beijing, Dalian, Huhhot, Nanning and Qingdao were 12.15%, 10.49%, 10.37%, 9.69%, 9.53%, 9.46%, 9.40%, 8.50%, 7.99%, 7.98%, 7.51%, 6.10%, 3.25%, 2.89%, 2.46% and 2.39%, respectively (χ(2) = 768.21, P0.0001). By multiple regression method, the risk factors which influenced blood lead status of children were education status of mother, older children, behavior and dietary habit of children, boy, stay for long time in traffic busy areas, the type of housing, taking traditional Chinese and herbal medicine. The protective factors against lead poisoning in children mainly included scattered living, the nutritional status of calcium, iron, zinc, frequent intake of milk, and older mother.The blood lead level of children has decreased, but is still higher than those in developed countries. Lead exposure remains a public health issue which affects children most. The blood lead level of children is affected by multiple factors. Government and the whole society should pay attention to interrupt the lead pollutant and to promote nutritional health education. With all these efforts, it is possible to stop the progress of lead exposure and reduce its hazardous effects on the growth and development of children.

To investigate the coordinated role and its mechanism of the high protein and hypercholesterol intake on inducing rat myocardial fibrosis.The tissue level of the collagen in left ventricule, the concentrations of the plasma and the cardiac tissue angiotensin II (Ang II) and Aldosterone (Ald), the serum concentration of nitrite (NO2-), in the Wistar rats on diet which adding 20% protein or/and 100 mg/d cholesterin in the rat standard foods for 8 weeks, were measured by the colorimetric analysis of the hydroxyproline, by the radioimmunoassay, and by the assay of Griess, respectively.1.69 times left ventricular collagen contents, 0.7 times plasma concentrations of total cholesterin, 1.5 times levels of the plasma Ang II and 1 time myocardial ald contents were higher, and the serum NO2- concentration was significant lower, in the rats of the high protein and hypercholesterol intake than in the rats of the high protein intake. That 0.48 times left ventricular collagen contents, 0.23 times plasma Ang II in the high protein and hypercholesterol intake rats were higher than in the high cholesterin intake rats.The excessive protein and cholesterin intake can induce the coordinated effect on developing the myocardial fibrosis of rats. And the mechanism of the fibrosis in rat left ventricule maybe result with the activation of RAAS and the endothelial injury.

To investigate the immunization status of hepatitis B vaccine who were inoculated at birth, HBV infections and the vaccine booster effect in the first-year middle school students (12 - 14 years old).A cluster, stratified simplified random sampling method was administrated. The sample size was at least 218, which was calculated by Epi Info 3.3.2 software at 53% the minimum acceptable anti-HBs positive rate and 95% confidence level. A total of 250 and 236 students participated in the infection status and booster immunization effects investigation. The HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc IgG were detected by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HBV DNA was detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR, and the diagnostic test kit were produced respectively by ABBOTT, Diasorin and Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise Co.For the immunization status before booster: the positive rate of anti-HBs was 62.80% (157/250), the GMT was 73.79 IU/L; the currently HBV infection rate (HBsAg and anti-HBc positive) was 2.80% (7/250). After injection, the anti-HBs positive rate was 94.92% (224/236). Compared with the before booster results, the significant difference was observed (χ(2) = 73.92, P = 0.00). The GMT was 521.15 IU/L, comparing with the before booster results, there was significant difference (t = 15.98, P = 0.00). The anti-HBs conversion rate (from negative to positive) was 91.86% (79/86) after immune-enhancement; of which, 11 students got the second dose of booster vaccine who are no-responders after first injection, in addition 8 students got the anti-HBs.It is an effective method to put the first-year middle school students into the immune-enhancement program, so as to improve the immunization memory effect and avoid the loss of protective antibodies.

The tetra-nuclear title compound, [Cu(2)Ti(2)(C(6)H(6)NO(6))(2)O(O(2))(2)(H(2)O)(10)]·7H(2)O, lies about a twofold rotation axis that passes through the bridging oxide atom. The titanium atom is N,O,O',O''-chelated by the nitrilo-triacetate and O,O'-chelated by the peroidxo group and is coordinated to the bridging O atom in an overall penta-gonal-bipyramidal geometry. The O atom of one of the carboxyl-ate -CO(2) groups binds to the water-coordinated Cu atom, whose coordination polyhedron is an elongated octa-hedron. Adjacent tetra-nuclear mol-ecules are linked through the coordinated and uncoordinated water mol-ecules by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.

To establish the focus management mode and the report criteria more perfectly for the virus hepatitis cases, especially for the hepatitis B.One district was set as the research area, in which there was enough cases resource and relatively separated from the other districts, then a first or second-class hospital was appointed to take the cases focus diagnosis, report and management.The focus hospitals had reported 97% (323/331) of cases in the research area between June,2007 and June,2008; moreover,the rate in establishing case-card was 97.21% (314/323), as compared with that in period of 2007 (261), the cases reported declined 61.30% in the first half year of 2008 (101).It should be an imperative situation to establish a report criteria and management mode for virus hepatitis (hepatitis B), however it is necessary to have more supports from health administrations.

