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Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauvois) is a high-nutrition food source. It is commonly consumed in Africa, Asia, Central America, and South America. The key to popularize high-quality foxtail millet in accordance with local conditions is quantifying the impacts of cultivation conditions on its quality. Here, we determined the effects of different fertilizer levels nitrogen (N), tetraphosphorus decaoxide (P2O5), and potassium oxide (K2O), tribenuron-methyl (TBM) herbicide, and selenium (Se) on the quality of foxtail millet Jingu 54 using a quadratic general rotation combination design. The first principal component, which could explain 57.41% of the total variance of grain quality, was chosen as the comprehensive quality of Jingu 54 via principal component analysis. The effects of fertilizer levels and Se on comprehensive quality of Jingu 54 were significant (P < 0.05), except for TBM. The effects of N × K2O, N ×TBM, and K2O × TBM interactions reached significance for the comprehensive quality of Jingu 54 (P < 0.05). The grain quality of Jingu 54 was predict by regression equation (P = 0.0048, R2 = 0.8451). Recommended cultivation conditions are 108.31 kg ha-1, 94.80 kg ha-1, 105.03 kg ha-1, 88.08 g ha–1, and 18.48 g ai ha–1 for N, P2O5, K2O, Se, and TBM, respectively. The maximum predicted comprehensive quality of Jingu 54 was 56.85. This study lays a theoretical foundation for achieving high quality Jingu 54 in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature, current-direction, and film-thickness dependent anisotropic magnetoresistance measurements were performed on single-crystalline face-centered-cubic nickel films. An additional four-fold symmetry was confirmed besides the typical two-fold term even at room temperature. The angular-dependent longitudinal resistivity resolves into a two-fold term, which varies as a function of current direction, and a four-fold term, which is isotropically independent of current direction. The experimental results are interpreted well using an expression based on the phenomenological model. Both the two- and four-fold terms vary inversely proportional to film thickness, indicating that interfacial scattering can significantly influence the spin-dependent transport properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C26H19N3, monoclinic, P121/c1 (no. 14), a = 12.885(1) Å, b = 15.007(2) Å, c = 10.863(2) Å, β = 109.460(8)°, V = 1980.4 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.060, wRref(F2) = 0.184, T = 293 K.

A rotating field method was applied to separate linear and quadratic magneto-optic Kerr effects (MOKE) of Fe/GaAs(001) and Fe/MgO/GaAs(001) epitaxial films, and two quadratic MOKE terms could be quantitatively separated. The linear MOKE was independent of crystal orientation, but the quadratic MOKE showed a sinusoidal relationship with a 90° period. The experimental results are fully consistent with theory based on the transfer matrix method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) on magnetic vortex gyration is investigated systematically through micromagnetic simulations. Our results show that the DMI can lift the degeneracy of vortex gyration eigenfrequencies for vortices with left- and right-handedness. For vortex gyration excited by an in-plane AC resonant field, the DMI can strongly influence the gyration amplitude and the critical field for core switching, depending on the sign of the DMI and the vortex handedness. The DMI-induced edge state has a strong effect on the vortex core gyration as the core approaches the disk edge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotational field dependence of laser-induced magnetization precession in a single-crystal Fe/MgO(001) sample was studied by the time resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect. Polar and longitudinal magnetization components were separated by measuring precession dynamics under opposite fields. When the applied field is weaker than the anisotropy field of an Fe film, the precession amplitude is small for the field direction near the easy axis and becomes larger as the field rotates towards the hard axis, showing a four-fold symmetry in agreement with the in-plane magnetic anisotropy; whereas at higher fields, the amplitude displays a drop near the hard axis. Such precession behavior can be well reproduced using an excitation model with rapidly modified but slowly recovered magnetic anisotropy and considering the elliptical precession trajectory. Our results indicate that the dominant mechanism for triggering Fe spin precession is the anisotropy modulation correlating with the lattice thermalization, rather than the transient anisotropy modulation due to the high electron temperature within 1 ps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic properties of vertically coupled vortices in two magnetic nanodisks were studied using numerical simulations and analytical calculations. If the core polarizations of the two vortices are parallel, there exist two distinct normal modes with two distinct eigenfrequencies corresponding to the apparent complex motions of two vortices. Conversely, only a degenerate mode with a single eigenfrequency exists when the cores have opposite polarization. We show that the gyration eigenfrequencies can be tuned by changing the coupling strength, i.e., the separation between the disks. The dependence of the normal modes and the eigenfrequencies on the relative vortex-state configuration can be well understood based on the analytic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of CoO spin orientation on exchange coupling was investigated in single-crystalline Fe/CoO/MnO/MgO(001) systems. An antiferromagnetic CoO spin reorientation transition from the in-plane direction to the out-of-plane direction was found to be associated with the in-plane strain transition in CoO film from compression to expansion. The induced uniaxial anisotropies by exchange coupling at the Fe/CoO interface are significantly stronger for the in-plane CoO spin orientation than for the out-of-plane CoO spin orientation. Our study provides a way to modify the exchange coupling in the ferromagnetic (FM)/antiferromagnetic (AFM) bilayer by modulating the strain in the AFM film. