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Altres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UAB Altres ajuts: Additionally, Irene Gómez-Varo received funding from the Ministerio de Universidades (Gobierno de España), with grant FPU18/02129 The theories of Jane Jacobs have gained momentum as a framework to address the challenges faced by present-day cities. Of special relevance is the concept of urban vitality as an indicator of street vibrancy and quality of life among city residents. This study aims to revisit her principles from an applied perspective by developing an updated index that measures the conditions for urban vitality as described in her most celebrated book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961), and by also incorporating contemporary contributions made by recent literature on the topic. We develop a composite measure of 22 variables of the built and social environment, and we test it in the urban context of a peripherical and low-income district in Barcelona (Spain). Results show that urban vitality can be found in a wide variety of urban spaces such as compact fabrics and even housing projects, only when population density is combined with physical features that promote intense and diverse human activity. The methodological tool developed in this paper is intended to serve as a basis for future research as well as to guide public policies that aim to address some of the key challenges of contemporary urban agenda.

The training received during primary and secondary education is crucial for the development of our behavior in adulthood. For this reason, at this early stage, it is important to know our environment and its dynamics to appreciate it. The Spanish Secondary Compulsory Education (SCE) comprises four academic years and is taken by students aged 12-16. The learning of geosciences during this level takes place only in the first, third and fourth year. Biology and geology are part of the same subject, being mandatory in the first and third year and optional in the last year. The students lose their interest in science as they advance from primary to secondary education and cease to see it as a viable option for their future (Zamalloa and Sanz, 2020). Several authors have also detected this lack of interest in science of young people (Ali et al., 2013; Christidou, 2011). This disinterest is manifested in expressions such as "Science does not provide food", "You have to study hard" or "Science is boring". To avoid this lack of motivation, educational models should be reoriented towards an educational system in which students are at the center of their learning and not simply focused on the systematic acquisition of memorized concepts to pass an exam. The discipline of Earth Sciences, or Geosciences, face a more difficult challenge than many other sciences given that students do not learn geology during early stages of their academic life (Adetunji et al., 2012). In many places such as the USA (Lewis, 2008), Australia (Dawborn-Gundlach et al., 2017), some countries of northern Europe (King, 2013), Argentina and other Latin American countries (Lacreu 2017; UNESCO, 2019) and Spain (Pedrinaci, 2012) geoscience subjects are underrepresented and frequently in the optional subjects, it is selected by students who are unmotivated. Given this context, the present study investigates the structure of geoscience education in the frame of the SCE system from Catalonia and the degree of geological knowledge acquired by the students.

BackgroundClimate change and urbanization are rapidly increasing human exposure to extreme ambient temperatures, yet few studies have examined the impact of temperature on mortality across Latin America, where 80% of residents live in urban areas.MethodsWe used distributed lag nonlinear conditional Poisson models to estimate city-specific associations between daily temperatures above (“heat”) and below (“cold”) each city-specific minimum mortality temperature and all-cause mortality, overall and stratified by age and cause of death. We estimated the percentage of total deaths attributable to heat or cold (excess death fraction [EDF]) and the difference in mortality per 1°C higher daily mean temperature above the 95th percentile of observed daily temperature.ResultsWe analyzed data from 326 cities in nine Latin American countries between 2002-2015, representing 15,431,532 deaths from 249 million residents. The EDF of total deaths from heat was 0.67% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58%, 0.74%), and from cold was 5.09% (95% CI 4.64%, 5.47%). EDFs from heat and cold were particularly high among individuals aged 65+ years (0.81% [95% CI 0.75%, 0.86%] and 6.82% [95% CI 6.41%, 7.18%], respectively). The relative risk of death per 1°C increase above the city-specific 95th percentile daily temperature was 1.057 (95% CI 1.046, 1.067).ConclusionsIn Latin American cities, a substantial proportion of deaths are attributable to non-optimal ambient temperatures. Older populations are particularly vulnerable. Marginal increases in observed hot temperatures are associated with steep increases in mortality risk. Projected increases in temperature from climate change may have a substantial impact on mortality.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLatin America has a large population at risk of urban heat exposure, yet little is known about the linkages between ambient temperature and health in the region. We analyzed over 15 million deaths in 326 Latin American cities to characterize the relationship between ambient temperature and mortality, overall and by age and cause of death. We found that 5.75% of all deaths are associated with non-optimal temperatures, older individuals are particularly vulnerable, and cardiorespiratory deaths are especially affected. A single degree increase (1°C) in daily temperature was associated with a 5.7% higher mortality among hot days, suggesting that projected increases in temperature from climate change may have a substantial impact on mortality.

Benchmarking and monitoring of urban design and transport features is crucial to achieving local and international health and sustainability goals. However, most urban indicator frameworks use coarse spatial scales that either only allow between-city comparisons, or require expensive, technical, local spatial analyses for within-city comparisons. This study developed a reusable, open-source urban indicator computational framework using open data to enable consistent local and global comparative analyses. We show this framework by calculating spatial indicators-for 25 diverse cities in 19 countries-of urban design and transport features that support health and sustainability. We link these indicators to cities' policy contexts, and identify populations living above and below critical thresholds for physical activity through walking. Efforts to broaden participation in crowdsourcing data and to calculate globally consistent indicators are essential for planning evidence-informed urban interventions, monitoring policy effects, and learning lessons from peer cities to achieve health, equity, and sustainability goals.

Walking for transportation is a common and accessible means of achieving recommended physical activity levels, while providing important social and environmental co-benefits. Even though walking in rapidly growing urban areas has become especially challenging given the increasing dependence on motorised transportation, walking remains a major mode of transportation in Latin American cities. In this paper we aimed to quantify self-reported walking for transportation in Mexico City, Bogota, Santiago de Chile, Sao Paulo, and Buenos Aires, by identifying both walking trips that are conducted entirely on foot and walking events involved in trips mainly conducted on other means of transportation (e.g. private vehicle, public transit) among individuals ≥5-years old. We show how walking-only trips account for approximately 30% trips in the analysed cities, and we evidence how the pedestrian dimension of mobility is largely underestimated if walking that is incidental to other transportation modes is not accounted for: when considering all walking events, we observed an increase between 73% and 217% in daily walking time. As a result, we estimated that between 19% and 25% of residents in these cities meet the WHO physical activity guidelines solely from walking for transportation. The results of the study also suggest that the promotion of public transportation in large Latin American cities can especially help certain population groups achieve the daily recommended levels of physical activity, while among low-income groups accessibility and safety seem to be the key challenges to be addressed.

