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Antarctica Bedmap2 datasets are used to calculate subglacial hydraulic potential and the area, depth and volume of hydraulic potential sinks. There are over 32 000 contiguous sinks, which can be thought of as predicted lakes. Patterns of subglacial melt are modelled with a balanced ice flux flow model, and water fluxes are cumulated along predicted flow pathways to quantify steady-state fluxes from the main basin outlets and from known subglacial lakes. The total flux from the continent is ~21 km3 a−1. Byrd Glacier has the greatest basin flux of ~2.7 km3 a−1. Fluxes from subglacial lakes range from ~1 × 10−4 to ~1.5 km3 a−1. Lake turnover times are calculated from their volumes and fluxes, and have median values of ~100 a for known ‘active’ lakes and ~500 a for other lakes. Recurrence intervals of a 0.25 km3 flood range from ~2 months to ~2000 a (median ≈130 a) for known ‘active’ lakes and from ~2 to ~2400 a (median ≈ 360 a) for other lakes. Thus, several lakes that have recently been observed to fill and drain may not do so again for many centuries; and several lakes that have not, so far, been observed to fill and drain have the potential to do so, even at annual to decadal timescales.

Movie makers have always had an eye on the Camden district's large country houses, rustic farm buildings, quaint villages and picturesque countryside for film locations. From the 1920s the area has been used by a series of film makers as a setting for their movies. It coincided was an increasing interest in the area's Englishness from poets, journalists and travel writers. They wrote stories of quaint English style villages with a church on the hill, charming gentry estates down hedge lined lanes, where the patriarch kept contented cows in ordered fields and virile stallions in magnificent stables. This did not go unnoticed in the film industry.

Campbelltown and surrounding areas have lost much in the way of their local heritage. Heritage is what the community considers of value at present and is worthy of handing on to the next generation. The loss of Campbelltown's heritage is part of the story of the urban growth of the town and surrounding area. Andrew Allen has started to detail the loss of Campbelltown heritage buildings that coincided with a period of incredible urban growth the Campbelltown LGA in his history blog The History Buff. Campbelltown like other communities has gone through loss and renewal, and some are only interested in the new. Yet the need and yearning for a clear view of the past is part of the human condition where people need to honor and respect their ancestors and what did and did not achieve.

One of the most popular memories of the Camden area by locals and visitors alike is the Camden tram, affectionately known as 'Pansy'. It has always had an enthusiastic bunch of supporters. They positively drool about it and overlook its foibles. Old timers tell and retell Pansy stories to anyone who wants to listen. Fans gloss over its short comings. All the stories are laced with a pinch of nostalgia and a touch of the romantic. It was a vital part of local life. So why does this old locomotive conjure up such a strident bunch of supporters? Steam engines and locomotives bring back memories of the glory days of industrialisation and the great days of Australian nationalism in the late Victorian and early 20th century. Great monstrous engines that hissed, spat and groaned. They were mighty machines that were living beings. They had a life and soul of their own. They were responsible for creating the wealth of the British Empire. And Pansy is part of that story.

Utilities like electricity, water, gas, sewerage, communications and others are essential in any community. Camden has acquired the utilities as time has progressed over the past 150 years to the present. Argyle Street has a number of utilities buried beneath the street and footpaths. Their histories provide a valuable insight into the town's development and progress, particularly in the 20th century. The arrival of electricity, gas and water were part of Camden modernism and its influence on the town. Each of these utilities has transnational origins well beyond the township and illustrate the linkages between the town and wider world. For example the supply of clean drinking water in Camden was linked to an outbreak of scarlet fever in the later 19th century. Contagious diseases were a major health concern in the 19th century and were an ever present worry in daily life. Clean drinking water had an important influence on the development of public health. I was walking along Camden's Argyle Street and it struck me that utility inspection covers are a historical statement in their own right. They are an entry point for the utility service as they also provide an entry to the stories that surround the delivery of the utility. Even the different logos for utilities illustrate the changes in the history of a telco or electricity supplier. A cover might be a statement about a utility supplier that is now defunct. The utility cover are made of different material - cast iron, concrete, and others. These are all mysteries that are waiting to be solved for the curious mind. Or just for the bored and idle with nothing better to do.

