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"Out of the Cradle" is a new documentary TV program that employs the latest cutting-edge computer graphics, and traces mankind's footsteps back to Africa, as based on the most recent academic theories. Without question, most expert studies on this topic in writing, are far too esoteric for the average person. And though the injection of an entertainment element into such areas of academia may seem the ideal solution for the purposes of education, it's often easier said than done.With this new documentary, we believe that we were able to attain this objective, by utilizing our technical skills in visual expression honed through years of making video games and full-length CG movies. In this particular session, we would like to introduce you to all the activities and work that went into this program up until its completion.

Background Proper soft tissue balance is crucial for a successful clinical outcome after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Bi-cruciate substituting (BCS)-TKA has been developed to more closely approximate normal knee characteristics. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate midflexion laxity before and after BCS-TKA using a navigation system, and assess the correlation between intraoperative laxity and the maximum flexion angle after surgery. Methods Fifty-one knees in 46 patients with osteoarthritis replaced with BCS prosthesis were assessed. Manual mild passive internal–external rotational and varus–valgus stress was applied to the knees, and the maximum total laxity was measured automatically by a navigation system before and after TKA. The correlations with the range of motion (ROM) were evaluated using Spearman's correlation coefficients (ρ). Results Internal–external stress assessment revealed no statistically significant difference at each flexion angle before and after BCS-TKA. In contrast, the varus–valgus stress assessment revealed that BCS-TKA had significantly decreased varus–valgus laxity from preoperative levels at 20–120° flexion angles. Furthermore, the maximum flexion angle at six months after surgery significantly correlated with the intraoperative laxity at deep flexion range. Conclusion BCS-TKA stabilized varus–valgus laxity to better than preoperative levels at midflexion range.

Introduction Midflexion stability can potentially improve the outcome of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between varus–valgus stability at 0° of extension and 90° of flexion and that at the midflexion range in posterior-stabilized (PS)-TKA. Materials and methods Forty-three knees that underwent PS-TKA were evaluated. Manual mild passive varus–valgus stress was applied to the knees, and the postoperative maximum varus–valgus stability was measured every 10° throughout range of motion, using a navigation system. Correlations between the stability at 0°, 90° of flexion, and that at each midflexion angle were evaluated using Spearman’s correlation coefficients. Results The stability of 0° modestly correlated with that of 10°–20°, but it did not significantly correlate with that of 30°–80°. However, the stability of 90° strongly correlated with that of 60°–80°, modestly correlated with that of 40°–50°, weakly correlated with that of 20°–30°, and did not correlate with that of 10°. Conclusions The present study confirmed the importance of acquiring stability at 90° flexion to achieve midflexion stability in PS-TKA. However, initial flexion stability did not strongly correlate with the stability at either 0° or 90°. Our findings can provide useful information for understanding varus–valgus stability throughout the range of motion in PS-TKA. Attention to soft tissue balancing is necessary to stabilize a knee at the initial flexion range in PS-TKA.

Trichoblastoma is the most common skin tumour in the rabbit. The aim of the present study was to characterize the histological and immunohistochemical features of trichoblastoma in 27 rabbits. Common sites of tumour occurrence were the neck (6/30, 20%), head (5/30, 16.7%), flank (4/30, 13.3%) and hindlimb (4/30, 13.3%). Histologically, rabbit trichoblastoma was categorized into ribbon (10/30, 33.3%), trabecular (8/30, 26.7%) and mixed types (12/30, 40%). The tumour tissue showed close interaction with the surrounding stroma where prominent fibroblastic aggregation, known as papillary mesenchymal bodies, was frequently observed (24/30; 80%). Peritumoural stroma of all cases was stained by Alcian blue (at pH 2.5 with weaker staining at pH 1.0). Immunohistochemically, the peripheral palisading basal-type cells of the tumour were positive for cytokeratin (CK) 14 while the inner cells were typically positive for CK17, differing from the immunohistochemical profile of the rabbit epidermis and hair follicle. The present study suggests that uncontrolled embryonic trichogenesis is involved in the development of trichoblastoma in the rabbit.

