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Additional file 1: Table S1. Function of 16 Vascular Transformation Blood Biomarkers. Table S2. Upper and Lower Limit of Quantification (ng/mL) and the Inter- and Intra-assay %CV for 16 Vascular Transformation Blood Biomarkers. Table S3: Vascular Transformation Blood Biomarker Concentrations. Table S4. Pair-Wise Comparisons of 16 Vascular Transformation Blood Biomarkers. Table S5. Classification Accuracy (Random Forest) and Area-Under-the-Curve (ROC Curve Analyses) of 16 Vascular Transformation Blood Biomarkers. Table S6. Long-COVID Validation Cohort Outpatient Demographics and Clinical Data. Fig. S1. Boxplots and plasma concentrations days after acute infection for ANG-1 and P-SEL in a validation cohort. A) A boxplot demonstrating significantly elevated blood ANG-1 concentrations in Long-COVID outpatients (**** P=0.0001). B) A plot demonstrated ANG-1 concentration versus time after acute infection. A cut-off value adopted from ROC analyses of the test population was calculated. C) A boxplot demonstrating significantly elevated blood P-SEL concentrations in Long-COVID outpatients (**** P=0.0001). D) A plot demonstrated P-SEL concentration versus time after acute infection. A cut-off value adopted from ROC analyses of the test population was calculated.

In many rural areas of Wales there are particular issues facing local communities in seeking to increase the supply of affordable housing, as well as in terms of housing's role in supporting the longer-term sustainability of smaller rural settlements. Local planning policies are critical in this respect, but so is an understanding of issues around the economics of housing on rural exceptions sites and assessing development viability. Planning Policy Wales provides a means of identifying affordable housing exception sites, defined as small sites, located within or adjoining existing settlements, to provide affordable housing to meet local needs. These sites are ‘exceptions’ and would not otherwise be allocated in a development plan. Through a policy review of Local Development Plans, the use of a survey of Local Planning Authorities in Wales, a series of national stakeholder interviews, and documentary analysis of key case studies, this research explores how widely rural exception site policy is used across Wales, it’s effectiveness, variation in use and interpretation, as well as how similar policies are used in other parts of the UK. In doing so the research identifies best practice in the use of rural exception site policy and develops a series of recommendations for improvement.

This paper aims to contribute to the area of geodemographic research through the development of a new and novel flow-based classification of commuting for England and Wales. In doing so, it applies an approach to the analysis of commuting in which origin-destination flow-data, collected as part of the 2011 census of England and Wales, are segmented into groups based on shared similarities across multiple demographic and socioeconomic attributes. k-Means clustering was applied to 49 flow-based commuter variables for 513,892 interactions that captured 18.4 million of the 26.5 million workers recorded as part of the 2011 census of England and Wales. The final classification resulted in an upper-tier of nine ‘Supergroups’ which were subsequently partitioned to derive a lower-tier of 40 ‘Groups’. A nomenclature was developed and associated pen portraits derived to provide basic signposting to the dominant characteristics of each cluster. Analysis of a selection of patterns underlying the ninefold Supergroup configuration revealed a highly variegated structure of commuting in England and Wales. The classification has potentially wide-ranging descriptive and analytical applications within research and policy domains and the approach would be equally transferable to other countries and contexts where origin-destination data are disaggregated based on commuter characteristics.