CAMDEN HISTORY Journal of the Camden Historical Society Inc. Contents Brian Stratton - the story of a local artist 40 Linda and David van Nunen Memories of Barbering 50 Col Smith Horse History in Western Sydney: Kirkham Stud 60 Mark Latham Dairy Farmer to Young Local Historian 67 Sophie Mulley Echoes of the Appin Massacre 1816 76 Ian Willis Growing up in Camden 81 Joy Riley President's Report 2015 - 2016 86 Bob Lester Pansy, The Camden - Campbelltown Train 91 Photographs by Wayne Bearup Camden Arcade 25th Anniversary Address 97 Christos Scoufis A Personal Reflection on Local History Studies at the 100 University of New England Tara Eagleton Ghosts and Shadows at Macaria 107 Pauline Downing

Beulah is an historic farm property on Sydney southwest rural-urban fringe. Beulah has a frontage to Sydney's notorious Appin Road and is an area of Sydney's ever increasing urban sprawl. The property is caught in a pincer movement between two new land releases at Appin and Mount Gilead. These developments threaten to strangle the life out of Beulah is a vast sea of homogenised suburbia by swallowing up local farmland.

What has history got to do with an artists' retreat you might ask? Quite a bit as it turns out. I was recently invited to address such a gathering at Varroville in New South Wales; it was quite an enlightening and stimulating occasion.

Fresh air was the order of the day for patients at the newly opened Carrington Centennial Hospital for Convalescents and Incurables at Camden in 1890. The hospital followed the latest methods in medical practice and building architecture from Victorian England based on the writings and approach advocated by Florence Nightingale.

While the impact of ranking history journals has recently occupied the minds of scholars there is a vast subterranean history industry out there that is largely invisible to academics. Scholars might pontificate on history journal rankings for their CVs, yet many widely read local history publications are not peer reviewed, do not make university lists and are not ranked. Further, the armies of very active local history enthusiasts are unlikely to read a scholarly history journal, visit a university library or attend events at a university history department. As I have written elsewhere there is a yawning gap between the scholar or professional historian and the keen amateur. Unfortunately little has changed.

In 1929 Mrs Madeline Buck the granddaughter of an Elderslie pioneer James Hawdon published a series of his letters written in 1828 to friends in England. Hawdon had lived in the Elderslie area for five years from 1828. Hawdon's letters surfaced in England in 1929 amongst old family papers and have many interesting insights into life in the early days of the colony. At Elderslie Hawdon leased the Elderslie estate and supported four convicts, his wife Margaret and baby son. Alan Atkinson maintains that 'Hawdon apparently tried to keep up an English tone, with the slave driving Botany Bay element at a minimum. He was a good master and even admired his convicts'. He did not take any convicts for punishment at the Cawdor Bench between 1825 and 1830. (Atkinson, p20)

The local milk bar is a largely unrecognized part of Camden modernism where the latest trends in American food culture made their way into the small country town by Australian Greek immigrants. The design, equipment and fitout of local cafes and milk bars was at the cutting edge of Interwar fashion. The cafes were a touch of the exotic with their Art Deco style interiors, where fantasy met food without the social barriers of daily life of the Interwar period. Camden milk bars rarely just sold milk shakes unlike their counterparts in the city. To make a living and ensure that their businesses paid their way the cafes and milk bars also sold fruit and vegetables, meals, sandwiches, lollies, sweets and chocolates.

The interwar period in Camden was a time of economic development and material progress. The prosperity of the period was driven by the local dairy industry and the emerging coal industry. The population of the town grew by over 35 per cent between the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Second, so that in 1939 the town was the centre of a district that covered 455 square miles (1180 square kilometres) and with a population of over 5000.

Narellan Military Camp occupies an important place in Narellan Military Heritage although in the overall picture of the Second World War the Camp was not of great military importance. In the national story it does not appear in Gavin Long's Official History of the Second World War and there are very few references to the camp were found in the various unit histories.Yet the story of local men and women are very important and they add to the colour of the area's military history.