2歳齢、雄のロップイヤーが元気消失、食欲不振、無尿を主訴に来院した。X線検査にて左側腎盂および両側尿管内に結石像がみとめられた。尿管切開を行い結石を摘出し、臨床症状を改善することができたが、再発を繰り返し3度目の閉塞時に斃死した。ウサギにおいても閉塞を伴う尿管結石に対して積極的な外科治療が有効であるものと考えられた。一方、今後の課題として、結石の再発予防策の検討が必要であると思われた。

Background Restoration of normal knee kinematics is key to improving patient satisfaction and functional outcomes after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, the effect of preoperative varus–valgus kinematics due to knee osteoarthritis on the postoperative kinematics is unclear. The function of the knee ligament contributes to both knee stability and kinematics. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in varus–valgus kinematics before and after TKA using a navigation system, in addition to comparing the pre- and postoperative changes in kinematic patterns between cruciate-retaining (CR)- and posterior-stabilized (PS)-TKAs. Methods Forty knees treated with TKA were evaluated (CR-TKA 20; PS-TKA 20). Manual mild passive knee flexion was applied while moving the leg from full extension to flexion. The varus–valgus angle was automatically measured by a navigation system at every 10° of the flexion angle, and the kinematics were evaluated. Results Kinematic patterns throughout flexion can be classified into five types. The pre- and postoperative kinematic patterns were similar in 60% of patients who underwent CR-TKA, whereas they were similar in only 25% of those who underwent PS-TKA. The mean change in the size of the varus–valgus angle throughout flexion did not differ between CR-TKA and PS-TKA. However, the distribution of changes in the size of the varus–valgus angle differed between CR-TKA and PS-TKA. Conclusions We obtained the following results: 1) some patterns of varus–valgus kinematics are noted under unloading conditions despite recovery of neutral alignment in extension and 2) the preoperative varus–valgus kinematic pattern persisted more strongly after CR-TKA than after PS-TKA.

Irradiation damage in the several thickness polyimide films induced by 2.0 MeV He ions has been evaluated by Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and elastic recoil detection (ERDA) methods. For the samples without annealing, gradual decrease of hydrogen content has been observed with the increase of ion dose. After 5 min annealing at 100 °C, a large amount of hydrogen atoms disappeared suddenly. Then small and continuous depletion of hydrogen content was also observed after ion beam irradiation. After 5 min annealing at 300 °C, hydrogen concentration has recovered for the 100 °C annealed film in the case of no ion beam irradiation. Initial depletion rate of hydrogen for annealing and change of hydrogen content for the successive ion beam irradiation was found to be dependent on the film thickness.

Explicit expressions are given for the likelihood-ratio and quadratic score statistics for standard hypotheses on concentrations of von Mises–Fisher distributions. Bartlett corrections of the former and higher-order approximations to the null distributions of the latter are provided.

Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) with swift ion probes is generally known as a non-destructive characterization technique for metal and semiconductor samples. On the other hand, it is also known that the technique may cause severe damages on organic insulators such as polyimide films. In this work, using the ERD (elastic recoil detection) and the RBS techniques simultaneously, the irradiation damage in a polyimide sample (Kapton-H) induced by 1.5 MeV helium ions has been evaluated by monitoring the evolution of depth profiles of hydrogen and oxygen while increasing the fluence of the primary helium ions from 1.4 × 10 14 to 2.8 × 10 15 cm −2 . In the surface region of the polyimide sample, where electronic stopping is predominant, a progressive hydrogen depletion approaching 50% of the amount contained in a pristine sample has been observed. At the same time, a gradual depletion of oxygen in the near surface region of the irradiated sample has been observed.

A characterization technique for oxide ferroelectric materials using high-energy ion beam is presented. In this study, depth profiles of chemical elements are obtained for SBT films grown by MOD method and by MOCVD method respectively. Hydrogen depth profiles are taken by ERD technique with an Al absorber foil. Depth profiles of other elements are determined with RBS technique. For the MOD-grown sample, the elemental amount ratio was determined as Sr1.00Bi2.06 ± 0.03Ta2.02 ± 0.03O8.33 ± 0.17. The oxygen deficiency in the MOD-grown SBT film was uniformly observed at every depths. For the MOCVD-sample and the MOD-sample, the underlying Pt electrode layers contained 4.7 at.% and 3.8 at.% of hydrogen respectively.