Despite the key importance of public transportation for the accessibility, attractiveness, and sustainability of tourist areas, little is known about how the COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted its use among tourists. In response, we compared the likelihood of using transit among visitors in a Catalan coastal area based on surveys conducted in 2019 (

There is limited empirical evidence on how travel time affects dietary patterns, and even less in Latin American cities (LACs). Using data from 181 LACs, we investigated whether longer travel times at the city level are associated with lower consumption of vegetables and higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and if this association differs by city size. Travel time was measured as the average city-level travel time during peak hours and city-level travel delay time was measured as the average increase in travel time due to congestion on the street network during peak hours. Vegetables and sugar-sweetened beverages consumption were classified according to the frequency of consumption in days/week (5–7: “frequent”, 2–4: “medium”, and ≤1: “rare”). We estimate multilevel ordinal logistic regression modeling for pooled samples and stratified by city size. Higher travel time (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.65; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.49–0.87) and delay time (OR = 0.57; CI 0.34–0.97) were associated with lower odds of frequent vegetable consumption. For a rare SSB consumption, we observed an inverse association with the delay time (OR = 0.65; CI 0.44–0.97). Analysis stratified by city size show that these associations were significant only in larger cities. Our results suggest that travel time and travel delay can be potential urban determinants of food consumption.

Travel behavior of the present generation of youths is being increasingly explored due to their relevance in shaping future accessibility needs and mobility habits. The present study offers an orig...

A new Cretaceous dustywing, Soplaoconis ortegablancoi gen. et sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae), is described from four specimens preserved in Early Cretaceous (Albian, ~105Ma) El Soplao amber (Cantabria, northern Spain). Two additional specimens are assigned to this new taxon. A crossvenational abnormality on an area of diagnostic significance from one of the holotype’s forewings provides a reminder of the importance of not ruling out character plasticity or teratoses when evaluating palaeodiversity. A comment on the possible palaeoecological significance of the co-occurrence as syninclusions of plant trichomes with the holotype of S. ortegablancoi and seven of the eleven described Burmese amber dustywing species is provided.

Ancient protein analysis is a rapidly developing field of research. Proteins ranging in age from the Quaternary to Jurassic are being used to answer questions about phylogeny, evolution, and extinction. However, these analyses are sometimes contentious, and focus primarily on large vertebrates in sedimentary fossilisation environments; there are few studies of protein preservation in fossils in amber. Here we show exceptionally slow racemisation rates during thermal degradation experiments of resin enclosed feathers, relative to previous thermal degradation experiments of ostrich eggshell, coral skeleton, and limpet shell. We also recover amino acids from two specimens of fossil feathers in amber. The amino acid compositions are broadly similar to those of degraded feathers, but concentrations are very low, suggesting that much of the original protein has been degraded and lost. High levels of racemisation in more apolar, slowly racemising amino acids suggest that some of the amino acids were ancient and therefore original. Our findings indicate that the unique fossilisation environment inside amber shows potential for the recovery of ancient amino acids and proteins.

Jane Jacobs has presented theories on the attributes that the built environment of cities ought to present in order to ensure pedestrian activity, which she considers to be the main reflection of vibrant street life. While her theses were mainly constructed around the neighborhood as the unit in which these urban conditions should be met, it has to be considered that the main part of daily walking activity occurs beyond this rather limited spatial context. With this in mind, this paper analyzes the urban vitality ideas of Jacobs, not only within the immediate residential context of individuals, but also at the level of the environment in which daily walking itineraries are conducted. The study is based on a GIS-based data synthesis of the ideas of Jacobs together with data extracted during a smartphone tracking experiment in Barcelona. Results indicate that while the study participants walk in environments that are significantly more vital than their residential contexts, this difference is not homogeneous across the different types of urban morphologies that are characteristic of the Mediterranean type of metropolis.

International audience; The Cretaceous family Spathiopterygidae (Hymenoptera: Diaprioidea), containing five species in four genera, showed a wide distribution from the upper Barremian to the Turonian. We describe two new representatives of the family from the upper Albian San Just outcrop in the eastern Iberian Peninsula that correspond to Diameneura marveni gen. et sp. nov. Santer and Álvarez-Parra and to a female member of Mymaropsis turolensis Engel and Ortega-Blanco, 2013. The forewing venation of Diameneura marveni gen. et sp. nov. is interpreted, allowing an appropriate comparison for future descriptions. Furthermore, we provide a diagnosis for Mymaropsis baabdaensis since no diagnosis was proposed in the initial paper. We indicate the taphonomic characteristics of the newly described specimens, discuss the interrelationships of the family, and provide new insights about the sexual dimorphism and palaeobiology of spathiopterygids.