One of the hidden parts of the history of Camden is the influence of modernism. Few in the community know much about it at all. Yet it has an important influence on the town in a variety of ways from domestic and commercial architecture to host of other areas. Modernism is a vague term that describes a philosophical period from the mid-1800s to the mid-20th century. Many supporters of modernism in Camden and across the world rejected the certainties of the Enlightenment and the dogmas of religious belief. Modernism influenced art, music, architecture, social organisation, daily life and the sciences. The period of modernism includes the Victorian period, the Edwardian period and extends to include the interwar period of the 20 century. During the Edwardian period Camden was influenced by the dairy revolution, which saw innovations in the dairy industry. While the economic development and material prosperity of the interwar period was driven by the emerging Burragorang Valley coal industry.

What's in a name? Quite a lot if you live in the fringe urban communities of Campbelltown, Camden or Picton in the Macarthur district on Sydney's rural-urban fringe. In the past these communities have been fiercely parochial country towns with clearly identifiable differences based on history, heritage, traditions, mythology, rituals, demographics, local government and a host of other factors. With the encroachment of Sydney's urban sprawl they have been wrapped up by the tentacles of the metropolitan octopus and faced challenges on a variety of fronts. The questions that this article raises concern Macarthur regionalism. Is it authentic? How representative is it of the former country towns that are now incorporated within it?

Once the army moved into Narellan Military Camp it commenced operation and became part of the wartime scene during WW2. Men were seen marching all over the district, there were mock raids and the men practiced firing small arms. The camp is an important part of the story of Narellan during war as thousands of men, and some women, moved through the camp on their way to somewhere in the theatre that was the Second World War.

Local folk from the Camden district have been going to Wollongong and the South Coast for beach holidays for generations. It is a time to relax, chill out, slow down, drop out, and generally escape the hum drum of daily existence of home and work.

In The Guardian Australia online this week there has appeared an article that asks the question: 'Was Governor Lachlan Macquarie a terrorist?' Paul Daley writes: 'The colonial frontier was a violent location and many people suffered and died. Colonialism wreaked havoc on many cultures around the globe'. Was Governor Macquarie any better or worse than any other colonial administrator? Over next 150 years it is estimated that over 20,000 Aboriginal Australians were massacred in frontier wars. Is it fair to pick on Macquarie?

An often forgotten piece of Narellan's military heritage is the Narellan Military Camp. It lasted for around seven years during and after the Second World War. Thousands of troops passed through it on their way to somewhere else as the lives of these young men, and some young women, were changed forever. The camp was part of the defence arrangements for the eastern part of Australia. There were many military camps in the Sydney area, as well as a range of defence installations for the navy and air force. There were several camps and training areas used by the military and Narellan was only one of them. Other included Ingleburn, Liverpool, Wallgrove, and elsewhere.

Walking the Cowpastures and beyond A personal reflection of a visit to Baragil Lagoon at Menangle and the ground that Governor Macquarie walked on in 1810. The historian is advised to walk the ground of their studies and subject matter. When it happens it can be a real eyeopener. It challenged my view of these colonial stories and myths when I visited Baragil Lagoon in 2015 (see Blog post). The visit to the locality was organised by John and Edwina Stanham to EMAI and Baragil Lagoon for the Camden Park Nursery Group. I was touched in 2015 by visiting the spot where Governor Macquarie camped above Baragil Lagoon. The camp site is very similar to 1810 on Macquarie's visit and how he would have found the site.

Elderslie is a suburb of Camden, the traditional land of the Dharawal people. It lies on the southern end of the Camden Municipality, 62 km southwest of Sydney, on the rural-urban fringe. It is bordered by the Nepean River to the west, Narellan Creek to the north, Camden ByPass to the south, and Studley Park Golf Course to the east. The population at the 2001 census was 2,638.

There has been an attempt at place making in Narellan in the new extension of the local shopping mall, Narellan Town Centre.

Ben Linden is an outstanding example of the Edwardian cottages across the local area. Camden has quite a number of Edwardian cottages in the town area, on surrounding farms and in local district villages. They are typical of the early twentieth century landscape in the local district. The housing style was evidence of the new found confidence of the birth of a new nation that borrowed overseas trends and adopted them to suit local conditions. These style of houses were a statement of the individualism and the national character.

