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54. Calcium intake is associated with adiposity in Black and White men and White women of the HERITAGE Family Study

Author

Loos, Ruth J.F., Rankinen, Tuomo, Leon, Arthur S., Skinner, James S., Wilmore, Jack H., Rao, D.C., and Bouchard, Claude

Subjects
Adipose tissues -- Research, Calcium, Dietary -- Nutritional aspects, Food/cooking/nutrition
Abstract

Calcium ([Ca.sup.2+]) intake may play a role in the regulation of body weight. Increased [Ca.sup.2+] intake has been associated with lower body weight, BMI, and adiposity measures in cross-sectional studies. We examined the association between [Ca.sup.2+] intake, derived from the Willett FFQ, and overall and abdominal adiposity in Black and White men and women of the HERITAGE Family Study. BMI, the percentage of body fat (%FAT), the sum of 8 skinfold thicknesses, computerized tomography total abdominal fat (TAF), abdominal visceral (AVF) and abdominal subcutaneous (ASF) fat, and waist circumference were measured in 362 men (109 Blacks, 253 Whites) and 462 women (201 Blacks, 261 Whites). Subjects were divided into tertiles of energy-adjusted [Ca.sup.2+] intake. Adiposity measures across tertiles were compared by ANOVA and also regressed against the energy-adjusted [Ca.sup.2+] intake to test for a linear trend. The strongest inverse associations appeared in Black men and White women. Black men in the high [Ca.sup.2+] intake group were leaner than those in the low [Ca.sup.2+] intake group: BMI 23.4 [+ or -] 0.9 vs. 26.7 + 1.1 kg/[m.sup.2] (P = 0.01); for all other adiposity measures, P < 0.05. In White women, regression analyses showed significant inverse associations between [Ca.sup.2+] intake and BMI (P = 0.02), %FAT (P = 0.001), TAF (P = 0.006), AVF (P = 0.03), and ASF (P = 0.01). The percentage of fat of White men in the highest [Ca.sup.2+] intake group was significantly lower than in the lowest [Ca.sup.2+] group (P = 0.04). No significant associations were found in Black women. Low [Ca.sup.2+] intake may be associated with higher adiposity, particularly in men and White women. KEY WORDS: * dietary calcium intake * body composition * adiposity * abdominal fat * HERITAGE Family Study

Published
2004

56. Population differences in the pattern of familial aggregation for sex hormone-binding globulin and its response to exercise training: the HERITAGE Family Study

Author

An, Ping, Rice, Treva, Gagnon, Jacques, Borecki, Ingrid B., Rankinen, Tuomo, Gu, Chi, Leon, Arthur S., Skinner, James S., Wilmore, Jack H., Bouchard, Claude, and Rao, D.C.

Subjects
Globulin -- Research, Hormones, Sex -- Physiological aspects, Exercise -- Physiological aspects, Biological sciences
Abstract

Familial effects influence baseline levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in both Blacks and Whites, according to analysis of data from the HERITAGE Family Study. Modest familial effects were found for the training response in Whites but not in Blacks, perhaps because of the small sample size.

Published
2001

57. The effects of a 20-week exercise training program on resting metabolic rate in previously sedentary, moderately obese women

Author

Byrne, Heidi K. and Wilmore, Jack H.

Subjects
Overweight persons -- Physiological aspects, Physical education and training -- Physiological aspects, Energy metabolism -- Physiological aspects, Body composition -- Measurement, Women -- Physiological aspects, Cardiovascular system -- Physiological aspects, Food/cooking/nutrition, Sports and fitness
Abstract

This article examines the beneficial effects of resistance, aerobic, and combination training in moderately obese women with formerly sedentary lifestyles. Findings indicate that resistance training increased resting metabolic rate, a combination of resistance and aerobic exercise increased aerobic capacity, and that both groups of women increased total fat-free mass.

Published
2001

58. The relationship of mode and intensity of training on resting metabolic rate in women

Author

Byrne, Heidi K. and Wilmore, Jack H.