BackgroundLittle is known about the impact of changes in mobility at the sub-city level on subsequent COVID-19 incidence or the contribution of mobility to socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19 incidence.MethodsWe compiled aggregated mobile phone location data, COVID-19 confirmed cases, and features of the urban and social environments to analyze linkages between population mobility, COVID-19 incidence, and educational attainment at the sub-city level among cities with >100,000 inhabitants in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, and Mexico from March to August 2020. We used mixed effects negative binomial regression to examine longitudinal associations between changes in weekly mobility (lags 1-6 weeks) and subsequent COVID-19 incidence at the sub-city level, adjusting for urban environmental factors.FindingsAmong 1,031 sub-cities representing 314 cities in five Latin American countries, 10% higher weekly mobility was associated with 8.5% (95% CI 7.4% to 9.5%) higher weekly COVID-19 incidence the following week. This association gradually declined as the lag between mobility and COVID-19 incidence increased and was not different from the null at a six-week lag. We found evidence that suggests differences in mobility reductions are a driver of socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19 incidence.InterpretationLower population movement within a sub-city is associated with lower risk of subsequent COVID-19 incidence among residents of that sub-city. Implementing policies that reduce population mobility at the sub-city level may be an impactful COVID-19 mitigation strategy that takes equity into consideration and reduces economic and social disruption at the city or regional level.FundingWellcome Trust

Physical neighborhood attributes such as greenness, walkability and environmental pollution may have an influence on people's behavior and health. It has been claimed that part of such effects may come from the promotion of physical activity and the strengthening of social cohesion. In this study, we recruited samples of pregnant women in two Spanish cities (Donostia-San Sebastian, 440 participants and Barcelona, 360 participants) who filled in a questionnaire and wore an accelerometer for 1 week during the first trimester of pregnancy. The influence of perceived residential greenness, walkability and environmental pollution on mental health (GHQ-12) was tested in two structural equation models that included light physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and social cohesion as mediators. Two solutions showing excellent and good fits (Donostia-San Sebastian: X2(3) = 2.56, p = .465, CFI = 1, RMSEA

[EN] Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Oniscidea) are a model group for studying the colonization of land. However, their fossil record is remarkably scarce and restricted to amber inclusions, and therefore amber deposits represent valuable windows to their past diversity and morphology. Here we present a new collection of 11 terrestrial isopod specimens preserved in Albian-aged amber from the Peñacerrada I outcrop, northern Spain, which collectively represent the most thoroughly documented fauna of Mesozoic Oniscidea. The three new genera and species identified belong to three of five major groups of the Oniscidea: Eoligiiscus tarraconensis, new genus and species (Ligiidae), Autrigoniscus resinicola, new genus and species (Synocheta: Trichoniscidae), and Heraclitus helenae, new genus and species (Crinocheta: Detonidae?). These taxa significantly expand the known fossil record of Oniscidea and demonstrate that considerable cladogenesis had already transpired by the Albian. The assemblage represents the earliest-known diversification of Oniscidea, extending direct evidence of terrestrialization in the group back to the late Early Cretaceous. These new taxa exhibit some characteristics that may inform hypotheses relating to general patterns of terrestrial isopod evolution. A discussion is provided about different aspects of the paleoecology and biology of the fossils compared to the Recent fauna. The new species indicate that Cretaceous isopods were a group of considerable adaptive diversity, exhibiting innovations analogous to what Recent isopods would exhibit 105 million years later., A.S.-G. is funded by an APOSTD2019 Research Fellowship from the Generalitat Valenciana and the European Social Fund (ESF). This study is a contribution to the Spanish AEI/FEDER, UE Project CRE (CGL2017-84419).

Insect–fungus mutualism is one of the better-studied symbiotic interactions in nature. Ambrosia fungi are an ecological assemblage of unrelated fungi that are cultivated by ambrosia beetles in their galleries as obligate food for larvae. Despite recently increased research interest, it remains unclear which ecological factors facilitated the origin of fungus farming, and how it transformed into a symbiotic relationship with obligate dependency. It is clear from phylogenetic analyses that this symbiosis evolved independently many times in several beetle and fungus lineages. However, there is a mismatch between palaeontological and phylogenetic data. Herein we review, for the first time, the ambrosia system from a palaeontological perspective. Although largely ignored, families such as Lymexylidae and Bostrichidae should be included in the list of ambrosia beetles because some of their species cultivate ambrosia fungi. The estimated origin for some groups of ambrosia fungi during the Cretaceous concurs with a known high diversity of Lymexylidae and Bostrichidae at that time. Although potentially older, the greatest radiation of various ambrosia beetle lineages occurred in the weevil subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae during the Eocene. In this review we explore the evolutionary relationship between ambrosia beetles, fungi and their host trees, which is likely to have persisted for longer than previously supposed. publishedVersion

Ciclov&iacute, a Recreativa is a program in which streets are closed off to automobiles so that people have a safe and inclusive space for recreation and for being physically active. The study aims were: (1) to compare participant&rsquo, s spatial trajectories in four Ciclov&iacute, a Recreativa programs in Latin America (Bogot&aacute, Mexico City, Santiago de Cali, and Santiago de Chile) according to socioeconomic characteristics and urban segregation of these cities, and (2) to assess the relationship between participants&rsquo, physical activity (PA) levels and sociodemographic characteristics. We harmonized data of cross-sectional studies including 3282 adults collected between 2015 and 2019. We found the highest mobility for recreation in Bogot&aacute, followed closely by Santiago de Cali. In these two cities, the maximum SES (socioeconomic status) percentile differences between the neighborhood of origin and the neighborhoods visited as part of the Ciclov&iacute, a use were 33.58 (p-value &lt, 0.001) and 30.38 (p-value &lt, 0.001), respectively, indicating that in these two cities, participants were more likely to visit higher or lower SES neighborhoods than their average SES-of-neighborhood origin. By contrast, participants from Mexico City and Santiago de Chile were more likely to stay in geographic units similar to their average SES-of-origin, having lower overall mobility during leisure time: maximum SES percentile difference 1.55 (p-value &lt, 0.001) and &minus, 0.91 (p-value 0.001), respectively. PA levels of participants did not differ by sex or SES. Our results suggest that Ciclov&iacute, a can be a socially inclusive program in highly unequal and segregated urban environments, which provides a space for PA whilefacilitat physical proximity, exposure to new communities and environments, and interactions between different socioeconomic groups.

