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Sn-doped indium oxide (ITO) semiconductor nano-films are fabricated by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition using trimethylindium (TMIn), tetrakis(dimethylamino)tin (TDMASn), and O2 plasma as the sources of In, Sn and O, respectively. A shared temperature window of 150 °C– 200 °C is observed for the deposition of ITO nano-films. The introduction of Sn into indium oxide is found to increase the concentration of oxygen into the ITO films and inhibit crystallization. Furthermore, two oxidation states are observed for In and Sn, respectively. With the increment of interfaces of In–O/Sn–O in the ITO films, the relative percentage of In3+ ions increases and that of Sn4+ decreases, which is generated by interfacial competing reactions. By optimizing the channel component, the In0.77Sn0.23O1.11 thin-film transistors (TFTs) demonstrate high performance, including μ FE of 52.7 cm2 V−1 s−1, and a high I ON/ I OFF of ∼5 × 109. Moreover, the devices show excellent positive bias temperature stress stability at 3 MV cm−1 and 85 °C, i.e. a minimal V th shift of 0.017 V after 4 ks stress. This work highlights the successful application of ITO semiconductor nano-films by ALD for TFTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the effects of the recent Acmella radicans invasion on plant community and diversity in invaded habitats, the composition, density, species richness, diversity indices, and evenness index of the soil seed bank community of two different habitats (wasteland and cultivated land) in Yunnan Province, China, were analyzed through field sampling and greenhouse germination tests. A total of 28 species of plants belonging to 15 families and 28 genera, all annual herbs, were found in the soil seed bank. Seed densities and species number in the seed bank tended to be greater in April than in October; cultivated land also featured higher seed densities and species numbers compared to wasteland. With increased A. radicans cover, the seed bank population of A. radicans also significantly increased, but the seed bank populations of many other dominant species (e.g., Ageratum conyzoides and Gamochaeta pensylvanica) and native species (e.g., Laggera crispata and Poa annua) clearly declined. The germination of A. radicans seeds was concentrated during the period from the 4th to the 5th weeks. Vertically, the seed number of A. radicans was significantly different among the 0–5 cm, 5–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers that accounted for 80.7–90.6%, 9.4–16.1% and 0.0–3.2% of the total seed density in wasteland, respectively; and in cultivated land, A. radicans accounted for 56.8–64.9%, 26.7–31.8% and 8.1–13.5% of the total seed density, respectively. With reduced A. radicans cover, the species richness, Simpson index, Shannon–Wiener index, and Pielou indices of the weed community generally increased, and most diversity indices of weed communities in cultivated land were lower than in wasteland under the same cover of A. radicans. The results indicate that the invasion of A. radicans has negatively affected local weed community composition and reduced weed community diversity, and that these negative impacts in cultivated land may be enhanced by human disturbance. Our study was the first to elucidate the influence of A. radicans invasion on soil seed bank community characteristics in invaded habitats, providing a better understanding of its invasion and spread mechanisms in order to aid in developing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of this invader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth and transition metal ion-doped CaZnOS has garnered significant attention for its exceptional mechanoluminescence (ML) performance under mild mechanical stimuli and its capability for multicolor emissions. Since powdered phosphors are not directly usable, they require encapsulation within with polymers to create stable structures. This study investigates Mn2+-doped CaZnOS (CaZnOS:Mn2+) as the ML phosphor, optimizing its performance by varying the Mn2+ content, resulting in bright orange-red emissions from the d-d transitions of the Mn2+ activator. A quantum efficiency of 59.08% was achieved through the self-sensitization of the matrix lattice and energy transfer to the Mn2+ luminescent centers. The enhancement in ML due to Mn2+ doping is attributed to the reduced trap depth and increased trap concentration. Encapsulation with four polymers—PDMS, PU, SIL, and RTV-2—was explored to further optimize ML performance. Among these, PDMS provides the best ML output and sensitivity, owing to its slightly cross-linked structure and good triboelectric properties. The optimized CaZnOS:0.03Mn2+/PDMS composite, featuring excellent flexibility and recoverability, shows great potential for applications in anti-counterfeiting encryption, stress sensors, and wearable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that can cause systemic inflammation in various organs. Rutin has been suggested to fight psoriasis, but the signaling pathways by which it works need to be explored. Materials and methods: HaCaT cells co‐stimulated with interleukin (IL)‐17, IL‐22, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), IL‐1α, and oncostatin M (M5) were used as an in vitro cell model of psoriasis. The proliferation and viability of HaCaT cells were determined by 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine and cell counting assays. Relative mRNA levels of IL‐6, TNF‐α, chemokines (CXCL1 and CXCL2), and anti‐microbial peptides (S100A7 and S100A8) were detected by reverse transcriptase‐quantitative PCR. Release of IL‐6 and TNF‐α from HaCaT cells was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Keratin1, Keratin5, p‐JAK2, and p‐STAT3 protein levels were estimated with western blotting. Molecular docking predicted binding sites for Rutin and STAT3. Results: Rutin treatment undercut M5‐urged viability increase and proliferation boost in HaCaT cells. Moreover, M5 stimulation mediated upregulation of IL‐6, TNF‐α, CXCL1, CXCL2, S100A7, and S100A8 was partially reversed after Rutin treatment. In addition, M5 stimulation induced downregulation of Keratin1 and Keratin5 proteins as well as upregulation of p‐JAK2 and p‐STAT3 proteins were attenuated in response to Rutin treatment, manifesting that Rutin treatment inhibited M5‐promoted aberrant differentiation and impaired M5‐mediated activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling in HaCaT cells. Molecular docking discovered that residues GLN326 and ASP334 in STAT3 might bind to Rutin. Conclusion: Rutin treatment blocked the JAK2/STAT3 signaling, thus attenuating psoriasis‐related inflammation and anomalous differentiation in keratinocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ubiquitous presence of micro and nanoplastics (MNPs) in the environment has become a pressing global concern, particularly regarding the potential impacts on human health. This review underscores the urgent need for an integrative research framework that bridges the gap between epidemiological observations and toxicological insights. Human exposure to MNPs occurs predominantly through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact pathways. Epidemiological findings have consistently demonstrated the presence of MNPs in diverse human tissues, signaling a broad exposure and emphasizing the imperative to explore potential health risks. Population surveys have shown that the concentration of MNPs in the feces of people using disposable plastic tableware reaches 24.65 items/g. These results are associated with changes in microbiota composition and metabolite levels relevant to central nervous system disorders, energy metabolism and inflammatory responses. The detectable abundance of MNPs in the nasal mucus of individuals wearing N95 masks was measured to be 10.6 ± 2.3 items/mg. Moreover, population- based studies have linked MNP exposure to adverse health outcomes, suggesting correlation relationships between exposure levels and specific diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and human pulmonary ground-glass nodules (GGN). These associations underscore the necessity for in-depth toxicological investigations to elucidate the toxicity mechanisms of MNPs. Meanwhile, laboratory-based toxicological studies have the potential to reveal causative relationships and various in vitro and in vivo models have been used to explore the mechanisms of the toxicity of MNPs in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and cardiovascular system. However, early studies failed to reflect on the complexity of the real environment. To foster interdisciplinary collaborations, this paper aims to reconcile the disparities between exposure risks and human health impacts. By critically reviewing recent advancements in understanding the exposure risks of MNPs, epidemiological observations and organ-specific toxicity, this work furnishes a comprehensive perspective on the health implications of MNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the deformation behavior of UNS S32750 (S32750) duplex stainless steel during low cycle fatigue was studied by controlling the number of cycles. The microstructure of the specimens under different cycles was characterized by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The microhardness of the two phases was measured by a digital microhardness instrument. The results showed that the microhardness of ferrite increases significantly after the first 4000 cycles, while the austenite shows a higher strain hardening rate after fatigue fracture, and the microhardness of ferrite and austenite increases by 23 HV and 87 HV, respectively. The two-phase kernel average misorientation (KAM) diagram showed that the continuous accumulation of plastic deformation easily leads to the initiation of cracks inside the austenite and at the phase boundaries. The evolution of dislocation morphology in the two phases was obviously different. With the increase in cycle number, the dislocation in ferrite gradually transforms from dislocation bundles and a dislocation array to a sub-grain structure, while the dislocation in austenite gradually develops from dipole array to an ordered Taylor lattice network structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex oxide heterointerfaces provide a spacious arena for creating emergent phenomena that are unattainable in the constituent bulk counterparts. Herein, The BaTiO3/La1‐xSrxMnO3 [BTO/LSMO (x)] superlattice (SL) as a model system to investigate the intimately coupled interfacial effects and their resultant phenomena is focused on. The experimental and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the induced magnetism on Ti originates from both the charge transfer process between Mn and Ti at the titanate/manganite heterointerfaces and the cation intermixing, both contributing comparably to the overall magnetic effect. Upon changing x, the orbital reconstruction of the Mn 3d electrons, tailored by the strain state of the LSMO (x) layers, efficiently modifies the magnetic exchange coupling between Mn–Ti and Mn–Mn at the interfaces, which are proved to account for the modulations of the macroscopic magnetism of the SLs. This work demonstrates the significance of interfacial reconstructions for magnetism, paving a new pathway to manipulate the magnetic properties of artificial oxide heterostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly pathogenic coronaviruses have caused significant outbreaks in humans and animals, posing a serious threat to public health. The rapid global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in millions of infections and deaths. However, the mechanisms through which coronaviruses evade a host's antiviral immune system are not well understood. Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a recently discovered mechanism that can selectively isolate cellular components to regulate biological processes, including host antiviral innate immune signal transduction pathways. This review focuses on the mechanism of coronavirus-induced LLPS and strategies for utilizing LLPS to evade the host antiviral innate immune response, along with potential antiviral therapeutic drugs and methods. It aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding and novel insights for researchers studying LLPS induced by pandemic viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the electrical safe operation area (eSOA) of laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) transistors, a novel reduced surface electric field (Resurf) structure in the n-drift region is proposed, which was fabricated by ion implantation at the surface of the LDMOS drift region and by drift region dimension optimization. Technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations show that the optimal value of Resurf ion implantation dose 