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Abstract Texture and color enhancement imaging (TXI) may improve the visibility of gastric tumors and allow their early detection. However, few reports have examined the utility of TXI. Between June 2021 and October 2022, 56 gastric tumors in 51 patients undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection at Fukuchiyama City Hospital were evaluated preoperatively using conventional white light imaging (WLI), narrow-band imaging (NBI), and TXI modes 1 and 2. The color differences of the tumors and surrounding mucosae were evaluated using the CIE 1976 L*a*b color space, Additionally, the visibility scores were scaled. Of the 56 gastric tumors, 45 were early gastric cancers, and 11 were adenomas. Overall, the color difference in TXI mode 1 was considerably higher compared to WLI (16.36 ± 7.05 vs. 10.84 ± 4.05; p

The relevance. The introduction of digital technologies into the professional sphere has predetermined an increase in the amount of information necessary for successful development in professional activities. This fact involves the development of students’ skills in searching, analyzing, systematizing and mastering educational material.The problem statement: how can the interaction of visual and non-modal channels of information perception be optimized so that the process of searching, analyzing, systematizing and assimilating professionally significant information among higher school students becomes effective?The goal of the research is to substantiate the effectiveness of using mapping as a means of developing skills in searching, analyzing, systematizing and assimilating professionally significant information in the process of educational activities.The following methods of empirical research were used: questionnaires based on Google forms, conversation and testing, T-Test. The experiment involved students and teachers of Kuban and Adyghe State Universities.The results of the research consist in clarifying the content of the concept of «visualization», establishing the relationship between the purpose of using mapping and the educational result, identifying the potential of mapping in increasing the efficiency of search, analysis, systematization and assimilation of educational material.Key conclusions: The introduction of mapping into the educational process contributes to improving the perception of information through visualization of the material being studied and the introduction of a «clip» method of demonstrating information; optimizing time when learning new material due to the structure of educational information; increasing involvement in the educational process due to the optimal combination of visualization of the artistic attractiveness of the map design and the structural and logical diagram of the information being studied in one didactic toolkit.

This study focuses on exploring and analyzing the key roles of the library for a university through university ranking index, an important determinant of the success and reputation of higher education institutions globally. By evaluating the roles, missions and services provided by the library, the study identifies specific factors by which the library can influence rankings through supporting research and publication activities. This research utilizes real-life examples from leading universities to generalize important trends, while also highlighting the opportunities and challenges libraries face in contributing to the comprehensive success of a higher education institution. Analysis of surveys and models has demonstrated that libraries not only significantly enhance the online presence index of universities but also act as a major driving force behind research and educational activities. Finally, the study suggests the need for coordination between faculties, departments, and the library, emphasizing the necessity of policies that enhance the library's impact to maximize its role. This includes establishing policies that allow the library to play a central role in supporting research and teaching. Libraries should be empowered and resourced to actively participate in the development of research projects and training programs, while also providing consulting services and support for teaching, research, and publication for faculty and students.

Purpose – This article aims to understand where industry is in terms of digitalizing their operations, what features of this transformation are essential for practitioners, and what barriers they are facing during their journey. In addition, the authors aim to provide recommendations for organization to start their digital transformation. Design/methodology/approach – Through literature review, the authors summarize the emerging tools and technologies in operations and supply chains to inform the practitioners. Then, the authors use surveys conducted on 183 operations and supply chain professionals, and use statistical tools to examine the association between variables of the data set. The authors present real-life case studies to explain important steps of a digital transformation project. Findings – The survey results indicate that real-time monitoring and data analytics are viewed as the most important and needed tools for organizations. High cost, lack of stakeholder buy-in and lack of successful business use cases are major barriers for companies when starting a digital transformation. Practical implications – The authors provide recommendations for practitioners based on the survey responses, and outline that starting small, focusing on stakeholder buy-in and implementation of software are the three key steps for a successful transformation journey. Originality/value – Main contributions of this article are to understand practitioner perspectives in digitalization and provide guidelines for organizations to follow when transforming their operations. This research closes the gap between academic research and practice by collaborating with operations and supply chain professionals.