Dinosaur bonebeds with amber content, yet scarce, offer a superior wealth and quality of data on ancient terrestrial ecosystems. However, the preserved palaeodiversity and/or taphonomic characteristics of these exceptional localities had hitherto limited their palaeobiological potential. Here we describe the amber from the Lower Cretaceous dinosaur bonebed of Ariño (Teruel, Spain) using a multidisciplinary approach. Amber is found in both a root layer with amber strictly in situ and a litter layer namely composed of aerial pieces unusually rich in bioinclusions, encompassing 11 insect orders, arachnids, and a few plant and vertebrate remains, including a feather. Additional palaeontological data ‒ charophytes, palynomorphs, ostracods‒ are provided. Ariño arguably represents the most prolific and palaeobiologically diverse locality in which fossiliferous amber and a dinosaur bonebed have been found in association, and the only one known where the vast majority of the palaeontological assemblage suffered no or low-grade pre-burial transport. That has enabled unlocking unprecedentedly complete and reliable palaeoecological data out of two complementary windows of preservation from the same site.

Motivation for this comment Recently, the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP) has sent around a letter, dated 21st April, 2020 to more than 300 palaeontological journals, signed by the President, Vice President and a former President of the society (Rayfield et al. 2020). The signatories of this letter request significant changes to the common practices in palaeontology. With our present, multi-authored comment, we aim to argue why these suggestions will not lead to improvement of both practice and ethics of palaeontological research but, conversely, hamper its further development. Although we disagree with most contents of the SVP letter, we appreciate this initiative to discuss scientific practices and the underlying ethics. Here, we consider different aspects of the suggestions by Rayfield et al. (2020) in which we see weaknesses and dangers. It is our intent to compile views from many different fields of palaeontology, as our discipline is (and should remain) pluralistic. This contribution deals with the aspects concerning Myanmar amber. Reference is made to Haug et al. (2020a) for another comment on aspects concerning amateur palaeontologists/ citizen scientists/private collectors.

This study explores how older adults’ time out-of-home and physical activity (PA) are associated with the provision of urban open spaces (green spaces, plazas, and boulevards) and microelements (street trees and benches) in their neighborhoods. The authors used data from 103 residents in Barcelona and matched it to official geospatial data. The authors adjusted a set of mixed-effects linear regressions, both for the entire sample and also stratified by age and gender. For the entire sample, the percentage of green spaces showed a positive association with neighborhood time out-of-home and PA, while participants’ PA also showed a positive association with the presence of benches. Outdoor time among older women was not associated with any of the measured exposures. For men, the provision of green spaces and benches was positively associated with time out-of-home and PA. These results could inform the design of urban spaces that aim to encourage outdoor activity among older adults.

Past claims have been made for fossil DNA recovery from various organisms (bacteria, plants, insects and mammals, including humans) dating back in time from thousands to several million years BP. However, many of these recoveries, especially those described from million-year-old amber (fossil resin), have faced criticism as being the result of modern environmental contamination and for lack of reproducibility. Using modern genomic techniques, DNA can be obtained with confidence from a variety of substrates (e.g. bones, teeth, gum, museum specimens and fossil insects) of different ages, albeit always less than one million years BP, and results can also be obtained from much older materials using palaeoproteomics. Nevertheless, new attempts to determine if ancient DNA (aDNA) is present in insects preserved in 40 000-year old sub-fossilised resin, the precursor of amber, have been unsuccessful or not well documented. Resin-embedded specimens are therefore regarded as unsuitable for genetic studies. However, we demonstrate here, for the first time, that although a labile molecule, DNA is still present in platypodine beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) embedded in six-year-old and two-year-old resin pieces from Hymenaea verrucosa (Angiospermae: Fabaceae) collected in Madagascar. We describe an optimised method which meets all the requirements and precautions for aDNA experiments for our purpose: to explore the DNA preservation limits in resin. Our objective is far from starting an uncontrolled search for aDNA in amber as it was in the past, but to start resolving basic aspects from the DNA preservation in resin and search from the most modern samples to the ancient ones, step by step. We conclude that it is therefore possible to study genomics from resin-embedded organisms, although the time limits remain to be determined. publishedVersion

The early fossilization steps of natural resins and associated terminology are a subject of constant debate. Copal and resin are archives of palaeontological and historical information, and their study is critical to the discovery of new and/or recently extinct species and to trace changes in forests during the Holocene. For such studies, a clear, suitable definition for copal is vital and is herein established. We propose an age range for copal (2.58 Ma—1760 AD), including Pleistocene and Holocene copals, and the novel term "Defaunation resin", defined as resin produced after the commencement of the Industrial Revolution. Defaunation resin is differentiated from Holocene copal as it was produced during a period of intense human transformative activities. Additionally, the “Latest Amber Bioinclusions Gap” (LABG) since the late Miocene to the end of the Pleistocene is hereby newly defined, and is characterized by its virtual absence of bioinclusions and the consequent lack of palaeontological information, which in part explains the historical differentiation between amber and copal. Crucial time intervals in the study of resin production, and of the biodiversity that could be contained, are now clarified, providing a framework for and focusing future research on bioinclusions preserved in copal and resin.

Physical activity (PA) during pregnancy has positive health implications for both mother and child. However, current literature indicates that not all pregnant women meet the international recommendations for PA (at least 150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous PA). The main objective of this study was to assess PA levels among pregnant women in the city of Donostia-San Sebastian and identify their main sociodemographic predictors. We recruited 441 women in the 12th week of pregnancy from the local public obstetric health services. Women wore an accelerometer for one week during two separate time points (1st and 2nd trimesters of pregnancy) and completed a questionnaire assessing several sociodemographic variables as well as self-reported PA. With this information, we estimated women&rsquo, s overall PA levels during both time points. The fulfillment of PA recommendations raised up to 77% and 85% during the first and second trimesters, respectively. We found that a higher number of children and a greater preference for exercise positively predicted light-to-moderate PA, being the most consistent predictors. The availability of a greater number of cars negatively predicted moderate-to-vigorous PA.

