230 results on '"Williams, Jane p."'
Search Results
52. Medical Crisis Counseling on a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: Case Examples and Clinical Utility
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Williams, Jane and Koocher, Gerald P.
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- 1999
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53. Know your noseband: An exploration of factors that influence riders' choice of noseband.
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Clayton, Hilary M. and Williams, Jane M.
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The popularity of equestrian sports provides an increasing market for horse gear or tack. While manufacturers have launched new designs to enhance the safety, comfort, effectiveness and esthetics of their products, few items of tack have been evaluated quantitatively. Nosebands are not an essential component of a bridle, but are widely used across equestrian sport. Despite this, little is known about factors which influence rider decision-making when selecting what noseband to use for their horse. A 41-question online survey was distributed via equestrian social media sites to provide insight into how riders select and fit nosebands, what factors influence decision-making, and sources of information that inform practice. Frequency analysis combined with Kruskal-Wallis analyses identified if differences in noseband selection, use and fit existed between recreational and competitive riders. Thematic analysis analysed open questions to evaluate riders' decision-making in more detail. A total of 1,381 respondents completed the survey. Horse performance, comfort and control, customary habit to use and appearance were key factors that informed rider decision-making when selecting which noseband to use for their horse. The use of cavesson (34%) and flash (20%) nosebands was prevalent across riders in the UK and North America, for recreational riding, flatwork and jumping; these nosebands were perceived as kind and comfortable for the horse. Differences in the use of crank nosebands (P <0.01) and additional padding under the noseband (P <0.02) were found between disciplines. Most respondents (79%) had changed their horse's noseband at least once; when more control was required, riders used nosebands incorporating a strap passing below the bit (e.g., flash and grackle nosebands). If the bridle or noseband was thought to be causing pain or injury to the horse, the majority of respondents (95%) would change the noseband. Preferred sources of information in this regard were veterinarians, equine dentists and coaches or trainers, with less than 25% consulting a qualified bridle fitter. Most respondents agreed with the recommendation that there should be room for 2-3 fingers beneath a correctly adjusted noseband; 44% had experienced the tightness of their horse's noseband being checked at competition, however only 14% recognised the ISES taper gauge. Increased communication of the value of using trained bit and bridle fitters and the ISES taper gauge to assess noseband fit to riders is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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54. Utilizing an interprofessional case conference series to teach care transitions in pharmacy and nursing curriculum.
- Author
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Bethishou, Laressa, Fortes, Kristina, Brown, Amanda, and Williams, Jane
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Safe and effective care transitions require interprofessional collaboration, but there is limited literature on interprofessional strategies to teach care transitions. The objective was to evaluate student pharmacist and nurse readiness for change towards interprofessional collaborative practice during care transitions. Interprofessional teams were instructed to collaborate and provide care for their patient throughout multiple healthcare transitions. Students were asked to complete the Interprofessional Socialization and Valuing Scale (ISVS) 9A/9B, the nine-item set version, prior to implementation of the case conference series and after the activity debrief. There was an increase across six items from the ISVS scale for pharmacy students and eight of nine for nursing students. There were significant changes in two of nine items for the pharmacy groups and three of nine in the nursing group. An interprofessional case conference series demonstrated a significant increase in student pharmacist and student nurse awareness of the importance of working within a team during care transitions, as well as an appreciation towards their role within the interprofessional team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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55. Policy considerations for mandatory COVID‐19 vaccination from the Collaboration on Social Science and Immunisation.
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Leask, Julie, Seale, Holly, Williams, Jane H, Kaufman, Jessica, Wiley, Kerrie, Mahimbo, Abela, Clark, Katrina K, Danchin, Margie H, and Attwell, Katie
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- 2021
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56. The influence of three working harnesses on thoracic limb kinematics and stride length at walk in assistance dogs.
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Knights, Holly and Williams, Jane
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Studies have investigated the kinematics of the healthy canine thoracic limb (TL), but there is currently no research to the authors' knowledge investigating the influence of the working harness on TL kinematics. The aim of this study was to compare the TL stride length (SL) and shoulder, elbow and carpal joint range of movement (ROM) of assistance dogs when wearing three different harnesses (H1 and H2 Y-shaped harnesses; H3 the dog's original harness) with differing handle designs (A and B type handles; all dogs used an A type handle with H3, their original harness), in comparison to a standard collar at walk. Thirteen dogs were analyzed at walk in each condition: Harness 1, H1 (B-handle); Harness 2, H2 (A-handle); Harness 3, H3 (A-handle, and the dog's original working harness); and the Collar with the lead held between 20 and 40cm. A series of Friedman's analyses with post-hoc Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests compared SL and joint ROM at peak protraction and retraction of the TL. Results: The results show significant TL kinematic changes in H1 (B-handle): SL in H1 was significantly reduced in comparison to the Collar (6%; P = 0.008). In TL protraction, a significant reduction in shoulder extension was recorded for H1 in comparison to H3 (6%; P = 0.005). In TL retraction, a significant reduction in carpal extension was observed in H1 in comparison to the collar (4%; P = 0.008), H2 (2%; P = 0.005), and H3 (4%; P = 0.005). Conclusions: Differences in canine locomotion were observed between conditions in comparison to when the dog was at walk in the collar. Our findings suggest the harness handle type may result in the TL kinematic changes observed. Significant TL SL and ROM restrictions were noted in H1, the only harness in the study with a specific handle design (B-handle type). The increase in proximal TL joint ROM and a subsequent reduction in distal TL joint ROM suggests an alteration to the energy efficiency of locomotion when compared to previous literature. These results were seen only in H1 and not H2, a similar design of harness, therefore suggesting the B-handle type may be the key factor in the kinematic changes observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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57. Functional MRI and Wada Determination of Language Lateralization: A Case of Crossed Dominance
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Ries, Michele L., Boop, Frederick A., Griebel, May L., Zou, Ping, Phillips, Nicholas S., Johnson, Sterling C., Williams, Jane P., Helton, Kathleen J., and Ogg, Robert J.
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- 2004
58. Mycosis Fungoides Masquerading as an Ischemic Foot
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Goldstein, Lawrence J., Williams, Jane D., Zackheim, Herschel S., and Helfend, Lisa K.