構音位置, 構音方法などの音声学的対立に基づき構音障害患者の構音の誤りを分析する機能を備えた単語明瞭度検査を作成し, 検査の信頼性, 妥当性などを検討した.本検査をdysarthria患者10例に適用し, 録音した音声を大学生50名に聴取させた結果, 聴取者間の成績のばらつきは小さく, 再検査法による聴取者内の一致度も高かった.また既存の単語明瞭度検査との相関も有意に高いことから, 本検査の明瞭度測定の信頼性, 妥当性は高いと考えられた.本検査で設定した音声学的対立を用いて, 聴取結果を分析することで, 個々の症例の明瞭度を低下させている要因を推定する手掛かりが得られる可能性が示唆され, 本検査は構音障害のリハビリテーションを進めるうえで有用な情報を提供しうると考えられた.

アルツハイマー病 (AD) 患者の談話から聞き手が受ける異質な印象を明らかにするために，軽度AD患者の談話の特徴を，高齢健常者，失語症患者との比較で検討した。軽度AD患者，高齢健常者，失語症患者 15名ずつに，情景画の叙述課題および手順の説明課題を実施し，得られた談話を，課題の「理解」，課題への「取り組み」，「主題の表出」，「推測」による情報の付加，課題からの話の「逸脱」，手順に必要な「ステップの表出」，順序立てた説明の「構成」などの項目を含む，新たに作成した評定法を用いて分析した。その結果，ほぼすべての項目について，軽度AD患者の談話と高齢健常者の談話との相違がみられた。また，「理解」，「取り組み」，「逸脱」などの項目については，AD患者の談話と失語症患者の談話との相違が明らかになった。

The discourse performance was examined of 13 high-level individuals with aphasia and 13 matched controlsusing a television programmewhich illustrated helpful hints for daily life. The discourse task was recounting the TV programme. The participants with aphasia also took the Japanese CADL (Communicative Abilities of Daily Living: JCADL) test, and its relationship with the discourse performance was investigated. The analysis of the discourse focused on organizational structure, including reference to the title, proportion of functional components, organizational pattern of functional components and organization ratings, in addition to the amount of information. The results indicated that both the amount of information and organizational structure were still limited in individuals with aphasia. The results of the JCADL were examined in terms of total score and observation of organizational skills on two complex behavioural tasks selected from the 34 subtest items. The discourse organization ratings correlat...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acquisition and generalization of mode interchange skills in people with severe aphasia. The experiment had three phases. In the first, three subjects were trained to acquire gestures for and to draw items used in the experiment. In the second phase, subjects were trained to change the communication mode, that is, drawing to gesture or gesture to drawing, in a ‘request’ situation using a single-subject design. The third phase was a probe for generalization. Subjects acquired both gestures and drawings, however none used these mode interchange skills spontaneously and needed additional training using prompt signs to signal mode interchange. Further the responses of communication partners were noted to determine the use of mode interchange skills. To increase non-verbal communication flexibility, it appeared to be important that partners wait for another response by the subject and thus provide the subject with an opportunity to use the mode intercha...

It is known (cf. Hamada, J. Combin. Inform. System Sci. 18 (1993b) 161–191) that there is no ternary [78,6,51] code meeting the Griesmer bound and n3(6,51)=79 or 80, where n3(k,d) denotes the smallest value of n for which there exists a ternary [n,k,d] code. The purpose of this paper is to prove the nonexistence of ternary [79,6,51] codes by proving the nonexistence of the corresponding {285, 93;5,3} -minihypers, i.e., to prove that n3(6,51)=80.

In the present study, amenity effect of ornamental foliage plants on human psychology was analyzed by means of brain waves and semantic differential technique. The experiments were carried out in a room in Ehime University in January and February of 1997. Four objects with or without ornamental foliage plants in the room were rated by ten students (six males and four females). Brain waves of each student were measured in the room. Ratio of alpha wave to beta wave was calculated as an index expressing the degree of amenity. As for semantic differential technique, factor analysis was performed based on twenty-three SD scales.Higher ratio of alpha wave to beta wave was observed in the objects with ornamental foliage plants, indicating the amenity effect of ornamental foliage plants on human psychology. Two factors were extracted by the factor analysis. The objects with ornamental foliage plants were evaluated higher in the first factor than the objects without plants. As for the arrangement of ornamental foliage plants, the object with ornamental foliage plants placed on a straight line along the window was evaluated higher in the second factor than the object with plants interspersed in the room.