The urban planning ideas proposed by Jane Jacobs in the 1960s remain relevant to this day, promoting a perspective on the relationship between urban morphology and the community that takes into consideration the experiences of the people themselves in the planning of cities. With Jacobs&rsquo, ideas in mind, this article seeks to explore the urban territory of Santiago, Chile, and to assess the vitality of its neighborhoods with their diversity of morphological, architectural, and spatial characteristics. The results reveal a spatial reality that differs considerably from typical interpretations of this and other cities across Latin America, characterized by a strong radial center&ndash, periphery dynamic interspersed with sub-centers of high vitality, mainly in the form of rural towns and villages that, over time, became absorbed into the urban fabric of Santiago, along with social housing estates located on what used to be the urban periphery.

El objetivo de este estudio es el de explorar la influencia de las características del entorno residencial en los patrones de caminar de hombres y mujeres, mediante la utilización de datos de movimiento geolocalizados o tracking. Para ello, se ha seleccionado un grupo de jóvenes adultos que estudian o trabajan en la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona y cuyo desplazamiento al lugar de estudio/trabajo se realiza fuera de su municipio de residencia, requiriendo así el uso de un medio de transporte motorizado. A través de una aplicación de geolocalización para smartphone se han analizado datos de movilidad de 1.194 días de participación correspondientes a 199 personas. Los resultados obtenidos indican que los territorios urbanos densos y compactos favorecen el caminar de ambos géneros, pero presentan un mayor impacto en el comportamiento de las mujeres, en comparación con territorios menos densos y de carácter suburbano. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de la configuración del territorio para facilitar un modelo de movilidad más sostenible, equitativo y saludable.

Altres ajuts: Fundació "la Caixa" ID 100010434 Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-M Walking is the most accessible form for seniors to engage in daily light or moderate physical activity. Walking activity depends on both individual and environmental factors, the latter including how walkable a given setting is. Recent papers have pointed at the relevance of also considering meteorological conditions in relation to the walking behavior of older adults. This paper explores the combined effect of neighborhood walkability, temperature and rain on daily walking time among seniors residing in Barcelona. Daily walking time was extracted from 7-day GPS (Global Positioning System) devices and accelerometer data of 227 seniors residing in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region (Spain). Temperature and rain data were extracted from official governmental weather stations. Mixed-effects linear regression models were adjusted to test the combined association between weather and walkability on daily walking time. Neighborhood walkability is positively associated with walking time among seniors, while rain generally deters it. Additionally, this study demonstrates that temperature and rain modify the effect of residential walkability on senior walking activity: low temperatures are particularly associated with lower walking activity among those residing in low walkable areas, while the presence of rain presents a negative association with walking time in high walkable environments. The combined effect of walkability and weather should be considered both in design actions that aim at improving walking infrastructure and also in prevention programs aimed at encouraging daily walking among seniors.

Jane Jacobs’ quest for urban vitality has had an indisputable influence for urban researchers and planners especially in the Anglo-American context, yet her theories have reached smaller audiences in other parts of the world. This is especially the case in the Mediterranean context, in which her principles for urban vitality would very well correspond to the traditional attributes of these urban settlements, even though their inherent vital nature has been progressively challenged under the paradigm of modernity. In order to contribute with the efforts conducted in the past few years aimed at empirically testing Jacobs’ ideas, we consider of special interest to question the nature of these new urban configurations by analyzing Barcelona (Spain) through Jacobs’s eyes. An analysis of urban vitality throughout a systemized approach has allowed a detailed spatial interpretation of a conurbation that combines both the attributes of traditional Mediterranean cities and the conflicts that modernity brought with it. The approach that Jacobs provided has proven useful to highlight that this urban area is far from homogeneous, and therefore is also presented as a useful framework for other researchers and urban practitioners to study urban vitality in different geographic contexts, especially in those areas where the logics of modern city building may still persevere.

Amber is an organic multicompound derivative from the polymerization of resin of diverse higher plants. Compared with other modes of fossil preservation, amber records the anatomy of and ecological interactions between ancient soft-bodied organisms with exceptional fidelity. However, it is currently suggested that ambers do not accurately record the composition of arthropod forest paleocommunities, due to crucial taphonomic biases. We evaluated the effects of taphonomic processes on arthropod entrapment by resin from the plant Hymenaea, one of the most important resin-producing trees and a producer of tropical Cenozoic ambers and Anthropocene (or subfossil) resins. We statistically compared natural entrapment by Hymenaea verrucosa tree resin with the ensemble of arthropods trapped by standardized entomological traps around the same tree species. Our results demonstrate that assemblages in resin are more similar to those from sticky traps than from malaise traps, providing an accurate representation of the arthropod fauna living in or near the resiniferous tree, but not of entire arthropod forest communities. Particularly, arthropod groups such as Lepidoptera, Collembola, and some Diptera are underrepresented in resins. However, resin assemblages differed slightly from sticky traps, perhaps because chemical compounds in the resins attract or repel specific insect groups. Ground-dwelling or flying arthropods that use the tree-trunk habitat for feeding or reproduction are also well represented in the resin assemblages, implying that fossil inclusions in amber can reveal fundamental information about biology of the past. These biases have implications for the paleoecological interpretation of the fossil record, principally of Cenozoic amber with angiosperm origin.

This study explores the multiple temporal dimensions that commuting to a suburban location can have as an intensive and recurrent daily practice. Focusing on the suburban commute to a university campus in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, a mobility survey is first combined with tracking data to explore the clock-time side of this phenomenon. The manner in which this daily practice is experienced is delved into using in-depth interviews. Results point out that intensive commuting is to be understood both considering its relation with daily travel time and its territorial context. Qualitative analysis shows how these suburban commuters are concerned for time, and presents strategies at different spatial and temporal scales. This paper provides insight to mobility studies by exploring the multidimensional nature of travel time, and to a growing mixed-methods research field by combining traditional and innovative sources.

In line with a growing interest in complementing surveys with tracking technologies, this paper aims to explore what differences between perceived and real travel time can be found by using a smartphone-based tracking application. This is justified based on the fact that self-reported trip durations in traditional mobility data sources are based on travelers’ memories and perceptions, which implies that these do not necessarily coincide with real or clock time. For this purpose, the daily commute to a suburban university campus in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region (Spain) is used as a case study. The app experiment points to a light under-perception of travel time, but further analyses show how misperceptions are especially related to the characteristics of this commute. Total trip duration has emerged as the main variable affecting the differences in reported and objective times, while different explanatory factors are suggested as accounting for the misperceptions of public transit riders and of those who drive.