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- 1999
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59. What Factors Influence the Perceptions of Job Satisfaction in Registered Veterinary Nurses Currently Working in Veterinary Practice in the United Kingdom?
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Vivian, Sarah R., Holt, Susan L., and Williams, Jane
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The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons is dedicated to empowering registered veterinary nurses (RVNs) and ensuring that they are valued members of the workforce within the United Kingdom. However, this is not always reported by the RVNs themselves, who state that although they derive satisfaction from working with animals and within a profession that makes a difference, there are areas in which they are not currently satisfied, such as pay scale and recognition. Responses to a questionnaire were analyzed using a mixed-methods design to determine current factors affecting job satisfaction utilizing a deductive and inductive approach. The questionnaire reached 205 RVNs currently working in practice within the UK; respondents were divided between remaining at their current practice (n= 101) and finding alternative employment (n= 80). Those who stated that they were happy in their job role were more likely to want to remain there. Themes relating to positive and negative job satisfaction were reported and used to devise strategies employers and employees could use to increase or maintain RVNs’ overall satisfaction. More focus is needed on support and communication within veterinary practices, support for appropriate delegation linked to recognition of the RVN role, and support from educators to prepare students for the RVN role. Although the questionnaire did not reach the targeted sample size, responses agree with previous data indicating that changes made to the RVN role in the UK have not sufficiently improved job satisfaction scores.
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- 2022
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60. Stress-free vet visits: considering the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic
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Williams, Jane
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Visits to the small animal veterinary practice are typically stressful for many animals, especially where they already have an anxious or fearful disposition. Although the purpose of the visit is to improve the animal's welfare (by improving physical health and wellbeing), there may be an impact on the animal's mental health and emotional state. The current pandemic situation has made vet visits even more difficult, because a number of options for preparing for the visit, or carrying out the visit itself, have not always been available. This article considers techniques for minimising fear, anxiety and stress in companion animals being treated at the vet practice, through preparation, protocols and procedures. Principles of good practice when helping animals to have the least stressful experience during a vet visit are considered. Additional special measures for particularly anxious or fearful animals are also discussed. The identification of stress-reducing protocols is largely based on the low-stress handling techniques identified in research and the importance of these as perceived by veterinary staff. Changes within the practice that have impacted animals' anxiety levels, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, are identified and considered. Reflections concerning the pandemic experience, as provided to the author by a number of veterinary surgeons and nurses, are recorded and considered as the basis for further research. Consideration is also given to the feasibility and value of retaining some changes implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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- 2022
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61. A cluster randomised controlled trial of an occupational therapy intervention for residents with stroke living in UK care homes (OTCH): study protocol
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Sackley Cath M, Burton Chris R, Herron-Marx Sandy, Lett Karen, Mant Jonathan, Roalfe Andrea K, Sharp Leslie J, Sheehan Bart, Stant Katie E, Walker Marion F, Watkins Caroline L, Wheatley Keith, Williams Jane, Yao Guiqing L, and Feltham Max G
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Stroke ,Occupational therapy ,Care homes ,Cluster randomised controlled trial ,Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system ,RC346-429 - Abstract
Abstract Background The occupational therapy (OT) in care homes study (OTCH) aims to investigate the effect of a targeted course of individual OT (with task training, provision of adaptive equipment, minor environmental adaptations and staff education) for stroke survivors living in care homes, compared to usual care. Methods/Design A cluster randomised controlled trial of United Kingdom (UK) care homes (n = 90) with residents (n = 900) who have suffered a stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), and who are not receiving end-of-life care. Homes will be stratified by centre and by type of care provided and randomised (50:50) using computer generated blocked randomisation within strata to receive either the OT intervention (3 months intervention from an occupational therapist) or control (usual care). Staff training on facilitating independence and mobility and the use of adaptive equipment, will be delivered to every home, with control homes receiving this after the 12 month follow-up. Allocation will be concealed from the independent assessors, but the treating therapists, and residents will not be masked to the intervention. Measurements are taken at baseline prior to randomisation and at 3, 6 and 12 months post randomisation. The primary outcome measure is independence in self-care activities of daily living (Barthel Activities of Daily Living Index). Secondary outcome measures are mobility (Rivermead Mobility Index), mood (Geriatric Depression Scale), preference based quality of life measured from EQ-5D and costs associated with each intervention group. Quality adjusted life years (QALYs) will be derived based on the EQ-5D scores. Cost effectiveness analysis will be estimated and measured by incremental cost effectiveness ratio. Adverse events will be recorded. Discussion This study will be the largest cluster randomised controlled trial of OT in care homes to date and will clarify the currently inconclusive literature on the efficacy of OT for stroke and TIA survivors residing in care homes. Trial registration ISRCTN00757750
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- 2012
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62. Utility of specific bioelectrical impedance vector analysis for the assessment of body composition in children.
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Wells, Jonathan CK., Williams, Jane E., Ward, Leigh C., and Fewtrell, Mary S.