1 × 1012 cm−2 can reduce the surface electric field in the n-drift region effectively, thereby improving the ON-state breakdown voltage of the device (BVon). In addition, the extended n-drift region length of the Ld design also improves device BVon significantly, and is aimed at reducing the current density and the electric field, and eventually suppressing the n-drift region impact ionization. The results show that the novel 60 V nLDMOS has a competitive BVon performance of 106.9 V, which is about 20% higher than that of the conventional one. Meanwhile, the OFF-state breakdown voltage of the device (BVoff) of 88.4 V and the specific ON-resistance (RON,sp) of 129.7 mΩ⋅mm2 exhibit only a slight sacrifice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DOX/TPOR4@CB[7]4 was synthesized via self-assembly, and its physicochemical properties and ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated. The impact of photodynamic therapy on SH-SY5Y cells was assessed using the MTT assay, while flow cytometry analysis was employed to detect cell apoptosis. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was utilized to observe the intracellular distribution of DOX/TPOR4@CB[7]4 in SH-SY5Y cells. Additionally, fluorescence imaging of DOX/TPOR4@CB[7]4 in nude mice bearing SH-SY5Y tumors and examination of the combined effects of photodynamic and chemical therapies were conducted. The incorporation of CB[7] significantly enhanced the optical properties of DOX/TPOR4@CB[7]4, resulting in increased ROS production and pronounced toxicity towards SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, both the apoptotic and mortality rates exhibited significant elevation. In vivo experiments demonstrated that tumor growth inhibition was most prominent in the DOX/TPOR4@CB[7]4 group. π–π interactions facilitated the binding between DOX and photosensitizer TPOR, with TPOR's naphthalene hydrophilic groups encapsulated within CB[7]'s cavity through host–guest interactions with CB[7]. Therefore, CB[7] can serve as a nanocarrier to enhance the combined application of chemical therapy and photodynamic therapy, thereby significantly improving treatment efficacy against neuroblastoma tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duplex stainless steels are widely used in many fields due to their excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. However, it is a challenge to achieve duplex microstructure and excellent properties through additive manufacturing. In this work, a 0.09% N 25Cr-type duplex stainless steel was prepared by additive manufacturing (AM) and heat treatment, and its corrosion resistance was investigated. The results show that, compared with S32750 duplex stainless steel prepared by a conventional process, the combination value of film resistance and charge transfer resistance of AM duplex stainless steel was increased by 3.2–5.5 times and the pitting potential was increased by more than 100 mV. The disappearance of residual thermal stress and the reasonable distribution of Cr and N elements in the two phases are the reasons for the improvement of the corrosion resistance of AM duplex stainless steel after heat treatment. In addition, the extremely high purity of AM duplex stainless steel with no visible inclusions resulted in a higher corrosion resistance exhibited at lower pitting-resistance-equivalent number values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In seismic performance assessment, the development of building fragility curves is critical for performance-based engineering. Traditional methods for time history analysis, reliant on detailed ground motion (GM) inputs, often suffer from inefficiency and a lack of automation. This study proposes an accurate fragility assessment methodology, which is assisted by machine learning (ML) and particle swarm optimization (PSO), adept at handling scenarios with both scarce and sufficient fragility data. Under scenarios of scarce data, the integrated algorithms of PSO and ML are utilized, focusing on selecting GMs that may induce maximum inter-story drifts. When the dataset is sufficient, an ML fusion model is utilized to predict engineering demand parameters (EDPs), facilitating the generation of more accurate fragility curves. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated through a case study on a high-rise reinforced concrete (RC) building, revealing a marked improvement in the precision of GM selection and the estimated range of fragility curves over traditional approaches. The proposed methodology aids in advancing structural optimization and the development of early-warning systems for seismic events, thus holding the potential to enhance current seismic risk mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the society is experiencing the rapid development of the Internet, entering the era of web3.0 at the same time. From the dual perspectives of the transformation of value of short video and the realization of the flow in the consumer society, short video live delivery has become the main channel of consumption under the circumstances of streaming media. This emerging online shopping method based on platforms such as Tiktok has also become a trend dominated by college students. The main concern of this study is individual personalized characteristics and flow experience of anchors, which is based on the SOR stimulus response model theoretically. Using the research method of questionnaire survey, college students in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao are selected as research samples to explore what factors affect college students' purchase intention when they watch Tiktok live streaming. In addition, the study analyzes the operating mechanism and underlying logic behind these influencing factors. The study indicates that the streamer attractiveness have a positive effect on flow experience, while flow experience has a positive effect on purchase intention, and streamer attractiveness and purchase intention are positively correlated. Moreover, flow experience has a partial mediating effect in the relationship between the two factors. Therefore, we hope that consumers would have the ability to distinguish and discriminate when watching the live videos on Tiktok, maintain a rational consumption attitude, and reasonably purchase many non-professional products on the short video platform. The study also plays a guiding role in providing consumer products and services to producers.