Search

BACKGROUND: A series of hypercrosslinked resins were synthesized by controlling the reaction conditions of the Friedel–Crafts reaction of chloromethylated polystyrene‐co‐divinylbenzene (St‐DVB‐Cl), which realized reasonable adjustment of pore structure, surface area and other physical properties. Based on this, a new N,O modified hypercrosslinked resin (St‐DVB‐NB‐AC2O) was successfully prepared by the innovative nitration system, and the adsorption behavior of St‐DVB‐NB‐AC2O was studied under different conditions. The adsorption mechanism between adsorbent and adsorbate was explained by frontier orbital theory and density functional theory. RESULTS: The adsorption capacity of polyphenols on the optimal hypercrosslinked resin (St‐DVB‐NB‐5) was 16.67% higher than that of the optimal commercial resin NDA150. Compared with St‐DVB‐NB‐5, the adsorption increment of hydroxyphenol on St‐DVB‐NB‐AC2O was 31.42%, which was 1.51–8.36 times higher than commercial materials. The Freundlich model was the most suitable for fitting the equilibrium data. However, the pseudo‐first‐/second‐order rate equation was more appropriate for characterizing the kinetic data, suggesting that the adsorption process might be concerned with a physical reaction. CONCLUSION: The fundamental reason for the large adsorption capacity and fast adsorption rate of St‐DVB‐NB‐AC2O is its strong physical structure and chemical surface properties, which provided improved guidance for the harmless and resource‐based treatment of phenolic wastewaters. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel L-malic acid modified hyper-cross-linked resins were synthesized from macroporous chloromethylated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer by Fridel–Crafts reaction and esterification reaction. The adsorption behavior of the resin toward p-aminobenzoic acid was investigated from aqueous solution. KZ-3 displayed the most outstanding adsorption capacity due to its proper surface structure and higher functional group utilization rate. Subsequently, the adsorption kinetic of p-aminobenzoic acid onto precursor resin Z-3, modified resin KZ-3 and commercially available polymeric adsorbent H-103 was compared. The result demonstrated that KZ-3 had the optimal adsorption capacity because of its hydrogen bonding driving force and hydrophilicity enhancement which brought by oxygen-containing functional groups. Especially, KZ-3 is 3 times higher than the precursor resin in terms of adsorption rate. Kinetic curves could be characterized by pseudo-second-order rate equation and both the intra-particle diffusion and the film diffusion were the rate-limiting steps. The isotherms could be fitted by Langmuir model and the adsorption was an exothermic, spontaneous and more ordered arrangement process due to its negative thermodynamic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT During their co‐evolution with herbivorous insects, plants have developed multiple defense strategies that resist pests, such as releasing a blend of herbivory‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that repel pests or recruit their natural enemies. However, the responses of insects to HIPVs in maize (Zea mays L.) are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that the Asian corn borer (ACB, Ostrinia furnacalis), a major insect pest of maize, shows a preference for maize pre‐infested with ACB larvae rather than being repelled by these plants. Through combined transcriptomic and metabolomics analysis of ACB‐infested maize seedlings, we identified two substances that explain this behavior: (E)‐4,8‐dimethylnona‐1,3,7‐triene (DMNT) and (3E,7E)‐4,8,12‐trimethyltrideca‐1,3,7,11‐tetraene (TMTT). DMNT and TMTT attracted ACB larvae, and knocking out the maize genes responsible for their biosynthesis via gene editing impaired this attraction. External supplementation with DMNT/TMTT hampered the larvae's ability to locate pre‐infested maize. These findings uncover a novel role for DMNT and TMTT in driving the behavior of ACB. Genetic modification of maize to make it less detectable by ACB might be an effective strategy for developing maize germplasm resistant to ACB and for managing this pest effectively in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We studied the biological and the epidemiological characteristics of the pathogen of hypertrophy sorosis scleroteniosis, which is a devastating fungal disease of mulberry., Methods: We studied the asexual and sexual reproductive phase stages of C. shiraiana, including the infection ability of hyphal, dormancy of sclerotia, the structures, release, number and germination of ascospores from apothecia, as well as the phenology of sclerotial germination., Results: In C. shiraiana, hyphae had no infection ability toward the female flowers of mulberry. Sclerotia of C. shiraiana must undergo cold treatment above 6 weeks, then the dormancy-breaking sclerotia could germinate to apothecia. One to fifteen apothecia were germinated from one sclerotium, and the number of ascospores in a 1.5 cm diameter apothecia could contain up to (5.6-6.3)×107. Ascospore C. shiraiana had significantly higher germination rates in acid than in neutral and alkaline environments. From late January to middle April, sclerotia germinated to apothecia, and got the highest value in the middle of March., Conclusion: C. shiraiana is a formidable pathogen to cause epidemic disease and damage in mulberry.