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Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is widely considered a body composition technique suitable for routine application. However, its utility in sick or malnourished children is complicated by variability in hydration. A BIA variant termed vector analysis (BIVA) aims to resolve this, by differentiating hydration from cell mass. However, the model was only partially supported by children's data. To improve accuracy, further adjustment for body shape variability has been proposed, known as specific BIVA (BIVA specific). We re-analysed body composition data from 281 children and adolescents (46% male) aged 4–20 years of European ancestry. Measurements included anthropometry, conventional BIA, BIVA outcomes adjusted either for height (BIVA conventional), or for height and body cross-sectional area (BIVA specific), and fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) by the criterion 4-component model. Graphic analysis and regression analysis were used to evaluate different BIA models for predicting FFM and FM. Age was strongly correlated with BIVA conventional parameters, but weakly with BIVA specific parameters. FFM correlated more strongly with BIVA conventional than with BIVA specific parameters, whereas the opposite pattern was found for FM. In multiple regression analyses, the best prediction models combined conventional BIA with BIVA specific parameters, explaining 97.0% and 89.8% of the variance in FFM and FM respectively. These models could be further improved by incorporating body weight. The prediction of body composition can be improved by combining two different theoretical models, each of which appears to provide different information about the two components FFM and FM. Further work should test the utility of this approach in pediatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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63. Preparedness of emergency departments in northwest England for managing chemical incidents: a structured interview survey
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Walter Darren, Williams Jane, and Challen Kirsty
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Special situations and conditions ,RC952-1245 ,Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid ,RC86-88.9 - Abstract
Abstract Background A number of significant chemical incidents occur in the UK each year and may require Emergency Departments (EDs) to receive and manage contaminated casualties. Previously UK EDs have been found to be under-prepared for this, but since October 2005 acute hospital Trusts have had a statutory responsibility to maintain decontamination capacity. We aimed to evaluate the level of preparedness of Emergency Departments in North West England for managing chemical incidents. Methods A face-to-face semi-structured interview was carried out with the Nurse Manager or a nominated deputy in all 18 Emergency Departments in the Region. Results 16/18 departments had a written chemical incident plan but only 7 had the plan available at interview. All had a designated decontamination area but only 11 felt that they were adequately equipped. 12/18 had a current training programme for chemical incident management and 3 had no staff trained in decontamination. 13/18 could contain contaminated water from casualty decontamination and 6 could provide shelter for casualties before decontamination. Conclusion We have identified major inconsistencies in the preparedness of North West Emergency Departments for managing chemical incidents. Nationally recognized standards on incident planning, facilities, equipment and procedures need to be agreed and implemented with adequate resources. Issues of environmental safety and patient dignity and comfort should also be addressed.
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- 2007
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64. A History of the Mothers' Union : Women, Anglicanism and Globalisation, 1876-2008
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MOYSE, CORDELIA, Archbishop of Canterbury, Williams, Jane, MOYSE, CORDELIA, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Williams, Jane
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- 2009
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65. The behavioral and physiological effects of dog appeasing pheromone on canine behavior during separation from the owner.
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Taylor, Sienna, Webb, Lucy, Montrose, V. Tamara, and Williams, Jane
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Behavioral problems in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) increase the likelihood of the dog being rehomed or relinquished to a rescue shelter. Problem behaviors that result in relinquishment include unwanted elimination, destructive behavior, and excessive vocalization when owners are absent. Dog appeasing pheromone (DAP) is currently marketed via veterinarians as a stress relief product and purported to help dogs cope in stressful situations and as a potential solution to reduce anxiety. This study investigated whether a DAP diffuser affected behavioral and physiological stress parameters in 10 dogs in a laboratory environment. A repeated measures design with and without the use of DAP and in the presence and absence of the owner was used. Behavioral responses, such as barking, passive behavior, scratching, whining, orienting behavior, exploration, and locomotion, were recorded in real time and video recorded using a focal instantaneous sampling technique. To control for potential bias, 10% of the videos were scored using a second blinded scorer to assess interrater reliability. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability using standard deviation of normal to normal beats, and eye temperature and ear temperature (°C) were also collected to assess dogs' physiological state. When dogs were separated from their owner, there was a significant increase in orienting behavior during both the DAP and without DAP application trial phase, suggesting arousal due to owner absence rather than any discernible effect of DAP. A significant increase was recorded in core eye temperature when the owner was absent and the DAP diffuser was not switched on; however, eye temperature also increased when the owners were present after the DAP condition, suggesting that it may be the owner's presence and the dog's arousal levels that affect core eye temperature rather than any effect of DAP. There was no significant effect of DAP on HR or ear temperature. Overall, our results suggest that the application of a DAP diffuser did not markedly influence the behavior, HR, and eye or ear temperature of dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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66. Stress, anxiety, fear and frustration in different reptile species: how to reduce these negative emotional states during veterinary procedures
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Williams, Jane and Beck, Danielle
- Abstract
AbstractBehavioural responses vary significantly within the Reptile Class when stressed, fearful or frustrated, making it very difficult to observe or measure their emotional state. Reptiles are not commonly seen in general veterinary practice which can mean that suitable accommodation is not always available, and as there is a huge variation in a reptile’s ability, or lack of, to signal changes in emotional state, it can be challenging for veterinary nurses to identify and address the stress response. The veterinary practice can reduce negative behavioural responses by managing transportation, sampling and handling methods to improve the patient experience. This article refers to reptile species commonly kept as companion animals in the UK, including snakes, lizards and tortoises, which may be presented for veterinary treatment. It also examines possible routes to the identification of Reptile species as suitable pets, and indeed the suitability of Reptiles as pets at all.
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- 2021
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67. Teaching Test-Taking and Note-Taking Skills to Learning Disabled High School Students.
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Anderman, Robert C. and Williams, Jane M.
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The materials were developed to help prepare eleventh and twelfth graders to be successful in an academic environment when their school history indicated little chance for success. The booklet includes instructional materials to teach test-taking and note-taking, two skills many failing students lack. A syllabus is included for each unit along with class notes, activity sheets, and unit tests with answer keys. The instructional materials are designed for students with a wide range of skill levels. The test-taking unit covers such topics as strategies for answering multiple choice test items, true-false test questions, fill-in-the-blank questions; preparing for tests; and understanding words used in essay questions. The unit on notetaking addresses such aspects as listening skills and notetaking from lectures and written materials. (CL)
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- 1986
68. Tips for Being a Successful Student: A Handbook for Students and Teachers.
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Williams, Jane M.
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This student-oriented instructional booklet provides strategies for students for notebook organization, time management, note-taking, reading and highlighting assignments, homework completion, and test-taking. The booklet's first section, "Preparing for Classes," offers tips for keeping a notebook, an assignment sheet, a calendar, a daily and weekly time schedule, and suggestions for school supplies. Three reproducible assignment sheet formats and a form for listing and prioritizing "Things to Do Today" are also provided. The second section, "During Classes," suggests active-learning behaviors and teacher-pleasing classroom behaviors; presents techniques for taking clear, comprehensive lecture notes; and includes a reproducible form for note-taking. The third section, "After Classes--Homework," presents 15 recommendations for successfully completing homework. This section presents the SQ3R approach (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review) to studying textbooks and gives pointers for critically reading and marking materials. The last section, "Test-Taking," offers strategies for studying for, and answering, four types of objective test questions (multiple choice, true/false, matching, and fill-in-the-blank) and two types of subjective test questions (short answer and essay). (Author/JDD)
- Published
- 1987
69. Accommodations for Secondary Learning Disabled/Mainstreamed Students on Teacher-Made Tests.
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Williams, Jane M.