Transplantation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can improve cardiac function in treatment of myocardial infarction. The low rate of cell retention and survival within the ischemic tissues makes the application of cell transplantation techniques difficult. In this study, we used a temperature-responsive chitosan hydrogel (as scaffold) combined with ESCs to maintain viable cells in the infarcted tissue. Temperature-responsive chitosan hydrogel was prepared and injected into the infarcted heart wall of rat infarction models alone or together with mouse ESCs. The result showed that the 24-h cell retention and 4 week graft size of both groups was significantly greater than with a phosphate buffered saline control. After 4 weeks of implantation, heart function, wall thickness, and microvessel densities within the infarct area improved in the chitosan + ESC, chitosan, and ESC group more than the PBS control. Of the three groups, the chitosan + ESC performed best. Results of this study indicate that temperature-responsive chitosan hydrogel is an injectable scaffold that can be used to deliver stem cells to infarcted myocardium. It can also increase cell retention and graft size. Cardiac function is well preserved, too.

Three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound (3D-CEUS) is a combination of three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). To evaluate the feasibility of 3D-CEUS in liver imaging, investigate possible influencing factors to its image quality, and evaluate the influence of 3D-CEUS to clinical outcome, low acoustic power (mechanical index, 0.08-0.13) 3D-CEUS was carried out in 102 focal liver lesions in 92 patients by using the LOGIQ 9 ultrasound scanner and a volume transducer (frequency range, 2-5 MHz; focusing ability, 2-25 cm in depth; azimuth aperture 5.9 cm). The lesions were classified into two groups: group 1 (n=51) for characterization and group 2 (n=51) for local treatment response evaluation. The factors that influenced the image quality of 3D-CEUS were analyzed. The image quality and usefulness of 3D-CEUS between the two groups were compared by using the chi(2)-test. The results showed that the lesion diameter, location, and scanning route had no significant influence on the image quality in both groups, whereas interfering factors damaged the image quality in group 1. In group 1, during arterial phase, high image quality was more frequently found in hyperenhanced and hypo- or non-enhanced lesions compared with isoenhanced lesions. In group 2, interfering factor and local treatment response had no obvious influence on the image quality. The visualization rate of high image quality was 94.1% (48/51) in group 2 vs. 72.6% (37/51) in group 1 (P=0.012). The investigators found that 3D-CEUS improved confidence but made no change in diagnosis in 19 (37.3%) of 51 lesions in group 1, whereas 41 (80.4%) of 51 lesions in group 2 (P=0.000). 3D-CEUS tends to obtain better image quality and lead to higher diagnostic confidence in the lesions for local treatment response evaluation, and perhaps is more useful in this aspect in future clinical settings.

To evaluate the effects of prevention and control strategies on hepatitis A.Surveillance data on hepatitis A from 1990 to 2006 in Tianjin was analyzed, and the coverage rate of hepatitis A vaccine among targeted population was estimated, to compare the anti-HAV IgG level of children younger than 15 years old in 1999 and in 2005.Results showed that a) the morbidity of hepatitis A decreased from 25.26/10(5) in 1990 to 0.82/10(5) in 2006; b) the ratio of hepatitis A in viral hepatitis decreased from 30.43% in 1990 to 1.05% in 2006; c) the estimated coverage rate was 72.7%; d) the positive rate of anti-HAV among children younger than 15 years old in 2005 was distinctly higher than that in 1999.Positive results showed that it was successful to use hepatitis A vaccine as the strategy to prevent and control hepatitis A in the past five years in Tianjin.

To observe the effect of Tongfu Xiere Recipe (TXR) on surgical abdominal diseases accompanied with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).Forty-six patients in the post-operational stage were treated by basic therapy, including conventional treatment and antibiotics applying, and combined use of TXR, and compared with the 43 patients treated by basic therapy alone as the control group.Compared with the control group, the incidence of complications in the treatment group was significantly lower (P0.01). The incidence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and the mortality in the treatment group showed an decreasing tendency. Moreover, levels of plasma endotoxin, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-8 in the treatment group after treatment decreased significantly, while IL-2 level increased (P0.01), and showed a significant difference (P0.01) as compared with those in the control group.The combined therapy can decrease the levels of blood endotoxin and inflammation promoting cytokine and increase the level of cytokine that directly related with immune function to regulate immunity and inhibit the inflammatory reaction, and furthermore, to prevent MODS and decrease the mortality of patients with surgical abdominal diseases accompanied SIRS.