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552 This project was funded by the RecerCaixa research fund in the 2016 call, under the original title of Ciudad, calidad de vida y movilidad activa en la tercera edad: Un análisis multimetodológico a través de Tracking Living Labs. Urban green spaces (UGS) have been linked with a series of benefits for the environment, and for the physical health and well-being of urban residents. This is of great importance in the context of the aging of modern societies. However, UGS have different forms and characteristics that can determine their utilization. Common elements in UGS such as the type of vegetation and the type of surface are surprisingly understudied in regard to their relationship with the type of activity undertaken in UGS. This paper aims to explore the relationship between landscape diversity and the type of surface with the time spent and the physical activity intensity performed by seniors. To do so, this study uses GPS tracking data in combination with accelerometer data gathered from 63 seniors residing in Barcelona, Spain. Results showed that senior participants spent little time inside the analyzed UGS and sedentary behaviors (SBs) were more common than physical activities (PAs). The presence of pavement surfaces positively influenced the total time spent in UGS while gravel surfaces were negatively associated with time spent in active behaviors. The provision of well-defined and maintained paved areas and paths are some key infrastructures to be considered when designing UGS for overall urban residents and, especially, when aiming to potentiate the access for senior visitors.

The great evolutionary success of angiosperms has traditionally been explained, in part, by the partnership of these plants with insect pollinators [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. The main approach to understanding the origins of this pervasive relationship has been study of the pollinators of living cycads, gnetaleans, and basal angiosperms [7]. Among the most morphologically specialized living pollinators are diverse, long-proboscid flies. Early such flies include the brachyceran family Zhangsolvidae, previously known only as compression fossils from the Early Cretaceous of China and Brazil. It belongs to the infraorder Stratiomyomorpha, a group that includes the flower-visiting families Xylomyidae and Stratiomyidae. New zhangsolvid specimens in amber from Spain (ca. 105 mega-annum [Ma]) and Myanmar (100 Ma) reveal a detailed proboscis structure adapted to nectivory. Pollen clumped on a specimen from Spain is Exesipollenites, attributed to a Mesozoic gymnosperm, most likely the Bennettitales. Late Mesozoic scorpionflies with a long proboscis have been proposed as specialized pollinators of various extinct gymnosperms, but pollen has never been observed on or in their bodies [8]. The new discovery is a very rare co-occurrence of pollen with its insect vector and provides substantiating evidence that other long-proboscid Mesozoic insects were gymnosperm pollinators. Evidence is thus now gathering that visitors and probable pollinators of early anthophytes, or seed plants, involved some insects with highly specialized morphological adaptations, which has consequences for interpreting the reproductive modes of Mesozoic gymnosperms and the significance of insect pollination in angiosperm success.

Three larval neuropterans (Insecta: Neuropterida) with straight mandibulomaxillary stylets are described from Lower Cretaceous (late Albian, ~105 Ma) Spanish amber: a third-instar beaded lacewing (Berothidae) from the Penacerrada I locality (Burgos, Spain), and two specimens from the San Just locality (Teruel, Spain), i.e., a tentative first-instar beaded lacewing and a remarkable specimen considered a berothid-like mantispoid or dilaroid (instar unknown) displaying a combination of potentially plesiomorphic characters and some unique features. These morphotypes are among the oldest straight-jawed neuropteran larvae described. According to the morphology of the specimens and the taphonomy of the amber pieces where they are embedded, the described forms are regarded as active predators of small soft-bodied arthropods, probably living among bark or other vegetation of the resin-producing forest although they could have frequented the soil. An account of the diversity of larval Neuropterida described and/or figured from amber localities worldwide is provided, including reassessments of some specimens. The gathering diversity of fossil immature neuropterans, like that of their adult counterparts, already leans towards reflecting a greater diversity and disparity of the group in deep time ‒particularly during the Cretaceous‒ than in modern days, and it is worthy of increased research efforts due to the evolutionary and palaeobiological potential that it holds.

Jumping bristletails (order Archaeognatha), the basalmost order of extant insects, include some of the earliest fossil records among hexapods, yet their overall geological occurrence remains sparse and has provided little insight into their evolution. The earliest representatives of crowngroup bristletails are those in Lebanese amber (Cretaceous), hitherto known only from a single species. Here we significantly expand the known fossil record of Archaeognatha, and from the prolific Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) deposits of Lebanon. One new genus and species, Glaesimeinertellus intermedius gen. et sp. nov., and one new species, Macropsontus bachae sp. nov., are described and figured from Hammana amber, whereas one additional Macropsontus species, M. azari sp. nov., and one meinertellid morphotype are described and figured from Al-Rihan amber. The new taxa are compared with their modern and fossil relatives. Collectively, the new taxa render the Archaeognatha fauna from Lebanese amber the earliest with sufficient preservation to provide character data comparable to modern forms, highlighting the considerable morphological conservatism within the order.