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Suggested accommodations for mainstreamed secondary learning disabled students on teacher made tests are presented. Suggestions are grouped into general; format; and test taking modifications (presentation, recording, and scoring). Among the many suggestions made are the following: watch readability of questions; assure test is clearly printed; provide tests on which to write rather than Scantron or answer sheets, present tests orally to students with reading problems; permit use of computational aids for mathematics exams; and consider alternatives to standard grading procedures. A chart is also included which compares classroom behaviors exhibited by students, their effect on test performance, and appropriate test accommodations. Classroom behaviors, test performance, and appropriate test accommodations are identified for each of the following categories: students with auditory problems, students with verbal expression problems, students with visual perception problems, students with written expression problems, students with fine motor problems, and students with organizational problems. (DB)
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- 1986
70. A Review of Human Rights Education in Higher Education.
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Vissing, Yvonne and Williams, Jane
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The United Nation created the World Programme for Human Rights Education to advance implementation of human rights education (HRE). This study is an exploration of some aspects of the Second Phase of the Programme as it pertains to the incorporation of human rights education into higher education settings. It concludes that there is a global attempt to integrate HRE into higher education, particularly at the course level in medical, legal, and political departments. Content and pedagogical approaches vary significantly. The role of higher education in stimulating HRE research is under-developed. Higher education has a powerful opportunity to do much more to integrate and advance HRE in the future.
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- 2019
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71. 'It's the most ethical job I have ever had': complaint handling and fair decision making in the financial industry
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Williams, Jane, Gill, Chris, and McBurnie, Gavin
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This exploratory study focuses on complaint handling in the financial industry to explore how complaint handling professionals interpret the requirement to treat customers fairly. Drawing on a small qualitative case study undertaken with a major UK financial institution, it is a novel attempt to integrate the literatures on ethical and fair decision making and apply them to the practice of complaint handling. Our contribution is to highlight: 1) the impact that institutional structures and processes play on the day to day practice of fair decision making; 2) how constructions of fairness vary between complaint handlers with some adopting an explicit ethical and moral focus; 3) the active role group support and dialogue plays in supporting individual complaint handler's fair decision making. Several practical implications arise from this in relation to how organisations can support fair decision making.
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- 2021
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72. Equine training aids: can they really improve performance?
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Williams, Jane
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The use of training aids within equine training programmes is well established with professional, amateur and recreational riders, and horse owners. However, the claims of training aid manufacturers that the aids promote equine muscle development, gait characteristics, proprioception and the horse's biomechanics have not been evaluated scientifically. Evidence of the impact of training aids on equine behaviour and welfare is also limited. As a result, there is a limited amount of resources available to horse owners, trainers and veterinary professionals wishing to take an evidence-informed approach to the use of training aids. This review considers factors that operators should evaluate when using training aids and explores the evidence base available to help support an ethical approach to equine training and rehabilitation.
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- 2020
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73. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in Wales
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Williams, Jane, Edited by and Williams, Jane
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- 2013
74. Health visiting with homeless families during the COVID-19 pandemic
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Dorney-Smith, Sam, Williams, Jane, and Gladstone, Catherine
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This article outlines how the COVID-19 pandemic has brought into even greater focus the dire circumstances being experienced by homeless families in the UK, and how this is being witnessed on the front line by health visitors.
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- 2020
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75. Foreword – Emerging issues in equestrian practice
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Williams, Jane and Marlin, David
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- 2020
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76. Early discharge and rehabilitation in paediatric acquired brain and neurological injury: a transferable model
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Keetley, Rachel, Kelly, Laura, Whitehouse, William P, Thomas, Sophie, Bennett, Emily, Chow, Gabriel, Fletcher, Alison, and Williams, Jane
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Children and young people who require rehabilitation following sustaining an acquired brain injury often experience long lengths of stay (LOS) and potentially poorer recovery outcomes due to limited access to therapy and little proactive discharge planning. After stakeholder enquiry we launched a new team and pathway with a primary aim to reduce LOS. The secondary aims were to pilot an outreach model, reduce cost and improve patient and family satisfaction. We achieved a significantly improved change in quality care with a financial gain and increased patient and family satisfaction.
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- 2020
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77. Dysfunctional Accountability in Complaint Systems: The Effects of Complaints on Public Service Employees.
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Gill, Chris, Sapouna, Maria, Hirst, Carolyn, and Williams, Jane
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- 2019
78. Usage of and attitudes about green tea extract and Epigallocathechin-3-gallate (EGCG) as a therapy in individuals with Down syndrome.
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Long, Rachel, Drawbaugh, Montana L., Davis, Charlene M., Goodlett, Charles R., Williams, Jane R., and Roper, Randall J.
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Objective: Usage of and views concerning alternative therapies in the DS community are not well documented. Some positive effects of green tea extracts (GTE) containing Epigallocathechin-3-gallate (EGCG) have been reported in individuals with DS and DS mouse models, but minimal improvements or detrimental effects of pure EGCG treatment have been reported in DS mouse models. Given the uncertainty about the effectiveness of these supplements, the goal of this study was to determine the relative prevalence of and attitudes about GTE/EGCG treatments among DS caregivers.Methods: An anonymous survey about attitudes and usage of GTE/EGCG in individuals with DS was completed by caregivers of these individuals.Results: GTE/EGCG treatment was provided by 18% of responding caregivers who were mostly younger, highly educated, and utilized scientific sources and other parents to influence their decision to use GTE/EGCG. Individuals with DS who received GTE/EGCG were characterized as less severely disabled. Most caregivers who did not give GTE/EGCG reported concerns about potential side effects and lack of effectiveness. Few caregivers consulted with medical providers about GTE/EGCG usage.Conclusions: These results demonstrate a need for communication between caregivers, medical providers, and scientists about potential benefits and risks for adverse effects of GTE, EGCG, and other nutritional supplements in individuals with DS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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79. The Influence of Body Mass and Height on Equine Hoof Conformation and Symmetry.