To identify the epidemiological and clinical features of unexpected sudden cardiac deaths (SUD) in Yunnan.Choosing the old SUD cases from Xiangyun, Heqing, Nanjian and Dayao counties and using the standardized verbal autopsy Form, we interviewed the family members of the cases, witnesses and doctors as well as reviewing their medical files to get relative information.We identified 116 SUDs in 21 villages from 1984 to 2004. The village-specific annually standardized incidence rates were ranged from 0.2/1000 to 8.9/1000 (median = 0.8/1000). 66% and 29% of the SUDs occurred in July and August respectively. The incidence rates of SUD were higher (1.6/1000, chi(2) = 16, P0.01) in 10 - 39 year-olds, and higher in females than in males (RR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1 - 2.3). Seventy percent of SUD occurred in families having clustering nature and 60% of the additional cases in the family were occurred within 24 hours (median = 20 hours) after the first SUD identified in the family. SUD occurred in 23 families followed the first affected family in a village during the same season. In these 23 families, 61% of the first SUD occurred within 8 days after the first SUD in the first affected family. 68% and 66% of the SUDs did not have any complaints or signs during the last 3 weeks or from 3 weeks to 2 days prior to the onset of the disease. 63% of the SUDs had cardiac symptoms within the last 2 days prior to the onset with major symptoms as dizziness, nausea, faintness, unconsciousness, weakness and palpitation. The median duration from acute onset to death was 2 hours.The extreme time-space clustering of SUD in families and in villages suggested that the risk factors occurred in specific time and location. Familial clustered SUD cases had common exposure pattern. Sudden onset of acute cardiac symptoms often followed by sudden death. Epidemiological study on new cases was necessary to identify risk factors and to develop hypothesis for causation. In July 2005, we instituted a special SUD surveillance system for all the affected counties together with 10 counties which had no reported cases.

To observe blood lead level and related risk factors among children aged 0-6 years old living in cities in China and to provide data for policy development to the prevention on environmental lead pollution.A stratified-clustered-random sampling method was used. 17 141 peripheral blood samples of 0-6 years old children from 15 cities in China were tested. Tungsten atomizer absorption spectrophotometer was employed to determined the blood lead level. Related factors were also studied using a standardized questionnaire. Data were analyzed on related risk factors that affecting blood lead levels through multiple regression method.The mean blood lead level of 0-6 years old children from 15 cities in China was 59.52 microg/L including 10.45% of thoseor =100 microg/L, and 0.62%or = 200 microg/L. However, the blood lead levels seemed to have had a trend of increase parallel to age among 0-6 years-old children and were higher for boys (59.50 microg/L) than girls (54.95 microg/L). The risk factors which influenceing children's blood lead levels would include the type of housing, parent's education levels, social status and hobby, children's behavior habit, dieting habit and nutritional condition.The blood lead levels of children in China were lower than data gathered from former national studies but higher than those from developed countries, suggesting that the. Government and the whole society should be aware of the problem on lead poisoning among children during their childhood.

To explore a suitable model regarding community-based case management of hypertension in the urban areas.Based on the guidelines set by the Chinese Hypertension League (CHL), the goal of case management of hypertension was set as: to maintain blood pressure at the normal range. Family doctors were guided to take care of case management. Hypertension patients who had been contracted to the family doctors were followed by a team of family doctors for half a year.After the 6-month intervention, the rate of hypertension under control had increased from 50.44% to 69.84% (P0.0001) while the means of systolic blood pressure decreased by 3.72 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 2.67 mm Hg (P0.0001) respectively. The means of SBP decreased by 8.59 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 5.26 mm Hg in patients whose baseline blood pressure were not under control. The rates of smoking, higher salt intake and no physical exercise had significantly decreased (P0.05). The mean number of hospital visits in the six-month follow-up period was 7.69 +/- 2.37. The "rate of control" among those who had followed schedule was higher than that of those who were not on schedule (P0.0001). The rate among those who had followed the schedule tended to have increased with aging and the level of education (P0.001).The community-based case management program on hypertension played an important and effective role in the control of hypertension in urban areas. Patients received great benefit when following the guidance from their doctors.

To testify the feasibility of management through contract system between general practitioners and patients.In Sichuan province contract was made between general practitioners and hypertension patients in "community health service center-family of hypertension patients" in Yulin community in Chengdu city. After half a year, we analysed the effects of community-based intervention on hypertension.General means of both SBP and DBP remarkably decreased (P0.05) with SBP remarkably decreased by 8.94 mm Hg while DBP decreased by 3.61 mm Hg. After interfered by the model, people whose blood pressure were above normal had a remarkable decrease than before by 14.06 mm Hg (P0.05). Rates of hypertension being under control increased from 38.39% to 64.29% (P0.001). Rates of awareness on fatness and heredity in hypertensive patients were increasing from 58.06% to 74.19% (P0.001). Rate of awareness on risk factors for hypertension was also higher than that of 6 months back (P0.05).The model of management by signing contract between general practitioners and patients in community, proved to be a successful way in the treatment to control high blood pressure.