We present a formulation for calculations of photon transmission for random cloud stacks (maximum-random overlap) that can be applied in contrail avoidance experiments, for instance. Other applications are not excluded. In contrail avoidance experiments, the application of the method is to estimate in advance whether contrails are detectable with a satellite instrument and whether therefore the result of the experiment can be validated. For an established contrail avoidance procedure, the method can help to decide whether a contrail should be avoided if cirrus clouds in below the contrail would render the expected infrared radiation effect quite low. The method is derived in some detail, and a practical example is provided. For applications it is necessary to empirically determine or estimate a transmission threshold, that likely depends on the viewing geometry, the spatial resolution and the wavelength of the satellite instrument. An IDL-code is available to interested users.

Texture and color enhancement imaging (TXI) may improve the visibility of gastric tumors and allow their early detection. However, few reports have examined the utility of TXI. Between June 2021 and October 2022, 56 gastric tumors in 51 patients undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection at Fukuchiyama City Hospital were evaluated preoperatively using conventional white light imaging (WLI), narrow-band imaging (NBI), and TXI modes 1 and 2. The color differences of the tumors and surrounding mucosae were evaluated using the CIE 1976 L*a*b color space, Additionally, the visibility scores were scaled. Of the 56 gastric tumors, 45 were early gastric cancers, and 11 were adenomas. Overall, the color difference in TXI mode 1 was considerably higher compared to WLI (16.36 ± 7.05 vs. 10.84 ± 4.05; p < 0.01). Moreover, the color difference in early gastric cancers was considerably higher in TXI mode 1 compared to WLI, whereas no significant difference was found in adenomas. The visibility score in TXI mode 1 was the highest, and it was significantly higher compared to WLI. Regarding adenomas, the visibility score in TXI mode 1 was also significantly higher compared to that in WLI. TXI may provide improved gastric tumor visibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the introduction of the metaverse, augmented reality (AR) is expected to become the next interface between people and computers. Research is conducted to improve the usability of AR applications and devices. Color transparency and background effect are the two critical factors to consider while developing AR applications. Ten user interface conditions (5 color transparency levels × 2 background conditions) were evaluated in an AR environment. The task completion time and mean error were noted along with the subjective scores of button visibility, background visibility, and motion sickness. The results revealed a significant difference in task completion time, button visibility, and background visibility between transparency conditions, but not in the number of errors and total motion sickness. The transparency level of T0.5 and T0.75 is recommended for the interface of AR applications. This study could be helpful when creating augmented reality applications for the metaverse and other platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Many manufacturing industries today are adopting sustainable production methods in response to environmental regulations and efforts. One of the typical criteria they consider is the United Nations has set global objectives (Sustainable Development Goals: SDGs) designed to address various social, economic, and environmental challenges. "Ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns" (Goal 12) is one of these goals. As a result, not only are manufacturers interested in sustainable products, but consumers are also showing increased interest. Consequently, the market size for sustainable products is also on the rise. This study aims to examine the mechanisms of how to improve customer loyalty of South Korean consumers who have experience purchasing sustainable apparel to vitalize the sustainable product market in Korea. Specifically, this study reveals the impact of perceived value (PV) on loyalty (LY), focusing on the mediating effects of satisfaction (SAT) and trust (TR). The analysis finds that functional value (FV), emotional value (EMV), and green value (GV) have significant direct effects on LY. Additionally, SAT and TR have significant mediating effects between PV and LY, and there is no difference in the strength of the indirect effects of SAT and TR in the relationship between FV, EMV, GV, and LY. This study extends the theoretical background of the mechanisms enhancing loyalty to sustainable apparel through the verification of parallel mediating effects. Furthermore, it is expected that these insights will serve as a direction for the operational strategies of sustainable apparel manufacturing companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a complete classification of minimal problems for generic arrangements of points and lines in space observed partially by three calibrated perspective cameras when each line is incident to at most one point. This is a large class of interesting minimal problems that allows missing observations in images due to occlusions and missed detections. There is an infinite number of such minimal problems; however, we show that they can be reduced to 140,616 equivalence classes by removing superfluous features and relabeling the cameras. We also introduce camera-minimal problems, which are practical for designing minimal solvers, and show how to pick a simplest camera-minimal problem for each minimal