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The image formation process has been an area of inquiry for more than 20 years. The process of image formation is intricately entwined with the destination selection process. Understanding the different techniques unitized to form destination images is necessary to developing an image consistent with what a destination has to offer. This paper present a typology of the different image formation agents, describes the process of touristic image formation and provides recommendations for selecting the appropriate image formation mix. It is an attempt to develop a theoretical basis for the touristic image formation process.

This paper discusses second home owners' perceptions of facilities and services within the community, and moves beyond previous research that addressed primary motivation for location decisions. A total of 513 respondents contributed information on outdoor and indoor recreational activities, tax-supported services, health-care services, environment, crowding, and increases in tourism within a Wisconsin second home community. Findings show that the second home owners may influence the facilities, services, and sociocultural aspects of the community. Second home owners' attitudes and perceptions may be as important in determining community direction as permanent resident perceptions.

(1992). Foodservice Employers' and Employees' Attitudes toward AIDS. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 32-36.

The People's Republic of China (PRC) has yet to recover from a dramatic drop in tourism due to the Tiananmen Square conflict. Occupancy levels remain lower than those existing before the conflict. Although the drop in tourism can be quantified, it was not known if there was a corresponding drop in the touristic image of the country. A study assessing the image of the country held by the mature market in the United States was completed one day before the Tiananmen Square conflict. In an attempt to assess image change due to Tiananmen Square, the initial study was repeated one year after the conflict using a similar sample population. Images of tourism attractions and services were compared between groups using Anova procedures. Touristic images of the country, for the most part, had declined; however, not all image components changed equally. Some evidence suggests that the image changes for touristic services may mean more to future travel to the PRC than the image changes noted for attractions.

Academic inquiries have predominantly treated destination branding as a marketing phenomenon that happens to involve tourists as customers in a marketplace. The practice of it has been entrenched in deploying tactical marketing tools such as attention-grabbing slogans. This opening chapter provides a critical review of destination and place branding literature, as well as a synopsis of each of the 15 chapters assembled in this state-of-the-art collection. Considering tourism branding as a community affair, this volume is distinguished from previous publications by adopting a global and more multidisciplinary approach and by placing the subject of tourism branding outside of the conventional domains of marketing and destination. By having the host community at the central stage, many chapters explicitly consider different stakeholders in the process of branding. Built on theoretical foundations with both empirical findings and practical cases, this book brings together different perspectives and offers an intellectual and open dialogue among academics and practitioners of the field.

Destination brand equity is a recent line of enquiry within the academic community. The topic is still not well understood from a theoretical standpoint. This chapter attempts to frame the conceptual question of how to develop brand equity by providing some theoretical constructs for the nature of destination. Brand characteristics with respect to tangible and experiential products are examined, followed by the identification of its dimensions. Awareness, image, loyalty, quality, and value are identified as different dimensions existing within destination brands. Research that has dealt with these dimensions is discussed, with suggestions on how to build brand equity using market characteristics and their relationship to the different dimensions. Case studies are used to illustrate some of the main points from the theoretical discourse, including the issue of who controls brand identity under different development scenarios.

Despite the recent academic attention to branding, there seems to be no clear path for authorities to follow in establishing their destinations as distinctive and strategic brands. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a practical framework for destination authorities. Review of relevant literature reveals that branding in a destination context involves development and maintenance of positive image and identity using several elements such as names, logos, slogans, and color. These elements need to be distilled from destination characteristics and they can lead to strong brand equity. A comprehensive research framework with both qualitative and quantitative methods is suggested to assess these brand elements, meanings, and assets for both supply and demand sides of the market.

Recently, Korea has been preparing herself, on a scale unprecedented in her history, for the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games. The Olympics, more than just a sporting extravaganza, will offer-Korea a chance to foster tourism growth and showcase recent economic achievements. This study was concerned with assessing the impacts of a mega-event. To assess perceived impacts, a group of high level Korean tourism professionals, members of the academic community, and mass media editors were surveyed in June 1987. Results from the survey, indicate that primary expectations for hosting the Olympics are an increase in international awareness of Korea as a tourism destination, a modification of Korea's present distorted image, and a strengthening of cultural values through the projection of a distinct Korean cultural image during the Seoul Olympics.

The fastest growing minority group in the United States is Hispanic, with the majority of this group made up of Mexican‐Americans. Researchers question whether this group forms a distinct subculture in American society and if present recreation facility design provides opportunities for the reinforcement of cultural values. Mexican‐American and Anglo campers using a minimally developed U.S. Forest Service managed campground in New Mexico were surveyed during the summer of 1985. Significant differences were noted between the groups. In particular, larger party sizes were noted for Mexican‐American campers than for the Anglo groups. Mexican Americans also indicated a preference for nearness to other campers, placed a higher priority on tangible campground design features, and intended to use more highly developed campgrounds and decrease use of dispersed or roadless area campgrounds in the future. Noted differences were believed related more to cultural identity than either socioeconomic or social ...