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Leśniak, Kirsty, Whittington, Lisa, Mapletoft, Stephanie, Mitchell, Jennifer, Hancox, Katie, Draper, Stephen, and Williams, Jane
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Despite the likelihood that a horse's mass influences hoof morphology, empirical evidence is lacking. A clearer understanding of factors influencing hoof shape could enable prevention, or better treatment, of foot-based disorders; common causes of equine lameness. The study's aim was to investigate the relationship between horse body size, in terms of mass and height, and fore hoof dimensions. A further aim was to determine changes in the occurrence of hoof asymmetry as body size increases. Height, mass, and fore hoof dimensions; coronet band width (CBW); hoof base width (HBW); dorsal hoof wall angle (DHWA); and hoof spread (HS) of 63 riding school horses were measured within two weeks of routine shoeing. Regression analysis demonstrated positive relationships between body mass and both CBW and HBW in left and right hooves, indicating basic hoof dimensions increased as body mass increased. No relationship between horse height and hoof variables was found, suggesting mass is more influential on hoof morphology. Left and right DHWL were moderately correlated; however, paired t -test results identified a greater right than left DHWA. As left DHWA increased, left HS decreased, indicating development of a more upright hoof geometry. Both left and right HS increased as corresponding HBW increased. Both hooves tended toward a more upright conformation as horse height and body mass increased. However, asymmetries observed suggest a splayed left hoof compared to a "boxy" right hoof. Such morphological adjustments may indicate variation in horn tubule orientation in response to greater structural loading; an important consideration for hoof practitioners. • The mass of the study cohort had a greater influence on hoof conformation than horse height. • Taller horses (>16hh) have more upright "boxy" feet compared to shorter horses. • Paired hooves presented with asymmetry; the left hoof being more acutely angled. • Dorsal hoof wall angle asymmetry increased as horse height and body mass increased. • Right hooves presented as more upright or "boxy" due to a lower hoof spread ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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80. The role of heart rate monitoring to assess workload during maintenance interval training in National Hunt racehorses.
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Williams, Jane, Kenworthy, Kieran, Jones, Tim, Marlin, David, and Tabor, Gillian
- Abstract
Quantitative assessment of racehorse workload and fitness levels can be achieved through heart rate monitoring (HRM), an established reliable indicator of workload. Using HRM can aid trainers in formulating evidence-based training regimes and evaluating individual horses' progress during training. Despite this, HRM is not used consistently within racehorse training. This study aimed to evaluate how the maintenance workload of racehorses actively engaged in training and racing in the UK and varied across an interval-training regime (6 weeks). Ten thoroughbred racehorses (age: 9.1 ± 1.9 years) of mixed level (British Horseracing Authority Official Rating: 127.2 ± 7.95; career winnings: £34774.6 ± 21548.64) and experience in training (total races: 25 ± 12) were recruited for the study. Equinity Technology™ Ltd HRM systems collected weekly heart rate (HR) data for each horse during a maintenance interval training session (speed: 11 m/s) on a 3 furlong (0.38 m) all-weather gallop (sand, rubber, and wax mixture; 8 cm depth). Maintenance workload levels were determined by the same experienced National Hunt trainer; typical training sessions consisted of a warm up (walk and trot) to the gallop (1000 m) followed by a canter interval run: 0.38 km, after which horses walked 0.38 km back to the start; this process was then repeated a further two times. Mean HR, mean speed, and mean stride frequency (SF) for each run was recorded. Mean HR was used to calculate the mean percentage of HR maximum (%HRmax) for each horse between canter runs for individual training sessions and across the 6-week period. A series of one-way ANOVAs (significance: P < 0.05) with post hoc paired t-tests (Bonferroni-adjusted alpha: P < 0.01) examined if differences in %HRmean, mean speed, and mean SF occurred across the cohort and for individual horses. No significant differences in %HRmax, mean speed, or mean SF were found at the cohort or individual level (P > 0.05). The trainer rated all horses working at maintenance (aerobic) levels; however, descriptive analysis identified that 74%, 43%, and 2% of gallop runs exceeded the anaerobic threshold when set at 75%, 80%, and 85% of HRmax. The results provide evidence that HRM can provide trainers with a more accurate appraisal of racehorse workload compared to visual assessment during training. Increasing industry understanding of how HRM can be used to monitor fitness within training can enhance equine welfare by preparing horses appropriately for the demands of competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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81. A systematic literature review to evaluate the tools and methods used to measure rein tension.
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Dumbell, Lucy, Lemon, Chloe, and Williams, Jane
- Abstract
Abstract The use of pressure via a bit in the horse's mouth is part of training methods throughout equine disciplines. Rein tension refers to the force exerted on the reins between the horse and human during ridden and in-hand training. Understanding the effects of these forces has the potential to inform both rider performance and equine welfare research. The methodological protocols of current rein tension research appear inconsistent, and to date, a review on rein tension has not been published. This study uses a systematic literature review to evaluate the tools and methods used to measure rein tension within current literature to establish whether their findings were reliable. The review also suggests improvements to study protocols, where appropriate, to enable the standardized measurement of rein tension. A search protocol was developed and inclusion criteria defined with the aid of independent subject specialists, including 2 published equestrian authors, an equine industry professional and a librarian. Inclusion criteria determined that only full peer-reviewed articles available via Google Scholar and published in the previous 15 years were included in the review. Articles also had to include the following key words: rein tension AND "horse/s" OR "rider/s" OR "equine/s" OR "equestrian." The literature search returned 154 initial results, and the inclusion criteria rejected 137 results. Seventeen primary research articles (after 2002) from peer-reviewed journals were subsequently reviewed. The articles reviewed found rein tension to be influenced by the horse, the rider, and the training equipment used. Rein tension studies have multivariable foci and methodological limitations and frequently report their methods and results inconsistently. Future rein tension research should aim to improve the consistency of reporting horse-related, rider-related, and performance-related factors that may affect rein tension, as well as reporting data handling and analysis approaches to increase comparability between studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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82. Understanding barriers and facilitators to long-term participation needs in children and young people following acquired brain injuries: a qualitative multi-stakeholder study
- Author
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Keetley, Rachel, Manning, Joseph C., Williams, Jane, Bennett, Emily, Westlake, Meri, and Radford, Kathryn
- Abstract
Background This study focused on exploring the longer-term participation needs of children and young people with acquired brain injury (CYP-ABI) and their families in one region of the UK and identifying the barriers and facilitators of their participation and well-being to inform the development of a behavioural change intervention for clinical implementation. Methods Qualitative interviews were conducted with CYP-ABI and parents. Focus groups were created with health, education, care and charity stakeholders. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) were used to map needs, barriers and facilitators. Results A total of 10 CYP/parent dyads (n = 20) and 17 health, education, care and charity stakeholders were included in this study. Unmet participation needs were mapped to the ICF and barriers/facilitators to the BCW. Significant unmet needs impacting CYP-ABI participation and family well-being were found. Barriers spanned ‘Capability’, ‘Opportunity’ and ‘Motivation’, the greatest being knowledge, skills, social influences, environmental context and resources, social identity and emotion. Facilitators included increasing awareness and understanding, supporting parents, long-term access to specialist assessment and rehabilitation, peer support and integrated collaborative pathways. Conclusion The long-term impact of ABI on CYP and families’ participation and well-being were significant, with barriers spanning every sector and level of society. Implementation of collaborative, cross-sector (education, health and social care) accessible and family-centred care pathways is needed to meet the long-term needs of CYP-ABI and their families, ensuring equity of access. Multi-modal, family-centred, needs-led, theory-based interventions should be co-developed with CYP, families and stakeholders to improve the health and well-being outcomes and the lives of CYP-ABI and their families.