Este estudio evalúa las ideas de Jane Jacobs, conocida activista y pensadora urbana, aplicadas a la ciudad de Barcelona. Para ello, en primer lugar, se sintetizan las seis condiciones básicas de Jacobs para la vitalidad urbana por distritos y por barrios. En segundo lugar, se relaciona la vitalidad urbana en los barrios con los principales patrones de movilidad cotidiana de las personas residentes. Si bien los barrios de Barcelona presentan considerables diferencias por lo que se refiere a sus condiciones para la vitalidad, se ha detectado a su vez una clara relación de dichos niveles con las pautas de movilidad cotidiana de la población, con un especial vínculo con los desplazamientos a pie y de proximidad. Este trabajo muestra de qué modo la aplicación de las ideas de Jacobs a una ciudad mediterránea como Barcelona permite analizar los efectos que generan distintos tipos de tejidos urbanos. Aquest estudi avalua les idees de Jane Jacobs, coneguda activista i pensadora urbana, aplicades a la ciutat de Barcelona. Per fer-ho, en primer lloc, se sintetitzen les sis condicions bàsiques de Jacobs per a la vitalitat urbana per districtes i per barris. En segon lloc, es relaciona la vitalitat urbana en el barri amb els principals patrons de mobilitat quotidiana de les persones residents. Si bé els barris de Barcelona presenten considerables diferències pel que fa a les seves condicions per a la vitalitat, al seu torn s'ha detectat una clara relació d'aquests nivells amb les pautes de mobilitat quotidiana de la població, amb un especial vincle amb els desplaçaments a peu i de proximitat. Aquest treball mostra de quina manera l'aplicació de les idees de Jacobs a una ciutat mediterrània com Barcelona permet analitzar els efectes que generen diferents tipus de teixits urbans. Cette étude évalue les idées de Jane Jacobs, militante et penseuse urbaine reconnue, à travers son application à la ville de Barcelone. Pour cela, tout d'abord, les six conditions de base de Jacobs pour la vitalité urbaine au niveau des districts et des quartiers sont synthétisées. Ensuite, la vitalité urbaine au niveau des quartiers est associée aux principales tendances de la mobilité quotidienne de leurs résidents. Bien que les quartiers de Barcelone présentent des différences considérables en termes de conditions de vitalité, une relation claire entre ces niveaux et les schémas de mobilité quotidienne de leurs résidents a été détectée, avec un lien plus particulier concernant la mobilité à pied et de proximité. Ce travail montre comment l'application des idées de Jacobs à une ville méditerranéenne telle que Barcelone permet d'analyser les effets générés par différents types de tissus urbains. This study evaluates the ideas of the well-known activist and urban thinker Jane Jacobs through their application to the city of Barcelona. To this end, Jacobs' six basic conditions for urban vitality are first synthesized at the district and neighborhood levels. Secondly, urban vitality at the neighborhood level is related to the main patterns of daily mobility of its residents. Although neighborhoods in Barcelona vary considerably in terms of their vitality conditions, a clear relationship has been identified between these vitality levels and residents' daily mobility patterns, particularly with regard to walking mobility and proximity. This work shows how the application of Jacobs' ideas to a Mediterranean city such as Barcelona allows analyzing the effects caused by different types of urban fabrics.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2016.04.007 The dramatic proliferation of evictions has become the most evident manifestation of the housing crisis in Spain. However, the lack of official data on this phenomenon at the municipal and infra-municipal levels has so far prevented analysis of their spatial distribution in urban areas. To overcome this problem, the present study proposes and validates an alternative data source that allows spatial analysis of this phenomenon at the neighborhood level. For this purpose, second-hand dwellings owned by banks were used to provide an approximation of the number of evictions derived from foreclosures.Two medium-sized Catalan cities were selected as case studies and a spatial analysis was undertaken based on Local Moran's I. The results showed that the distribution pattern of evictions was not random; it confirmed the existence of clusters in the most deprived neighborhoods and showed a significant bivariate correlation between evictions and foreign resident distribution by census tract. The results demonstrate how the mortgage crisis has fueled urban inequality.

We describe Psyllipsocus yoshizawai sp. nov., the oldest and first Cretaceous species of the extant genus Psyllipsocus (Psocodea: Trogiomorpha: Psyllipsocidae). This is the fifth genus and sixth species to be identified within the family Psyllipsocidae from the Cretaceous and the third genus and fourth species of psyllipsocids from the Cenomanian amber of Myanmar (Burmese amber, in Tanai). Its taxonomic affinities with the other fossil and living psyllipsocid genera are discussed. The attribution to the extant genus Psyllipsocus is based on the absence of any significant differences with this genus that could not correspond to a specific level. This situation is rare but not exceptional, as some other extant insect genera have already been recorded from the Burmese amber. It suggests a high morphological stability of the genus over time. A checklist of the known Cretaceous psocodean species from amber is given.

The originally published version of this Article was updated shortly after publication to add the word ‘Ticks’ to the title, following its inadvertent removal during the production process. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.

All the amber outcrops of the Iberian Peninsula are Lower Cretaceous in age and, in the case of Spain, some of them have provided important arthropod specimens preserved as bioinclusions. These Spanish localities are rich in fossil taxa of phylogenetic relevance and evidence of both paleoecological interactions and paleobehaviors are also abundant. Despite their high heritage interest, the actions conducted to their protection and management have been very unequal. In some cases, only the generic laws of national or autonomous scopes protect this heritage. In this paper, the state of the art of the Iberian Peninsula amber outcrops and a review of the major Cretaceous amber outcrops worldwide for comparison are presented. That comparison shows, in general, that the best protection, both legal and physical, occurs in Spain and that the case of Portugal is very different. In addition, some actions aimed at a more effective protection and management of the amber outcrops in Spain and Portugal are proposed, for example the proposal to consider the San Just outcrop, located in the Aragonese Community, under a protection designation as is the so called Bien de Interés Cultural.

The order Dermaptera (earwigs) is recorded for the first time from the Early Cretaceous ambers of Spain. Autrigonoforceps iberica Engel et Peris gen. et sp. n. is described and figured from a single, putative ♀ preserved in Albian amber from Peñacerrada I. Due to its trimerous tarsi and the absence of ocelli, the placement of the new fossil within the Neodermaptera is clear. Although it seems close to Labiduridae, its confident placement in any family is impossible given the limited visibility of several critical characters. The species is compared with the labidurid Myrrholabia from mid-Cretaceous amber of Myanmar.