problem. This simplification results in 74,575 equivalence classes. Only 76 of these were known; the rest are new. To identify problems having potential for practical solving of image matching and 3D reconstruction, we present several natural subfamilies of camera-minimal problems as well as compute solution counts for all camera-minimal problems which have fewer than 300 solutions for generic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Investigated the combined effect of visibility and accumulated sand on drivers' avoidance performance during sand and dust storms. • Analysed drivers' lateral avoidance process from three stages: perception, decision-making, and maneuver. • Found a significant decrease in lateral avoidance percentage only when visibility dropped below 100 m. • Identified that reduced visibility delays drivers' perception but insignificantly affects maximum lateral acceleration. Sand and dust storms (SDS) are characterized by their instantaneous and abrupt characteristics, and the accompanying, often quick, accumulation of aeolian sand on road surfaces contributes to increased driving risks on expressways. We investigated the combined effect of visibility conditions and accumulated sand on drivers' avoidance performance. We utilized a driving simulator to simulate SDS events and conducted tests across six different visibility conditions using 45 drivers. We analyzed the drivers' control of the vehicle's speed based on longitudinal speed and acceleration in test road segments defined as Clear, Transition, and SDS. We divided the drivers' risk avoidance maneuvers on sand-covered road segments into two strategies, lane-keeping and lateral avoidance, with a focus on the latter. We divided the drivers' lateral avoidance process into three stages: perception, decision-making, and maneuver. Key performance indicators were selected to analyze the drivers' performance in terms of their lateral and longitudinal control of the vehicle. The findings suggest that drivers reduce their speed to compensate for the limited field of view during SDS events. Lower visibility corresponds to a greater distance required for drivers to reach a relatively stable driving state and leads to higher standard deviation values for the speeds. The coupled effect is reflected mainly in the percentage of lateral avoidance maneuvers. When the visibility was 150 m or above, more than 60 % of drivers in this study chose lateral avoidance over lane-keeping, with no significant difference between visibility conditions. Only when the visibility dropped to 100 m or below did the percentage of lateral avoidance instances significantly decrease. In SDS environments, light and visibility conditions are poor and a thin layer of sand is spread across the road surface. Even under relatively good visibility conditions, a thin layer of accumulated sand is difficult to discern until the driver is relatively close to sand-covered road segments. This paper provides an in-depth exploration of driving avoidance behavior under SDS conditions. The findings can contribute to proactive intervention strategies for driving during SDS and offer theoretical insights for developing driving safety assistance systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety and crime prevention are significant concerns in both urban and rural areas. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) guidelines provide an architectural strategy to deter criminal activities by implementing strategic design plans, particularly through effective lighting schemes in urban settings. These measures aim to reduce the fear of crime and enhance the overall quality of life. Enhanced street lighting plays a crucial role in environmental crime prevention by lowering both actual crime rates and the perceived risk of criminal activity in built environments. Current recommendations emphasize installing lighting in poorly lit areas for safety; however, assessing road surface luminance solely based on existing streetlights is insufficient. The research underscores that well-illuminated streets with uniform lighting and higher illuminance levels enhance pedestrian safety and comfort. In addition, this study proposes standardized illumination levels specifically for outdoor facial recognition to aid in identifying potential offenders. It outlines the critical vertical illuminance range and Color Rendering Index (CRI) values necessary for this purpose. Furthermore, metrics like the Brightness Index and Safety Index were developed to enhance night-time security and illustrate their correlation with crime rates. Ultimately, this research introduces quantitative lighting standards to enhance the effectiveness of CPTED guidelines, contributing to efforts to reduce crime incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perception of urban and rural environments is multi-dimensional, shaped by the individual preferences of observers, residents, and visitors. Landmarks play a crucial role in the image of a city or rural area, aiding orientation and creating memorable experiences. It enhances navigability, fosters a sense of attachment, and contributes to place identity. Monuments and heritage structures significantly influence the visual ambiance of these environments. The visibility of heritage structures depends on factors such as height, surrounding buildings, skyline, and location. Using Sketch-up software, this paper assesses the visibility of the Rajagopuram in Thiruvasi village, Tamil Nadu. The study evaluates Rajagopuram's visibility from various distances, concluding that it is a prominent landmark that enhances visual recognition and fosters a strong sense of attachment and place identity. The study underscores