Subjects
Women -- Physiological aspects, Physical education and training -- Physiological aspects, Energy metabolism -- Physiological aspects, Body composition -- Measurement, Oxygen consumption -- Measurement, Food/cooking/nutrition, Sports and fitness
Abstract

This article examines the effects of aerobic and resistance training at varying levels of intensity on the rate of resting energy metabolism in women. Findings indicate that the exercise mode and training intensity did not significantly affect resting metabolic rate.

Published
2001

59. Physical energy: fuel metabolism

Author

Wilmore, Jack H.

Subjects
Nutrition -- Physiological aspects, Physical fitness -- Physiological aspects, Metabolism -- Physiological aspects, Body, Human -- Physiological aspects, Rest -- Physiological aspects, Food/cooking/nutrition
Abstract

This article discusses the physiological effects of the human body regarding energy use and nutrition. The author maintains that energy needs are dependent on both rest and physical activity, as well as providing the body with the proper foods, and states the weight control is reliant on exercise which increases the metabolism.

Published
2001

60. Major gene effect on subcutaneous fat distribution in a sedentary population and its response to exercise training: the HERITAGE family study

Author

Ping An, Rice, Treva, Borecki, Ingrid B., Perusse, Louis, Gagnon, Jacques, Leon, Arthur S., Skinner, James S., Wilmore, Jack H., Bouchard, Claude, and Rao, D.C.

Subjects
Fat -- Genetic aspects, Exercise therapy -- Health aspects, Genetic research -- Health aspects, Skinfold thickness -- Measurement, Obesity -- Genetic aspects, Biological sciences
Abstract

Research on sedentary populations and their response to exercise training is presented. Baseline subcutaneous fat was measured using skinfold thickness and waist and hip circumferences, which was then measured against the major gene effect; the gene effect accounted for 56% of the variance in trunk-to-extremity ratios, and 48% of the variance in waist-to-hip circumference.

Published
2000

61. Cross-trait familial resemblance for resting blood pressure and body composition and fat distribution: the HERITAGE Family Study

Author

An, Ping, Rice, Treva, Gagnon, Jacques, Leon, Arthur S., Skinner, James S., Wilmore, Jack H., Bouchard, Claude, and Rao, D.C.

Subjects
Blood pressure -- Genetic aspects, Body composition -- Genetic aspects, Adipose tissues -- Genetic aspects, Health surveys -- Reports, Biological sciences
Abstract

A report on the HERITAGE Family Study is presented. Findings include the absence of a significant parent-offspring cross-trait for diastolic blood pressure, fat-free mass and waist-to-hip circumference ratios, although sibling correlations were significant.

Published
2000

72. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine

Author

Pate, Russell R., Pratt, Michael, Blair, Steven N., Haskell, William L., Macera, Caroline A., Bouchard, Claude, Buchner, David, Ettinger, Walter, Heath, Gregory W., King, Abby C., Kriska, Andrea, Leon, Arthur S., Marcus, Bess H., Morris, Jeremy, Paffenbarger, Ralph S., Jr., Patrick, Kevin, Pollock, Michael L., Rippe, James M., Sallis, James, and Wilmore, Jack H.

Subjects
United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -- Standards, American College of Sports Medicine -- Standards, Exercise -- Standards
Abstract

Adults should engage in 30 minutes daily of moderate-intensity physical activity, according to recommendations released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American College of Sports Medicine. A committee composed of members of the CDC and the American College of Sports Medicine reviewed available medical information and concluded that daily moderate-intensity physical activity significantly reduces the risk of death from certain diseases including coronary heart disease, high blood pressure and colon cancer. The committee's research indicates that short bursts of physical activity can be accumulated during the day to reach the 30-minute total. Thirty minutes of moderate-intensity exercise is the equivalent of a brisk two-mile walk. Other activities that may contribute to the total amount of exercise include gardening, housework and active playing with children., Objective. - To encourage increased participation in physical activity among Americans of all ages by issuing a public health recommendation on the types and amounts of physical activity needed for health promotion and disease prevention. Participants. - A planning committee of five scientists was established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine to organize a workshop. This committee selected 15 other workshop discussants on the basis of their research expertise in issues related to the health implications of physical activity. Several relevant professional or scientific organizations and federal agencies also were represented. Evidence. - The panel of experts reviewed the pertinent physiological, epidemiologic, and clinical evidence, including primary research articles and recent review articles. Consensus Process. - Major issues related to physical activity and health were outlined, and selected members of the expert panel drafted sections of the paper from this outline. A draft manuscript was prepared by the planning committee and circulated to the full panel in advance of the 2-day workshop. During the workshop, each section of the manuscript was reviewed by the expert panel. Primary attention was given to achieving group consensus concerning the recommended types and amounts of physical activity. A concise "public health message" was developed to express the recommendations of the panel. During the ensuing months, the consensus statement was further reviewed and revised and was formally endorsed by both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. Conclusion. - Every US adult should accumulate 30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week. (JAMA. 1995;273:402-407)