Two new species are described from Mexican amber (15–20 Ma): Cenocephalus tenuis Peris and Solorzano Kraemer sp. nov. and Tesserocerus simojovelensis Peris and Solorzano Kraemer sp. nov. Cenocephalus, originally described as living in Central and South America and then as fossils from Early to Middle Miocene amber, is noted as morphologically indistinguishable from Mitosoma, and originally described as endemic from Madagascar. Thus, we consider that a close taxonomic relationship exists, even if they are not the same genus. New evidence of the species already described in Platypodinae (Tesserocerini) from Mexican and Dominican ambers (15–20 Ma) and the differences between those species are discussed, complementing the original descriptions. The paleobiogeography of Cenocephalus and Mitosoma is analyzed, which strongly supports the hypothesis of colonization from Afrotropical Madagascar to America prior to Early to Middle Miocene (15–20 Ma) via sea currents. Hymenaea was interpreted as the Mexican and Dominican resin producers. Based on the analysis of fossil and current distribution of such plants, our hypothesis considers that the beetle dispersion occurred with Hymenaea, which was possibly its host plant.

Elmadulescens rugosus Peris, Maier et Sanchez-Garcia n. gen. n. sp. is described based on a single specimen from Spanish amber (El Soplao outcrop, Early Albian, Early Cretaceous). The discovery of this specimen in amber is very interesting, since aquatic beetles are not common in fossil tree resin. This fossil pushes back the oldest known specimen of Elmidae from the Eocene (∼ 40 Ma) to at least the Early Cretaceous (∼ 110 Ma).

Three new species of root-eating beetle (Coleoptera: Monotomidae) in Cretaceous amber from Spain (Albian) and Myanmar (Cenomanian) are described. Rhizophtoma longus sp. nov. is a Spanish monotomid of the tribe Rhizophtomini, previously only known from Lebanese amber (Aptian). The Cretakarenniini tribe nov. is created to include the new species Cretakarenni birmanicus gen. et sp. nov., from Myanmar, and Cretakarenni hispanicus gen. et sp. nov., from Spain. These three new species, together with the previous fossil species known in this family, have a controversial set of characters that makes it extremely difficult to place them in any other extant group of Monotomidae. Fossil monotomids are not numerous, despite their early diverging placement among the cucujoid clade. An updated list of monotomid fossils is provided. The need to classify the new taxa and compare them with extant and extinct groups of Monotomidae is solved using a key for the subfamilies and tribes.

The diversity of ptinid beetles (Coleoptera: Ptinidae) is described from Cretaceous amber that originated from the North Atlantic and Western Tethian resiniferous forests. All studied specimens belong to the subfamily Anobiinae. Stegobium raritanensis sp. nov. is described from Raritan amber (Turonian in age) of Sayreville (New Jersey, USA), whereas Actenobius magneoculus sp. nov. is described from San Just amber (early Albian in age) of Utrillas (Teruel Province, Spain). Both species have been examined using propagation phase-contrast X-ray synchrotron microtomography. An additional specimen from Penacerrada I amber (Moraza, Burgos Province, Spain) is described without further taxonomic placement due to poor preservation. The Spanish specimens represent the most ancient adult record of the family Ptinidae to date. Mesernobius anawrahtai from Burmese amber (late Albian–early Cenomanian in age), the only previously described Cretaceous ptinid species, is transferred to Scirtidae based on a re-examination of the holotype. Hypotheses about ecological habits of fossil ptinids are also provided.

The monophyletic family Zhangsolvidae comprises stout-bodied brachyceran flies with a long proboscis and occurring only in the Cretaceous, originally known in shale from the Early Cretaceous Laiyang Formation (Fm.) in China (Zhangsolva Nagatomi & Yang), subsequently from limestones of the Early Cretaceous Crato Fm. of Brazil. Cratomyoides Wilkommen is synonymized with Cratomyia Mazzarolo & Amorim, both from the Crato Fm.; Cratomyiidae is synonymized with Zhangsolvidae. Two genera and three species of Zhangsolvidae are described: Buccinatormyia magnifica Arillo, Penalver & Perez-de la Fuente, gen. et sp.n. and B. soplaensis Arillo, Penalver & Perez-de la Fuente, sp.n., in Albian amber from Las Penosas Fm. in Spain; and Linguatormyia teletacta Grimaldi, gen. et sp.n., in Upper Albian–Lower Cenomanian amber from Hukawng Valley in Myanmar. Buccinatormyia soplaensis and Linguatormyia teletacta are unique among all Brachycera, extant or extinct, by their remarkably long, flagellate antennae, about 1.6× the body length in the latter species. A phylogenetic analysis of 52 morphological characters for 35 taxa is presented, 11 taxa being Cretaceous species, which supports placement of the family within Stratiomyomorpha, although not to any particular family within the infraorder. This published work has been registered in Zoobank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F32CF887-7C37-45D5-BD6B-135FE9B729A7.

Abundant gymnosperm pollen grains associated with the oedemerid beetle Darwinylus marcosi Peris, 2016 were found in Early Cretaceous amber from Spain. This discovery provides confirmatory evidence for a pollination mutualism during the mid Mesozoic for the family Oedemeridae (Coleoptera), which today is known to pollinate only angiosperms. As a result, this new record documents a lateral host-plant transfer from an earlier gymnosperm to a later angiosperm, indicating that pollination of the latter is a derived condition within Oedemeridae. This new fossil record exemplifies one of the 4 ecological-evolutionary pollinator cohorts now known to have existed during the global shift from a gymnosperm to an angiosperm dominated global flora. Currently, all direct evidence for pollination during the 35 million-year interval of the mid Cretaceous gymnosperm-to-angiosperm transition entails recognition of gymnosperm pollen grains on insect mouthparts and other body contact surfaces, while analogous records involving angiosperms are lacking. The gathering evidence indicates that angiosperm pollination was preceded by at least 4 gymnosperm pollination modes that served as a functional and ecological prelude to the rise and expansion of angiosperms., Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universidad Jaime I, España, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA, Department of Entomology and Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics Program, University of Maryland, USA, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, China, Museo Geominero, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, España, Departamento de Dinámica de la Tierra y del Océano, Universidad de Barcelona, España, Instituto de Investigación de la Biodiversidad, Universidad de Barcelona, España, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, USA