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83. Carbohydrates, physical training and sport performance.

Author

Wildman R, Kerksick C, and Campbell B

Abstract

Carbohydrate is a key energy source during exercise. Factors such as fed/metabolic state, diet, type, intensity/duration of exercise, and training status influence its use during exercise and whether external (e.g., diet), internal (e.g., muscle or liver glycogen), or blood sources are used. Along with hydration, carbohydrate availability is a primary factor leading to muscular or central fatigue. Proper timing of carbohydrate intake before, during, and after exercise can sustain performance and optimize recovery. Carbohydrate type can influence osmotic, digestibility, glycemic, and insulinemic effects. This article briefly reviews these key concepts and provides practical guidance for application to athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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85. Aspects of cardiomyopathy are exacerbated by elevated dietary fat in copper-restricted rats.

Author

Jalili, T, Medeiros, D M, and Wildman, R E

Subjects
ENZYME analysis, ENZYME metabolism, ANIMAL experimentation, CHOLESTEROL, COMPARATIVE studies, COPPER, DIET, ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY, ELECTROPHORESIS, FAT content of food, INGESTION, LACTATE dehydrogenase, LIVER, RESEARCH methodology, MEDICAL cooperation, MYOCARDIUM, CARDIOMYOPATHIES, RATS, RESEARCH, SUPEROXIDE dismutase, WESTERN immunoblotting, EVALUATION research
Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine if a high fat diet having a 2:1 saturated-polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio exacerbates signs of copper deficiency. Male weanling Long-Evans rats were randomly placed into one of the following treatment groups: adequate copper low fat or deficient copper high fat. The levels of fat used were 31 or 12% of daily energy, and copper concentrations were 94.5 micromol/kg and <15.8 micromol/kg in the copper-adequate and copper-deficient diets, respectively. Cardiac hypertrophy as well as lower liver copper levels and superoxide dismutase activity were observed in both groups of copper-deficient rats. Irrespective of copper level, consumption of the high fat diet resulted in the thickening of the interventricular septum and left ventricular free wall. Electrocardiograms revealed that the copper-deficient high fat diet led to a significantly smaller QT interval compared with all other groups. Significantly greater S-wave voltage due to copper deficiency was observed. Significantly lower heart cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activity was found in the copper-deficient groups with the copper deficient high fat group showing the lowest activity. Western blots of the cardiac non-myofibrillar fraction demonstrated lower amounts of CCO nuclear encoded peptides in the copper-deficient groups, with the least amount seen in the copper-deficient high fat treatment. These data suggest that a high level of dietary fat exacerbates some of the signs of copper deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1996
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93. Influences of the unsaturated, saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River, California, USA

Author

Domagalski, J. L., Phillips, S. P., Bayless, E. R., Zamora, C., Kendall, C., Wildman, R. A., and Hering, J. G.

Abstract

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50-100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N2 in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area. © Springer-Verlag 2007.

99. Impact Absorbent Rapid Manufactured Structures (IARMS)

Author

Brennan-Craddock, J. P. J., Guy Bingham, Hague, R. J. M., and Wildman, R. D.

Subjects
Rapid Manufacturing
Abstract

Rapid Manufacturing (RM) is increasingly becoming a viable manufacturing process due to dramatic advantages that it facilitates in the area of design complexity. Through the exploration of the design freedom afforded by RM, this paper introduces the concept and initial research surrounding Impact Absorbent Rapid Manufactured Structures (IARMS), with an application in sports personal protective equipment (PPE). Designs are based on the cellular structure of foams; the inherent advantages of the cellular structure are used as a basis to create IARMS that have the potential to be optimised for a specific impact absorbent response. The paper provides some initial results from compression testing

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