The effect of hydrogen termination on Si(100)-2 × 1 surfaces upon Ag deposition at room temperature (RT) and high temperature (350°C) has been investigated by a scanning tunneling microscopy. The results are also compared with those on clean Si(100)-2 × 1 surfaces. When Ag was deposited at RT, small Ag clusters formed on the hydrogen-terminated surface, in contrast that scattered and relatively individual Ag atoms formed on a clean Si(100)-2 × 1 surface. As increasing the substrate temperature, the size of Ag clusters became larger and the shape gradually changed to rectangular, whose edges were parallel to [011] and [01 3 ] directions. Structural models for these surfaces are also proposed.

The composition and crystalline quality of ferroelectric thin films formed on Pt covered MgO(100) substrates have been investigated with combined use of 16 O(α, α) 16 O 3.045 MeV resonant backscattering and channelling techniques. Oxygen depth profiling has been estimated by the resonant backscattering, and crystalline quality was estimated by the channelling method. The ferroelectric thin films of PbTiO y (PTO) and La-modified PTO (Pb x La 1 − x TiO y ; PLT) ( y ≈ 3) of 750 A thick were formed on Pt covered MgO substrates by multi-target ion beam sputtering method with introducing oxygen gas. Pt thin films beneath the film due to the under-electrode were also fabricated by the same method. For both PTO and PLT films, depth profiling of Pb and Ti elements showed relatively constant concentrations for whole film thicknesses, whereas the oxygen concentrations varied drastically. The extent of variation of oxygen concentration was larger for the PTO film than for the PLT film. This led to better crystalline quality of PLT, compared with PTO. The effect of oxygen depth profiling and crystalline quality on the electric properties is also discussed.

Initial stage of Ag film formation on hydrogen-terminated Si(111) surfaces at room temperature (RT) and high temperatures has been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. Ag atoms formed clusters on the hydrogen-terminated Si(111) at all temperatures, though the size and number were different in each case. When Ag was deposited at RT, relatively large and uniform Ag clusters were formed on the surface, compared with Ag deposition on a clean Si(111)-7×7 surface. On increasing the deposition temperature to 200 and 300°C, the size of Ag clusters became larger and the number of Ag clusters became less. When the surface where Ag was deposited on the hydrogen-terminated Si(111) at RT was annealed at 350°C, shallow and deep areas of 3 − Ag structure appeared, due to hydrogen desorption. We demonstrate the usefulness of hydrogen termination for Ag deposition on the Si surface to fabricate flat and uniform thin films.

Native oxide on Si and very thin SiO2 films (less than 300 A) formed on Si have been investigated with the combined use of 16O(α,α)16O 3.045 MeV resonant backscattering and channeling. Usually, oxygen surface peak in the channeling non-resonant Rutherford backscattering mode was used to estimate the SiO2 film thickness and Si atom distortions at the interface. But the method is insufficient to obtain information for native oxide on Si because of the low sensitivity to thin layers. We present a more sensitive method, a combination of 16O(α,α)16O resonant backscattering and channeling techniques. A clear oxygen signal for native oxide films was detected by this method. We have shown that the combined use of resonant backscattering and channeling is five times more sensitive when compared to a normal channeling method. Native oxide films with different fabrication conditions were investigated. Advantage and disadvantage of this method are also discussed.

Depth profiling of oxygen in indium tin oxide (ITO) films, fabricated by a hot cathode Penning discharge sputtering (HC-PDS) on glass substrates with negative substrate voltage in Ar atmosphere has been investigated using a high-energy ion beam. The substrate bias voltage was changed from −100 to 0 V. The oxygen content in the deposited film changed with substrate bias voltage. It was considered that Ar ion bombardment affected the change in oxygen composition. Correlation between oxygen content and the electrical and optical properties will be discussed.

Very thin SiO2 films (less than 200 A) formed on Si have been investigated using 16O(α,α)16O 3.045 MeV resonant backscattering spectrometry. SiO2 films were formed on Si substrates by usual thermal oxidation of dry oxygen. 16O(α,α)16O resonant backscattering was corrected and an absolute volume of oxygen concentration could be accurately estimated. Tilting the SiO2 films from the normal incidence allows an estimation of the film thickness and the composition. An irregular dependence between the oxygen signal height and the incident angle has been found from the result of grazing incidence. We have proposed a new method to estimate those compositions and film thicknesses at a time. This method is very simple and needs no correction with an ellipsometer. Moreover, it can be available to other oxide films.