At the end of August 1914 the Sydney newspaper the Sunday Times described the Red Cross as 'Angels of Mercy', 'the one bright spot' in the newly emerging war. [1] From the beginning of the Great War, Sydney women, mostly conservative, founded and joined Red Cross branches and sewed, knitted and raised funds for the war effort. They also worked in Voluntary Aid Detachments both locally and overseas. By 1918 the Red Cross effectively owned the story of the war effort at home.

Steps involved in being a historical detective and conducting an investigation (historical research). Like any good TV detective you should proceed through a number of steps while conducting your investigation (historical research). You will then be able to solve the historical mystery. These steps are: 1. What is a historical detective? 2. What is historical research? 3. What has to be done in historical research? 4. Plan of action 5. What time and resources will be needed to undertake the research (including costs)? 6. Conduct background research. 7. Gather evidence. 8. Evaluate the evidence. 9. Analyse the evidence. 10. Conduct periodic revue of the research process. 11. Present the evidence. 12. Acknowledge the sources of the evidence. 13. Conclusion. These steps outline a journey ( a voyage of discovery) you can undertake while conducting an historical investigation. These steps are only a guide and other detective (researchers) may take a different approach. There are many paths to the 'truth' and 'enlightenment'. Which one are you going to going to take? Description of each stage of the historical investigation

'This is like home, like England', proclaimed the Duchess of York in 1927 on her visit to Menangle. She and her husband the Duke of York visited Camden Park as part of their royal visit of Australia, which involved the opening of the provisional Parliament House in Canberra in May.[1] The Duke and Duchess of York had left England of their royal tour of dominions in January 1927 on board the Royal Navy battleship HMS Renown, travelled through New Zealand in February and arrived in Australia in March. The Royals departed from Australia in late May after visiting all states. The Duke and Duchess later came to the thrown as George VI and Queen Elizabeth on the abdication of Edward VIII in 1936.

This week a new masthead appeared in the Camden Local Government Area called The Independent South-West published by King Media Regional based in Bowral NSW. It was launched at Camden's annual Light Up Festival. Editor Jane King and other staff handed out copies of the free monthly to families and friends who had come to see Santa, watch the fireworks and see the Christmas lights on the town's Christmas tree.

One of the most important pieces of economic and social infrastructure in the Macarthur area is the Macarthur Bridge. The bridge is also one of the most significant pieces of engineering heritage in the Camden local government area. It provides a highlevel flood free crossing of the Nepean River which can isolate the township of Camden when the numerous low-level bridges in the area are flooded - the Cowpasture Bridge (Camden), the Cobbitty Bridge and the Menangle Bridge.

Early European settlers were the key actors in a place-making exercise that constructed an English-style landscape aesthetic on the colonial stage in the Cowpastures district of New South Wales. The aesthetic became part of the settler colonial project and the settlers' aim of taking possession of territory involving the construction of a cultural ideal from familiar elements of home in the 'Old Country'. The new continent, and particularly the bush, had the elements of the Gothic with its grotesque and the demonic, and the landscape aesthetic was one attempt to counter these forces. Settlers used the aesthetic to assist the creation of a new narrative on an apparently blank slate and in the process dispossessed and displaced the Indigenous occupants. The new colonial landscape was characterised by English place names, English farming methods and English settlement patterns, with only cursory acknowledgement of Indigenous occupation.

What is under your feet and totally ignored? What do you walk over every day? What is essential in an emergency? What provides access to essential utilities? The answer lies under our feet. What is it? Give up yet? The answer is the humble utility inspection cover. Utilities like electricity, water, gas, sewerage, communications and others are essential in any community. Camden has acquired the utilities as time has progressed over the past 150 years to the present. Argyle Street has a number of utilities buried beneath the street and footpaths. Their histories provide a valuable insight into the town's development and progress, particularly in the 20th century.