Published
1995

91. Cardiac output and stroke volume changes with endurance training: the HERITAGE study

Author

Wilmore, Jack H., Stanforth, Philip R., Gagnon, Jacques, Rice, Treva, Mandel, Stephen, Leon, Arthur S., Rao, D. C., Skinner, James S., and Bouchard, Claude

Subjects
Cardiovascular system -- Physiological aspects, Physical education and training -- Physiological aspects, Heart beat -- Measurement, Cardiac output -- Measurement, Oxygen consumption -- Measurement, Health and race -- Research, Aging -- Physiological aspects, Sex differences -- Physiological aspects, Health, Sports and fitness
Abstract

This article examines the effects of an aerobic exercise training program on stroke volume, cardiac output, and oxygen utilization in groups arranged by race, gender, and age. Results indicate that changes in cardiovascular function and level of adaption to intense physical training were similar across groups.

Published
2001

92. Heart rate and blood pressure changes with endurance training: the HERITAGE study

Author

Wilmore, Jack H., Stanforth, Philip R., Gagnon, Jacques, Rice, Treva, Mandel, Stephen, Leon, Arthur S., Rao, D. C., Skinner, James S., and Bouchard, Claude

Subjects
Blood pressure -- Measurement, Heart beat -- Measurement, Physical education and training -- Physiological aspects, Age -- Physiological aspects, Health and race -- Research, Sex differences -- Physiological aspects, Cardiovascular system -- Physiological aspects, Health, Sports and fitness
Abstract

This article examines the effects of an aerobic training program on blood pressure and heart rate during rest and exercise in groups arranged by race, gender, and age. Results indicate that training significantly reduced blood pressure and heart rate during exercise with black and older participants experiencing the greatest changes.

Published
2001

98. Linkage between a muscle-specific CK gene marker and VO 2max in the HERITAGE Family study

Author

Rivera, Miguel A., Perusse, Louis, Simoneau, Jean-Aime, Gagnon, Jacques, Dionne, France T., Leon, Arthur S., Skinner, James S., Wilmore, Jack H., Province, Michael, Rao, D.C., and Bouchard, Claude

Subjects
Creatine kinase -- Physiological aspects, Genetic markers -- Research, Oxygen in the body -- Measurement, Health, Sports and fitness
Abstract

A muscle-specific creatine kinase (CKMM) gene may contribute to individual differences in maximal oxygen uptake responses to endurance training. Genetic linkage was found in 495 members of 98 Caucasian nuclear families. Researchers measured responses to both sedentary status and endurance training.

Published
1999

99. Accuracy of prediction equation to estimate submaximal VO (sub)2 during cycle ergometry: the HERITAGE Family Study

Author

Stanforth, Philip R., Ruthven, Melissa D., Gagnon, Jacques, Bouchard, Claude, Leon, Arthur S., Rao, D.C., Skinner, James S., and Wilmore, Jack H.

Subjects
Oxygen consumption -- Research, Energy metabolism -- Research, Estimation theory -- Usage, Health, Sports and fitness
Abstract

The equations developed by the HERITAGE Family Study to estimate oxygen consumption were in some ways superior to those produced by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). The HERITAGE study's best equation was that using only power output, and yielded the most reliable predictions when utilizing pretraining data. Equations for post-training data, whether developed by HERITAGE or the ACSM, were equal in quality.

Published
1999

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