The tetra­nuclear title compound, [Cu2Ti2(C6H6NO6)2O(O2)2(H2O)10]·7H2O, lies about a twofold rotation axis that passes through the bridging oxide atom. The titanium atom is N,O,O′,O′′-chelated by the nitrilo­triacetate and O,O′-chelated by the peroidxo group and is coordinated to the bridging O atom in an overall penta­gonal-bipyramidal geometry. The O atom of one of the carboxyl­ate –CO2 groups binds to the water-coordinated Cu atom, whose coordination polyhedron is an elongated octa­hedron. Adjacent tetra­nuclear mol­ecules are linked through the coordinated and uncoordinated water mol­ecules by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.

To investigate the prevalence of fatty liver discovered upon physical examination of Chinese patients and determine the associated clinical characteristics.A total of 3433 consecutive patients who received physical examinations at the Huangpu Division of the First Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China from June 2010 to December 2010 were retrospectively enrolled in the study. Results of biochemical tests, abdominal ultrasound, electrocardiography, and chest X-ray were collected. The diagnosis of fatty liver was made if a patient met any two of the three following ultrasonic criteria: (1) liver and kidney echo discrepancy and presence of an increased liver echogenicity (bright); (2) unclear intrahepatic duct structure; and (3) liver far field echo decay.The study population consisted of 2201 males and 1232 females, with a mean age of 37.4 ± 12.8 years. When all 3433 patients were considered, the overall prevalence of hyperlipidemia was 38.1%, of fatty liver was 26.0%, of increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels was 11.9%, of gallstone was 11.4%, of hyperglycemia was 7.3%, of hypertension was 7.1%, and of hyperuricemia was 6.2%. Of the 2605 patients who completed the abdominal ultrasonography exam, 677 (26.0%) were diagnosed with fatty liver and the prevalence was higher in males (32.5% vs females: 15.3%, P0.001). The overall prevalence of fatty liver increased with age, with the peak prevalence (39.5%) found in the 60 to 70-year-old age group. Among patients between the ages of 18 to 50-year-old, the prevalence of fatty liver was significantly higher in males (20.2% vs females: 8.7%, P0.001); the difference in prevalence between the two sexes in patients50-year-old did not reach statistical significance. Only 430 of the patients diagnosed with fatty liver had complete information; among those, increased ALT and/or AST levels were detected in only 30%, with all disturbances being mild or moderate. In these 430 patients, the overall prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was 31.4%, of mixed type hyperlipidemia was 20.9%, of hypercholesterolemia was 12.3%, of hyperglycemia was 17.6%, of hypertension was 16.0%, of hyperuricemia was 15.3%, and of gallstone was 14.4%. Again, the prevalences of hypertriglyceridemia and hyperuricemia were higher in males (hypertriglyceridemia, 36.0% vs females: 12.0%, P0.05; hyperuricemia, 17.3% vs females: 7.2%, P0.05); in contrast, however, the prevalences of mixed type hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia was higher in females (mixed type hyperlipidemia, 18.7% vs females: 30.1%, P0.05, hypercholesterolemia, 9.5% vs females: 24.1%, P0.05). Finally, comparison of the fatty liver group to the non-fatty liver group showed that prevalences of hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hyperuricemia were higher in the former (all P0.01).A high prevalence of fatty liver is detected upon physical examination in Guangzhou, and the primary associated clinical findings are hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hyperuricemia.

Objectives Hepatic ischaemia reperfusion (HIR) injury is common in major liver surgery including liver transplantation and hepatectomy. Furthermore, hepatic ischaemia reperfusion is associated with excess aldosterone production and greatly increases risk of postoperative cardiac complications. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of aldosterone in myocardial injury following HIR. Methods Using a 20 min total warm ischaemia model in rats, heart tissues and blood were sampled at 2–72 h after reperfusion for detection of myocardial damage, myocardial and plasma aldosterone, lipid peroxidation and inflammatory factors. Myocardial mitochondrial functions were also compared. Results HIR resulted in myocardial injury early during the reperfusion period (p 2 ) and calcineurin (CaN) mRNA expression in hearts were decreased by HIR. Administration of spironolactone (20 mg/kg/day, P.O.) significantly attenuated the severity of heart injury and inhibited malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)a, which were elevated by HIR. Moreover, spironolactone significantly improved heart mitochondria function and up-regulated ALDH 2 expression accompany with the down-regulation of CaN mRNA. Conclusions In conclusion, aldosterone contributes significantly to myocardial injury in HIR, and may be a potential therapeutic target for cardiac injury in clinical situations involving remote ischaemia/reperfusion.