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- 2024
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83. Equine Endurance Race Pacing Strategy and Performance in 120-km Single-Day Races.
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Marlin, David and Williams, Jane
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Race pace strategy has been extensively studied in human sports such as running, cycling, and swimming. In contrast, pacing strategy appears to have been virtually ignored in equestrian sport despite its potential to contribute to performance optimization. Previously, we have demonstrated that there are significant differences in pacing strategy between finishers and nonfinishers in 120-km single-day endurance races. The aim of the present study was to further analyze the same dataset of electronically timed Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI) 120-km (single day) Concours de Raid d’Endurance International (CEI) ∗∗ ∗∗ All rides between 120 km and 139 km in one day or between 70 km and 89 km per day over two days. Maximum Pulse at Vet Gates: 64 bpm within 20 minutes. endurance races that took place in Europe and the Middle East in 2016 and 2017. The competition records of 218 horses that finished (average completion rate: 56%) in 24 races, each consisting of 4 loops (laps), were evaluated. Final loop speed was significantly increased for horses placed in the top 3 who recorded 12% faster mean speed ( P = .011) compared with horses that finished outside of the top 3. Top 3–finishing horses also significantly increase the speed with which they complete loop 3 ( P = .040; 3% increase in percentage of loop 1 speed) and the final loop ( P = .008; 8% increase in percentage of loop 1 speed) of races compared with horses who achieve lower placings and completed loop 1 at a 3% lower percentage of their average race speed ( P = .008) and those who finished fourth or higher. These results suggest that horses that are placed in the top 3 are ridden more consistently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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84. Resting Energy Expenditure of Children With End-stage Chronic Liver Disease Before and After Liver Transplantation
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Kyrana, Eirini, Williams, Jane E., Wells, Jonathan C., and Dhawan, Anil
- Abstract
Our objective was to test the hypothesis that children with end-stage chronic liver disease (ESCLD) are hypermetabolic when compared to healthy children, and that this hypermetabolism persists for at least 6 months after liver transplant. Seventeen patients with end-stage chronic liver disease and 14 healthy controls had their resting energy expenditure measured (mREE) by indirect calorimetry. Weight, height, and body mass index were converted to standard deviation (SD) scores. Children older than 5 years had air displacement plethysmography and patients older than 5 years also had whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with characterization of fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and bone-free fat free (lean) mass. When compared to the prediction equation 44% of the patients and 50% of the healthy controls were hypermetabolic. The younger patients (0–5 years) had a lower mREE than the healthy controls but were significantly lighter and shorter than their healthy counterparts. mREE correlated strongly for all children with age, weight, height, and FFM. There was a strong negative correlation between age and mREE/kg in both patients (rs= -0.94, P< 0.01) and controls (rs= -0.91, P< 0.01). Almost 84% of the variance in mREE was explained by age (P< 0.001). There were no significant differences between resting energy expenditure (REE)/FFM between the 2 groups. mREE/kg before liver transplant correlated with mREE/kg after transplant (Pearson r= 0.83, P< 0.01). REE mostly reflected the size of the child. The patients were not hypermetabolic when compared to the healthy children. The main determinant of REE/kg after transplant was REE/kg before transplant.
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- 2019
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85. The use of outcome measures in equine rehabilitation
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Tabor, Gillian and Williams, Jane
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Background:The ideal goal of equine rehabilitation following injury or surgery is to return the horse to a level of function that either meets or exceeds the previous performance level, and monitoring progress is important within rehabilitation. Outcome measures (OM) are used extensively in human practice and research, especially patient reported outcomes (PRO). PROs generally consist of a series of questions and observation of functional tasks, use of which may be challenging in equine practice.Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of OMs by physiotherapists in equine musculoskeletal rehabilitation.Methods:A questionnaire was used to investigate how those involved with the treatment and training of horses measure progress and outcomes during rehabilitation.Results:71 physiotherapists responded, comprising 51 chartered physiotherapists and 20 physiotherapists without prior human training, with an average of 9.25 years in equine practice; 82.2% reported OM use. When asked to define an OM, 72.5% of chartered physiotherapists and 40% of physiotherapists without prior human training, matched a pre-set definition correctly. The benefits of OM use were reported consistently as a method of objectively monitoring progress and used to adapt treatment plans. The barriers to OM use were lack of OM validation and reliability and time constraints. However, OMs were mainly subjective, such as visual assessment of lameness, palpation and muscle symmetry.Conclusion:In conclusion, confusion exists regarding what an OM is, and OM use is reported but often refers to subjective assessment method. A validated equine musculoskeletal rehabilitation score is required to support clinical practice.
- Published
- 2018
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86. Healthcare Communication and Teamwork: An Interprofessional Case-Based Approach to Learning
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Brown, Amanda, Taheri, Reza, Lam, Jerika, Pearce, Shauna, Williams, Jane, and Beuttler, Richard
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- 2023
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87. Factors Associated with Glycemic Control in Pediatric Patients with Diabetes
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FRINDIK, J. PAUL, WILLIAMS, JANE P., JOHNSON, RAE LYNN, and DYKMAN, ROSCOE A.