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single crystalline FeMn/Co bilayers were grown epitaxially on Cu(001) and investigated by magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE). By doing the MOKE measurement within a rotating magnetic field, we were able to retrieve quantitatively the anisotropy constant of the ferromagnetic Co layer. We show unambiguously that as the FeMn layer changes from paramagnetic (PM) to antiferromagnetic (AFM) states, it enhances the interfacial magnetic anisotropy at the FeMn/Co interface by an order of magnitude. A thickness dependent study of the magnetic anisotropy constant revealed that this induced magnetic anisotropy may originate from the FeMn/Co interfacial spin frustration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dislocations in the ZnMgO pleated nanosheets were observed from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Burgers vector was identified as [formula] from the Fourier filtered TEM images. Raman spectra revealed that there were microstructure defects in the ZnMgO nanosheets with the increasing Mg content. The incorporation of the Mg impurities in the ZnMgO nanosheets may promote the congregation of oxygen vacancies and thus facilitate the generation of dislocations. The oxygen deficiency as well as surface dislocations played an important role in determining the optical properties of ZnMgO pleated nanosheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Landau-Devonshire phenomenological theory, phase diagram of epitaxial BST50/50 thin films on anisotropic in-plane strains is investigated. Different from BaTiO3 thin films, the paraelectric phase appears under the anisotropic misfit strains on barium strontium titanate (BST)50/50 thin films at room temperature. The pyroelectric property of the BST films is also calculated. We find that the position of pyroelectric peak greatly depends on anisotropic misfit strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an ultrafast laser pulse as a substitution of continuous-wave laser to excite a magnetic film leads to high spin temperature and fast demagnetization, beneficial to the rapid and efficient photo-assisted magnetization (M) reversal. Here, ultrafast laser induced M reversal in perpendicular magnetic anisotropy L10 FePt films with different chemical ordering parameter (from S<0.6 to S>0.9) was investigated using magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). It was found that the coercive field (Hc) without laser excitation increases from ∼0.8 to ∼4 kOe with increasing S, but Hc becomes smaller for enhanced laser fluence (F) and reaches an analogous small value of ∼0.2 kOe for F>12 mJ cm-2. Despite such a significant softening in films with high S, the laser induced M reversal rate is slightly less than 1 even for the applied field (H) much larger than 0.2 kOe. This reveals a small portion of spins are photo inactively pinned, as confirmed by magnetic force microscopy measurements. Such pinning sites may be reduced with improved chemical order and morphology. We also found an approximately inverse linear relation between the H and the corresponding threshold F to induce the M reversal in the film of high S, which can be described by an ultrafast thermal activated spin flip model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heading date (HD) and flowering date (FD) are critical for yield potential and stability, so understanding their genetic foundation is of great significance in wheat breeding. Three related recombinant inbred line populations with a common female parent were developed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for HD and FD in four environments. In total, 25 putative additive QTL and 20 pairwise epistatic effect QTL were detected in four environments. The additive QTL were distributed across 17 wheat chromosomes. Of these, QHd-1A , QHd-1D , QHd-2B , QHd-3B , QHd-4A , QHd-4B and QHd-6D were major and stable QTL for HD. QFd-1A , QFd-2B , QFd-4A and QFd-4B were major and stable QTL for FD. In addition, an epistatic interaction test showed that epistasis played important roles in controlling wheat HD and FD. Genetic relationships between HD/FD and five yield-related traits (YRTs) were characterized and ten QTL clusters (C1–C10) simultaneously controlling YRTs and HD/FD were identified. The present work laid a genetic foundation for improving yield potential in wheat molecular breeding programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth-induced uniaxial magnetic anisotropy of Co/Cu(100) films were investigated using surface magneto-optic Kerr effect and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We found that the Co films off-grown at 230 K show an in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy with the easy magnetization axis perpendicular to the growth incident plane. STM measurements show that the low temperature grown Co film consists of smaller islands without obvious anisotropic roughness or elongated islands. This result implies that the dipolar interaction does not dominate the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. The CO absorption experiment further suggests that the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy originates from the magnetocrystalline step anisotropy of the Co film surface. © 2004 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]