Segmented (differential or discriminatory) pricing means selling a product or service at different prices without proportional differences in costs (Kotler, 1997; Kotler & Armstrong, 1996; Kotler, Bowen, & Makens, 2003). Loomis and Walsh (1997), define three degrees of price differentiation, perfect, imperfect and segment-based. In perfect degree, the entire potential consumer surplus is extracted with a price equal to the maximum willingness to pay per unit. In imperfect degree, some of the consumer surplus is extracted with discounts for groups of units rather than per unit, and the third degree “involves separating buyers into groups with different elasticities of demand and setting prices so that marginal revenue equals marginal cost in each” (1997, p. 356). There are several ways of applying segmented pricing. The same product or service could be sold at different prices at different places. A differential park entrance fee at different places is a good example of this practice. Another way of segmented pricing has to do with the timing of production and consumption; the same product could be sold at different prices at different times. Hospitality and tourism products are highly seasonal; therefore, segmented pricing at different times is very pertinent to the hospitality and tourism industry. In another way, the same product or service could be sold at different prices to different segments of customers (Kotler, 1997, p. 513). In the context of a destination as an international tourism product, it would be logical to assume that residents, the real owners of the place, would have cheaper access to tourism sites and facilities. The reasons could be residing in avoidance of conflicts in social rights as well as the lower income levels of resident populations.

Much of the academic tourism literature is demand side focused. That is it deals with the tourist. What they like to do, how much they spend, what they think of places etc are common themes one can find in almost all professional tourism journals.What is not so common is a supply side micro focus on firms engaged in providing touristic goods and services. Yet it is these very firms that often provide the basis for an individual’s trip satisfaction evaluation.

Rural tourism development is almost as difficult to do right as it is to define what it means. In this paper a number of critical features necessary to successful rural development were examined. Some of the features mentioned such as transportation fall into the domain of the public sector. Others such as human resource training and communication technology may be the responsibility of both the public and private sectors.

Big picture society resources participation evaluation and valuation development management and operations education and training implications for management, public policies, marketing and planning.

Hunt (1971) defines state image as the impressions that a person or persons hold about a state in which they do not reside. But image is more complex than a single perception, for Brand identification as well as people's perceptions of attributes of various activities or attractions within an area will interact to form a composite state image. Research into such images is a basis for product positioning of a state's various attractions or activities against other regions. The effects of temporal influences on image change may have consequences for product positioning. Within the limits of this research design, very little image change was seen to result from short-term seasonal differences. However, the minor changes noted were in the hypothesized direction, leading to the conclusion that further research should be conducted on image change as a result of temporal influences.

Summary Extensive unplanned residential land settlement often leads to numerous environmental, economic and social problems. Problems affect local planning efforts as well as firms involved in the land development business. Policy that is effective in alleviating problems recognizes that certain land settlement types are to a greater or lesser degree associated with a specific problem. Identification of characteristics related to those types using market segmentation analysis, is the aim of this study. Land settlement types were identified as permanent home ownership, seasonal home ownership and property ownership with no home development (recreational lot). Results indicate that there is a great deal of exploitable differences between segments with relevance to firms engaged in land development, as well as policy makers concerned with problems associated with unplanned settlement practices.

State tourism image is a complex combination of various products and associated attributes . Attribute identification, along with state tourism product position, was inves tigated using multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS). Two-dimensional analysis on image data collected for the states of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah revealed salient attributes together with state touristic product images. The MDS procedure allowed for subjective interpretation of data, resulting in marketing implications for redirecting state image and modifying promotional campaigns. It was suggested that MDS analysis provides for alternative assessments of state tourism image, but before product reposition ing efforts are undertaken , individuals possessing intimate familiarity with the destination area be consulted for assistance in data interpretation.

The growth of recreational home developments in many areas can be directly traced to tourism. Attractive areas with recreational amenities and inexpensive land become prime locations for new home developments. Many times these locations are in environmentally sensitive areas. The literature has assessed seasonal or second homes and the impact they have on the environment, but little investigation has been conducted for other segments associated with home development. In this study, permanent homeowners, seasonal homeowners, and recreational lot owners in Michigan were surveyed. Information on location preferences, reasons for property purchase, frequency of visitation, attitudes and knowledge concerning future development, and land use controls were analyzed. Results indicated the property owner segments had many differences, which helped explain why environmental impacts occured and the potential for future impacts remains high.

This study was undertaken to estimate the economic impact on a specific region resulting from a nine-day tourism industry exposition. Over 80,000 people paid to attend the 1980 Greater Michigan Boat and Fishing Show which displayed equipment by 165 exhibitors. Detailed direct expenditure information was obtained from patrons and exhibitors. Multiplier analysis was employed to estimate total economic impact. Patrons were estimated to have a total economic impact on metropolitan Detroit of over $2 million. Economic sectors heavily impacted by patron expenditures were food services, entertainment, and auto related. Expenditures by show exhibitors were estimated to contribute an additional $1.8 million to the local economy. Economic sectors heavily impacted by exhibitors were households, advertising, and insurance.