The crystalline quality of some oxide films has been investigated using 16 O(α, α) 16 O 3.045 MeV resonant backscattering and channeling technique. For a SiO 2 film of 5904 A, the minimum yield ( χ min ) values for Si and oxygen were both 1.0, indicating an amorphous film. However, for a TiO 2 sample, the χ min value of the resonant oxygen was twice as large as that of Ti. We discussed the difference in terms of two possibilities of imperfect incorporation of oxygen atoms and unknown effect concerning to the resonant backscattering. For other oxide films such as SrTiO 3 films, the χ min values of the resonant oxygen and other metallic elements has also been investigated.

It is unknown (Hill and Newton, Designs, Codes and Cryptography 2 (1992) 137–157 and Hamada, J. Combin. Infor. Syst. Sci. 18 (1993) 161–191) whether or not there exists a [71,5,46;3]-code meeting the Griesmer bound. The purpose of this paper is to prove the nonexistence of [71,5,46;3]-codes using the nonexistence of the corresponding [50,15;4,3]-minihypers. Since there exists a [72,5,46;3]-code, this implies that n3(5,46) = 72, where nq(k,d) denotes the smallest value of n for which there exists an [n,k,d;q]-code.

Indium tin oxide (ITO) films, which are transparent conductive films, have been widely used in optoelectronic applications. A high quality film with correct stoichiometric composition is essential for its applications, such as a flat panel display. However, it is difficult to estimate the absolute oxygen concentration. There are few studies of oxygen depth profiling for ITO films. We have investigated a relationship between the oxygen content of ITO films and the electrical properties under various deposition conditions. The absolute oxygen concentration has been determined by 16O(α,α)16O resonant backscattering of a 3.045 MeV 4He2+ ion beam. It has been found that there is a correlation between the depth profile of oxygen concentration of ITO films and the film properties. In the case of the ITO film fabricated at room temperature, a large deficiency of oxygen can be seen at the surface of the film. When the film was formed at 400 °C, no deficiency of oxygen at the film surface was observed. The observed oxygen concentration will be discussed in terms of the electrical and optical properties of the films.

We have investigated the quantitative depth profiling of oxygen content in SrTiO3 substrates and SrTiO3 films on SrTiO3 substrates using 16O(α,α)16O 3.045 MeV resonant backscattering spectrometry. SrTiO3 films were evaporated onto SrTiO3 substrates by molecular beam epitaxy methods with an introduction of reactive O3 gas. 16O(α,α)16O resonant backscattering was corrected and an absolute content of oxygen concentration could be accurately estimated as well as other metallic elements. For SrTiO3 substrates, one kind of SrTiO3 substrate fabricated at one company had a different composition from a chemical stoichiometry (namely, Sr:Ti:O=1:1:3) and indicated a remarkable deficiency of Sr and oxygen component, while another kind of SrTiO3 substrate fabricated at another company had the chemical stoichiometric composition. SrTiO3 film compositions were strongly affected by the compositions of SrTiO3 substrates, and nearly constant depth profilings were obtained from film surfaces to substrate surfaces in spite o...

We have studied the atomic structure of the SrTiO 3 (100) surface annealed at 600°C in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) by using time-of-flight impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy (TOF-ICISS) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). Considering its perovskite structure, the SrTiO 3 (100) surface consists of a SrO-terminated surface, a TiO 2 -terminated surface or a mixture of these surfaces. From the results of TOF-ICISS and LEED experiments, we have found that the SrTiO 3 (100) surface annealed at 600°C is an ordered surface (1 x 1 structure) and consists of a mixture of SrO-terminated and TiO 2 -terminated surfaces.

原因疾患の異なる2種の痴呆―アルツハイマー型痴呆 (DAT) と脳血管性痴呆 (VaD) ―における高次脳機能障害の特徴を失語症患者の成績との比較を通して明らかにすることを目的に, 見当識, 記憶, 言語, 視空間認知・構成面の20の検査から構成される高次脳機能検査 (老研版) を実施した.対象は失語症群93例, DAT群52例, VaD群39例である.痴呆各群と比べた場合の失語症群の特徴は言語面の低下および視空間認知・構成面の保存という点で共通していた.しかし, 見当識, および記憶面に関しては, 失語症群はDATとVaDとの比較の問でやや異なる結果を示した.すなわち, 見当識の得点はDATより高かったが, VaDとの間には有意差はなく, 記憶面の遅延後の情報保持量に関しては失語症群が最も高く健常者と遜色のない成績であったのに対して, VaD, DATの順に低下した.失語症とVaDとの鑑別という観点を主に考察を加えた.