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Diabetes -- Research ,Health - Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine factors associated with good glycemic control in pediatric patients. Knowledge of these factors may be beneficial in preventive practices and treatment interventions [...]
- Published
- 2000
88. Effect of Routine Dentistry on Fecal Fiber Length in Donkeys.
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Johnson, Claire, Williams, Jane, and Phillips, Chelsie
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Many donkeys are kept as companions in the UK and are not ridden or work, therefore dental pain can often go unnoticed by owners. Donkeys suffer from an increased frequency of dental pathology compared with horses and require regular dental treatment (rasping) to optimize their welfare. Fecal fiber length (FFL) has been suggested as a noninvasive method to assess when Equidae require dental treatment. This study aimed to identify FFL prerasping in donkeys requiring dental treatment and to evaluate how this changed over a 6-week period postrasping. Twenty adult donkeys of mixed sex and age, and subject to analogous management regimes were selected from The Donkey Sanctuary. Fecal samples were taken for FFL analysis prerasping (week 0) and postrasping (weeks 1–3 and 6). Mean FFL, determined via laboratory analysis, was recorded for each donkey and the cohort each week. Repeated measures analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni analyses and a Bonferroni adjustment ( P ≤ .01) examined if differences occurred in FFL between weeks. The cohort's mean FFL was higher prerasping than for all weeks examined postrasping. Significant reductions in mean FFL for the cohort were reported pre- and postrasping for week 0 to weeks 1–3 and 6, 1 and 3, 1 and 6, 2 and 3, and 2 and 6 ( P < .0001). Prerasping FFLs >3.3 mm were associated with the presence of dental elongations in adult, companion donkeys. This suggests that FFL measurement is a useful noninvasive tool that could be used to assess the dental health of donkeys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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89. Is the expression of stereotypic behavior a performance-limiting factor in animals?
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Williams, Jane and Randle, Hayley
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Stereotypical behavior (STB) has been observed in a wide range of species regardless of its classification. Despite extensive research into factors that contribute to the etiology of STB and/or influence the expression of STB, few studies have explicitly evaluated if relationships exist between STB and performance variables in livestock or equine athletes. This review explores the effect of STBs on animal performance, using the horse and production animals as examples, to establish whether their expression should be viewed as a positive or negative attribute by the animal industry. Emergent themes within livestock and equine research suggest that individuals that exhibit STBs also demonstrate impaired performance attributes that support the proposal that STB is a negative characteristic. Much of the available empirical evidence suggests that negative environmental stressors represent a greater risk to the economic value of animals compared with STB. Within equestrianism, stereotypic performing horses appear to react and learn in a different way to nonstereotypic horses, which, in professional hands, could enhance their performance potential and value, but with amateur riders could reinforce the negative associations that exist. However, performance is a complex phenomenon with any species, and multiple endogenous and exogenous factors will contribute to success at any one time. Further research is required that explicitly explores how different STBs influence performance variables alongside consideration of the effect of management systems and environmental stressors and their role in STB expression in both livestock and horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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90. Equine Posture Analysis: Development of a Simple Tool to Record Equine Thoracolumbar Posture.
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Tabor, Gillian, Elliott, Ami, Mann, Natacha, and Williams, Jane
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Abstract Musculoskeletal assessment of horses includes assessment of conformation, symmetry, and postural alignment of the equine spine; however, objective methods to analyse the spine have high costs and are logistically complex. This study aimed to assess the intrarater and interrater reliability of simple methods designed to objectively measure thoracolumbar (TL) posture from photographs. A sample of horses (n = 190) were photographed with a digital camera in two positions of stance, and also a static image was captured from video at the toe off phase of the right hind in walk. Measurements of TL angle, depth, and area of lordosis were tested for intrarater and interrater reliability. Repeated measures of TL angle showed no significant differences between measurements taken by one observer, but TL depth and surface area measures were not found to be consistently reliable. Interrater reliability was poor for all measurements across three observers. TL angle method of recording thoracolumbar posture in horses has the potential to be used to gain an objective measure of posture when standardized positioning is applied by a single experimenter or clinician. Highlights • Musculoskeletal assessment of horses includes assessment of posture. • Objective, simple measures of equine thoracolumbar posture have not been tested for reliability. • Calculation of equine thoracolumbar angle is reliable with one observer but not with multiple observers. • Calculation of equine thoracolumbar depth or area is not reliable for either one or more observers. • The thoracolumbar angle method could be used to objectively measure outcome of treatment interventions if repeated by a single observer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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91. Rabbit health practices of 202 rabbit owners
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Dalley, Florence, Oxley, James A, Montrose, V Tamara, Wills, Alison P, and Williams, Jane
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Aim:Owners often underestimate the management needs of pet rabbits. Determining rabbit owners' health management practices, and where they gain healthcare information, will facilitate veterinary professionals in providing advice to rabbit owners.Method:Rabbit owners in the UK (n=202) completed an online questionnaire providing information on health checking, vaccination and parasite control practices. Where owners gain information on rabbit health care was also determined.Results:The majority of owners performed daily health checks of their rabbit's appetite, posterior, skin, faeces, face and behaviour; weekly checks of their coat; monthly checks of teeth and occasional checks of bodyweight and gums. Most owners had vaccinated their rabbits against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease but were not using parasite prevention methods. The majority of owners stated that they would respond promptly to seek veterinary assistance in response to inappetance. Owners preferred to obtain health information from veterinary professionals, though suggested more information on digestive problems and dental disease would be useful.Conclusion:Greater education of owners on the appropriate frequency of health checking is warranted. Veterinary practices could play an integral role in improving owner knowledge of rabbit health practices via providing leaflets in centres, information on veterinary centre websites, and dedicated rabbit clinics.