the importance of preserving heritage buildings to maintain historical and cultural significance amidst modern changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road markings are important elements of road infrastructure, influencing traffic safety. Since they are deteriorating systems, their upkeep through renewals is important. To assure the quality of the renewal jobs, the systematic testing of retroreflectivity, which is the key performance parameter of road markings, was imposed in Croatia. Results from two decades of annual measurements of renewal jobs are provided. For the first decade, the measurements were taken statically, at spot locations, and later dynamically, across the entire road segments. When the evaluation started, only 1 out of 18 tested job sites was exceeding the minimum requirements; only after 8 years of measurements, 100% of the jobs exceeded the minimum demands. A subsequent switch to dynamic testing revealed that, on average, only 71% of the renewed road markings were in satisfactory condition and approximately 1.22% of the analysed line lengths had grossly substandard retroreflectivity. These results demonstrated that the field verification of jobs quality is necessary and simultaneously showed that static localised testing was not adequate. The outcome underlines the need for the strict supervision of road maintenance contracts to maximise the benefits for the society: through the better visibility of road markings, road safety should also improve, and the entire system will become more sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1920s and 1930s, the French colonial phosphate mining company in Gafsa, Tunisia, used X-ray images to decide which of its workers' injuries were fake and which were real. Through an analysis of X-ray photography in Gafsa, this article argues that a capacious history of capitalism—one connecting wage labor exploitation with other human and nonhuman work—requires methods that do not prioritize what is visible. Rather than asking what X-ray images show diagnostically, this article charts how the creation of visibility and invisibility was a political act, a tactic of capital accumulation, and an arena of contestation. Company administrators and doctors used X-rays to draw biomedical and temporal boundaries around chronic injuries, making them "nonexistent"—and thus noncompensable—despite workers' claims. This colonial-racial project both reified and remade the company's semantic categories for defining what an injury was. The company mobilized the material and epistemological properties of X-ray light on a photographic negative to erase chronic injury within dark or blurred spaces. The resulting category, a "nonexistent incapacity," acknowledged both the presence of injury and its disappearance, constructing visibility and invisibility within capitalist relations of production and exploitation. Read this way, Gafsa's X-ray images ultimately outline a political economy of (in)visibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceptions of safety influence women's access to public spaces. This study aims to understand how visibility, vigilance, and surveillance influence "eyes on the street," perceptions of safety, and construct (un)safe passages for women on the streets of Kolkata. The study is based on in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and visual surveys. This study finds that permeable street edges enhance visibility and visual engagements with the observant; whereas impermeable street edges, poorly lit streets, empty streets, and up-market areas instill fear because of low visibility and the presence of fewer people. Women perceive routine activities and vigilance by the shopkeepers, hawkers, and passersby as safe as they can call out for help if needed. Surveillance by the neighborhood people too extends a feeling of safety whereas disciplinary visibility makes streets less accessible. An integrated approach to visibility, vigilance and surveillance can aid in the formulation of comprehensive gender-sensitive urban development guidelines for cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring driving safety on agglomerate fog sections of mountain highways has been a persistent challenge for the Chinese transportation industry. To enhance driving safety in agglomerate fog environments by identifying key issues related to driving safety in such conditions. A summary of the influencing factors and research progress related to driving safety in agglomerate foggy environments was provided, both domestically and internationally. Firstly, the visual characteristics of drivers was examined and the causes of optical illusions caused by agglomerate fog was discussed. The “elephant trunk” curve was further analyzed that occured prior to the appearance of agglomerate fog. The relationship between human-vehicle roadway and traffic safety in an agglomerate fog environment was then clarified. Lastly, a summary of the current control measures implemented to ensure driving safety on group fog roadways was provided. The results show that the abrupt and significant reduction in visibility caused by agglomerate fog can lead to severe visual disruptions for drivers, resulting in illusions of distance and speed. In order to improve driving safety in agglomerate foggy environments, drivers are alerted through monitoring and warning systems. Additionally, a variety of inducement facilities are being developed to enhance visual entrainment. Future research is needed to study the visual demands of driving under the influence of complex factors from the perspective of reducing the impact of visual illusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At a time when UK