Trust and understanding in the community engagement process are considered by many an essential part of a successful urban planning process. Yet these issues have proved problematic for the stakeholders in one New South Wales local government area. This paper examines a case study of a community engagement process in New South Wales which has involved the re-development of the Camden Town Centre. The paper analyses how a trust deficit has opened up between the local council and the community over a lack of early and meaningful engagement in the decision making process. Many community stakeholders consider the planning proposals compromise the town centre's heritage values and its historic significance. The Camden town centre strategy involves a number of urban planning elements including a decked car park, traffic lights and other features. The decked car park is a particularly contentious issue that has risen like a 'phoenix from the ashes', after it was defeated a decade ago when it threatened to compromise the town's sense of place and community identity. In particular the town's historic St John's church precinct, with links to the Macarthur family and Australia's foundation. While the Camden mayor has vigorously defended the council's community engagement process, it has generated threats of legal action, a lively debate in the local press and community activism. Is it just a storm in a tea cup or a threat to local democracy?

The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 saw thousands of women across Australia join newly established Red Cross branches. These conservative women sewed, knitted and cooked for God, King and Country, and were encouraged to see themselves as 'guardian angels' serving 'their boys' and the imperial cause. Local branches harnessed and thrived using parochialism and localism for national patriotic purposes, and received considerable community support. The broader Red Cross organisation supported an iconography of motherhood which gave Red Cross volunteers considerable kudos and agency, and by the end of the war they effectively owned the homefront war effort.

In the days immediately following the First World War a group of women from The Oaks and Camden volunteered at Waley Nerve Hospital at Mowbray Park as part of the activities of the Camden and The Oaks Voluntary Aid Detachments.

The outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 was met with much jingoistic enthusiasm by the Australian population. Men volunteered in their hundreds for service for God, King, and Country; to defend the Empire; for adventure; and to see the world. Women on the homefront formed up Red Cross branches across the country in small country towns and city suburbs to serve 'their boys'. Unfortunately for the men who enlisted their desire to serve the Empire was not met with a similar level of organisational efficiency by authorities in Australia. The military were completely overwhelmed by the progress of the war, especially the level of casualties that resulted from the Gallipoli campaign.

Antarctica Bedmap2 datasets are used to calculate subglacial hydraulic potential and the area, depth and volume of hydraulic potential sinks. There are over 32 000 contiguous sinks, which can be thought of as predicted lakes. Patterns of subglacial melt are modelled with a balanced ice flux flow model, and water fluxes are cumulated along predicted flow pathways to quantify steady-state fluxes from the main basin outlets and from known subglacial lakes. The total flux from the continent is ~21 km3 a−1. Byrd Glacier has the greatest basin flux of ~2.7 km3 a−1. Fluxes from subglacial lakes range from ~1 × 10−4 to ~1.5 km3 a−1. Lake turnover times are calculated from their volumes and fluxes, and have median values of ~100 a for known ‘active’ lakes and ~500 a for other lakes. Recurrence intervals of a 0.25 km3 flood range from ~2 months to ~2000 a (median ≈130 a) for known ‘active’ lakes and from ~2 to ~2400 a (median ≈ 360 a) for other lakes. Thus, several lakes that have recently been observed to fill and drain may not do so again for many centuries; and several lakes that have not, so far, been observed to fill and drain have the potential to do so, even at annual to decadal timescales.

Cattle which strayed from Farm Cove in 1788 led to the European discovery of Camden. Seven years later the Europeans discovered the lost cattle at Cowpastures in 1795. The area had been home to the Dharawal, the Gundungurra and Dharug who recorded the arrival of cattle in cave paintings. When the whites met the blacks it was friendly but after large land grants were given to the new settlers, the Aborigines struggled to find food. Conflicts arose in the Cowpastures and in 1816 Governor Macquarie made a declaration of war in which 14 Dharawal were massacred. The Cowpastures were fertile and the colonial gentry were attracted to this fine cattle country. It was in 1797 that John Macarthur, with Dutch-Spanish sheep, formed a small stud at Elizabeth Farm, Parramatta. Macarthur was granted 5,000 acres near Mt Taurus to raise pure merino rams and ewes. After the Rum Rebellion conflict with Governor Bligh in 1808, Macarthur was exiled to England and his wife Elizabeth and nephew Hannibal bred wool on Camden Park. By the late 1830s the property had grown to 28,000 acres. The township of Camden was surveyed and allotments were put up for sale. St Johns was under construction by 1840 and other churches, schools, post office and court house followed. By the 1860s the population had grown, the town was busy and the hotels were crowded with travellers. Industry prospered, a council was formed and Camden was decorated with beautiful buildings. 'Pansy' the tram arrived in the 1880s. Camden district had both a strong working class rural and aristocratic population which embraced World War One. The Red Cross was very strong. The inter-war years enjoyed peace and prosperity. Burragorang Valley's coal mines boosted the economy and Camden Park flourished. Post WWII Camden saw the demise of Camden Park estate and the emergence of the Camden township and its surrounding districts. Today rural and agricultural land are being swallowed by residential development, defied only by the persist