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- 2018
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92. Drooling Reduction Intervention randomised trial (DRI): comparing the efficacy and acceptability of hyoscine patches and glycopyrronium liquid on drooling in children with neurodisability
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Parr, Jeremy R, Todhunter, Emma, Pennington, Lindsay, Stocken, Deborah, Cadwgan, Jill, O’Hare, Anne E, Tuffrey, Catherine, Williams, Jane, Cole, Mike, and Colver, Allan F
- Abstract
ObjectiveInvestigate whether hyoscine patch or glycopyrronium liquid is more effective and acceptable to treat drooling in children with neurodisability.DesignMulticentre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial.SettingRecruitment through neurodisability teams; treatment by parents.ParticipantsNinety children with neurodisability who had never received medication for drooling (55 boys, 35 girls; median age 4 years). Exclusion criteria: medication contraindicated; in a trial that could affect drooling or management.InterventionChildren were randomised to receive a hyoscine skin patch or glycopyrronium liquid. Dose was increased over 4 weeks to achieve optimum symptom control with minimal side-effects; steady dose then continued to 12 weeks.Primary and secondary outcomesPrimary outcome: Drooling Impact Scale (DIS) score at week-4. Secondary outcomes: change in DIS scores over 12 weeks, Drooling Severity and Frequency Scale and Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication; adverse events; children’s perception about treatment.ResultsBoth medications yielded clinically and statistically significant reductions in mean DIS at week-4 (25.0 (SD 22.2) for hyoscine and 26.6 (SD 16) for glycopyrronium). There was no significant difference in change in DIS scores between treatment groups. By week-12, 26/47 (55%) children starting treatment were receiving hyoscine compared with 31/38 (82%) on glycopyrronium. There was a 42% increased chance of being on treatment at week-12 for children randomised to glycopyrronium relative to hyoscine (1.42, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.95).ConclusionsHyoscine and glycopyrronium are clinically effective in treating drooling in children with neurodisability. Hyoscine produced more problematic side effects leading to a greater chance of treatment cessation.Trial registration numbersISRCTN 75287237; EUDRACT: 2013-000863-94; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency: 17136/0264/001-0003
- Published
- 2018
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93. Stress in chelonians (tortoises, terrapins and turtles)
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Williams, Jane
- Abstract
Chelonians are not commonly seen in general veterinary practice. Stress, distress and pain can be very difficult to observe or measure in this group of reptiles. As ectotherms they are totally reliant on the captive environment for provision of suitable conditions to maintain good health and wellbeing. This is essential to avoid environmental stress in chelonians. Stress in captivity is likely to be chronic, and is often due to poor husbandry or environmental conditions. Transportation, treatment and handling could also lead to acute stress episodes. Any treatment, extended stay or handling at the veterinary practice requires provision of suitable accommodation, which is often not available.
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- 2017
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94. Gaining insights into factors associated with rehoming of horses from equine charities
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Williams, Jane
- Published
- 2019
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95. The Chelsea mosaics of Boris Anrep (1886-1969).
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Williams, Jane
- Abstract
The article looks at 20th-century Russian mosaic artist Boris Anrep, focusing on mosaics he created in the Chelsea, London, England, home of American-born artist Ethel Sands. It notes the mosaics included portraits of numerous people including the Russian poet Anna Akhmatova, British painter Dora Carrington, and British author Virginia Woolf. Elements drawn from the style of Byzantine mosaics are described.
- Published
- 2015
96. Levetiracetam in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
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de los Reyes, Emily C, primary, Sharp, Gregory B, additional, Williams, Jane P, additional, and Hale, Sue E, additional
- Published
- 2004
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97. Functional MRI and Wada Determination of Language Lateralization: A Case of Crossed Dominance
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Ries, Michele L., primary, Boop, Frederick A., additional, Griebel, May L., additional, Zou, Ping, additional, Phillips, Nicholas S., additional, Johnson, Sterling C., additional, Williams, Jane P., additional, Helton, Kathleen J., additional, and Ogg, Robert J., additional
- Published
- 2003
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98. Parental Perception and Factors Associated with Glycemic Control in Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes
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Frindik, J. Paul, primary, Williams, Jane P., additional, Johnson, Rae Lynn, additional, and Dykman, Roscoe A., additional
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
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99. CHAPTER SEVEN: Forging Leadership Approaches: Career Transitions for Two Women in Federal Service.
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MARTIN, SUZANNE M. and WILLIAMS, JANE M.
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WOMEN in the civil service ,CAREER development ,LEADERSHIP - Abstract
Chapter 7 of the book "Special Women, Special Leaders: Special Educators and the Challenge of Leadership" is presented. It explores the career transitions of two women in federal service, including the experiences and lessons learned while working at the U.S. Department of Education and Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP). It highlights the importance of availing opportunities for continuing, high-quality professional development to expand and strengthen leadership skills and knowledge.
- Published
- 2005
100. An in vitro investigation into the efficacies of chlorhexidine gluconate, povidone iodine and green tea (Camellia sinensis) to prevent surgical site infection in animals
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Williams, Jane, Lane, S, and Harniman, S
- Abstract
Background:Surgical site infections are common in veterinary practice; their prevention is based on the preoperative use of topical antimicrobials at the surgical site to reduce resident bacteria to sub-pathogenic levels.AimChlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) and povidone iodine (PI) are the most popular options for preoperative skin preparation in veterinary practice, however increasing bacterial resistance to CHG and PI have been reported; therefore investigation into alternative antimicrobials such as Camellia sinensis (green tea: GT) is required.MethodThe Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial activity of four dilutions of CHG, PI and GT on the normal flora of animal skin, represented by S. aureus, S. intermedius, S. uberisand S. pyogenes. Zones of inhibition (ZOI) were measured to assess antimicrobial action. Kruskal-Wallis analyses with Mann-Whitney post-hoc tests determined differences in efficacy between the dilutions of antimicrobials for each bacterium tested.ResultsAll antimicrobials inhibited bacterial growth, CHG was more efficacious than PI and GT (p<0.0001; mean CHG: 24.02± 2.05 mm; mean PI: 4.46±1.35 mm; mean GT: 2.90mm±2.60mm). Although GT produced smaller ZOIs than PI, no significant differences in efficacy existed (p>0.05).ConclusionThe results suggest that CHG is the best antimicrobial for preoperative skin preparation. GT did produce an antibacterial effect on three of the four bacteria, although this was inferior to the existing veterinary products used. Therefore GT in the formulation tested is not recommended for use as a veterinary antimicrobial.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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