When photography was still in its infancy it was used as a tool to capture moments that would become a chronology of the past for future gen- erations. Here is a snapshot of special moments from the Perkins family album of Cawdor. Harold E. Perkins was a smallholder dairy farmer at Cawdor living on the family farm of Verdundale. One of his pastimes was photography.

major event on the social calendar of a number of picturesque villages in the Camden district was the annual New Year's Day Sports Carnivals. They were part of the English traditions brought to the area by colonial immigrants, and in 1915 they were held in the villages of Cobbitty and The Oaks. Sports carnivals were wonderful community events that included all classes of villagers regardless of their station in life and during the First World War they held special appeal for patriotic fundraising. These social and cultural traditions were not isolated to the Camden district and have been held in many other parts of Australia.

In 1929 Madeline Buck the granddaughter of Elderslie pioneer James Hawdon published a series of letters written in 1828 to friends in England. Hawdon had lived in Elderslie for five years from 1828. Hawdon's letters surfaced in England in 1929 amongst old family papers and have many interesting insights into life in the early days of the colony.

The story of the construction of the history of the Camden area. There are many versions and they are all correct. They all put their own spin on the way they want to tell the Camden story. Some good, some indifferent, some just plain awful (Facebook, 23 November 2015. https://www.facebook.com/CamdenHistoryNotes1433284970226274/)

The Camden Bibliography is an attempt to highlight some of the research that addresses the notion of Camden as a country town and the subsequent urbanisation of the Local Government Area. The sources listed in the bibliography cover the geographic area of the Camden district as defined by this author in his thesis, War and Community: The Red Cross in Camden, 1939-1945 (pp. 22-24) and the current Camden LGA. This area includes a number of villages to the west of Camden and the Burragorang Valley, which are all integral to the town's history and any interpretations drawn from it.

Dr Ian Willis presented a very informative talk on the history of Red Cross in Australia, with specific references to Red Cross in Illawarra. The Australian Red Cross Society was established as a voluntary and humanitarian organisation 100 years ago on 13 August 1914. Local Illawarra branches such as Corrimal, Dapto, Kiama, Wollongong and Woonona made a strong contribution to the war effort with 'comfort parcels' and were financially well supported through membership fees, donations and fundraising efforts.

Sydney’s urban sprawl has moved across the Cumberland Plain and swallowed up former rural communities and created new suburbs on the rural-urban fringe. Urban growth has precipitated new cultural landscapes and destroyed others as the metropolitan edge makes its way across the countryside. The outer metropolitan area is a theatre for the re-making of place in fringe communities that illustrate the dynamic nature of the rural-urban frontier and the contested forces that are unleashed by urban growth.

Camden Park housekeeper Frances Warner spoke at the September meeting or the Camden Historical Society about domestic arrangements in the Georgian mansion house. Frances told the attentive audience that in the colonial days a lot of items for the house came out from England including furniture, books, newspapers, china and porcelain and kitchenware of all sorts. 'The blue and white Coal brookdale dinner service with the Macarthur crest was purchased by James Macarthur in 1838. This is now in a cabinet outside the main dining room. Many pieces are carefully stored and wrapped in paper. A treasure trove to be enjoyed in many years to come,' Frances said. 'The dining table can seat 14 people with comfort. The chairs are cedar and green leather. These were made for Camden Park House,' she said.