schools are experiencing backlash for ensuring their LGBT+ colleagues and students are included, this article examines the ways in which schools create and uphold cisgender heterosexuality as the dominant narrative. The article presents the findings from four participants who took part in a photo elicitation study to represent their experiences as LGBT+ secondary school teachers in England. The photos and interviews reveal the myriad ways in which cisgender heteronormativity is produced in schools. The data also provides vital examples of how this dominant discourse is beginning to be challenged, and where small everyday acts can successfully disrupt the production of heteronormativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing visibility of the LGBTQ community and the demand for their rights, also in the educational context, have led, among other things, to a higher focus on the experiences of teachers and the role they play when facing homophobia and promoting diversity and respect. In this sense, lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) teachers could experience their sexual orientation and its visibility as a problem. However, specific knowledge about these experiences is limited, also in Physical Education (PE). This study explores these experiences through data collected from 24 in-depth interviews with Primary and Secondary LGB PE teachers in Spain. The results align with the international literature, highlighting that disclosing their sexual orientation is a key aspect of participants’ experience. Although teachers agree on the advantages of “coming out of the closet,” LGB PE teachers define their strategies based on contextual elements such as fear of the families’ reaction, the type of school, or the training received. They develop strategies such as ignoring homophobic acts, reacting against them, or using them educationally. Overall, homophobia in the educational context affects them emotionally. As a conclusion, it is essential to improve training, engage allies, and involve the entire educational community in the fight against homophobia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse the habits of researchers and librarians when promoting their work through repositories and academic social networks in the fields of Information, Documentation and Communication. Repositories are also used for preservation and early publication (preprints) of journal articles. Methodology: A bibliographic review, an online survey, interviews with experts, and an analysis of the evolution of some repositories have been carried out. Results: Thematic repositories, which were widely used 20 years ago, are now facing competition from institutional repositories (IR) and academic social networks such as ResearchGate, Academia.edu and others. A continued decrease in the number of deposits in the e-LIS (Eprints in Library and Information Science) and MPRA (Munich Personal RePEc Archive) repositories has been observed in recent years, which seems to be due to the fact that many universities have published mandates that force professors to archive their work in their IR. Another important cause of the decrease in deposits is the greater availability of open access journals in recent years, which has made it less necessary to archive articles in repositories. Academic social networks, on the other hand, are perceived as more dynamic, allowing interaction with other authors, and not requiring the introduction of so much metadata to upload documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object‐space occluding contours of triangular meshes (a.k.a. mesh contours) are at the core of many methods in computer graphics and computational geometry. A number of hierarchical data‐structures have been proposed to accelerate their computation on the CPU, but they do not map well to the GPU for real‐time applications, such as video games. We show that a simple, flat data‐structure composed of patches bounded by a normal cone and a bounding sphere may reach this goal, provided it is constructed to maximize the probability for a patch to be culled over all viewpoints. We derive a heuristic metric to efficiently estimate this probability, and present a greedy, bottom‐up algorithm that constructs patches by grouping mesh edges according to this metric. In addition, we propose an effective way of computing their bounding sphere. We demonstrate through extensive experiments that this data‐structure achieves similar performance as the state‐of‐the‐art on the CPU but is also perfectly adapted to the GPU, leading to up to ×5 speedups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visibility is a requirement of neoliberal postfeminist girlhood and social media is often attributed with the capacity to provide disabled young women with visibility that they lack elsewhere. While some attention has been paid to the intersections of gender and disability through the self-presentations of disabled young women who are known as disabled content creators, such as bloggers and YouTubers, this article goes beyond this to examine how disabled young women represent themselves on social media as part of their everyday practices. Using a combination of discursive textual analysis of Twitter and Instagram accounts and semi-structured interviews with five disabled young women, I explore how affordances such as Twitter retweets play a key role in how disabled young women navigate their visibility online as part of their self-presentation practices. I argue that visibility is potentially risky and disabled young women's social media use is shaped by concerns about harassment and questions about the 'legitimacy' of their disabled identities that operate at the intersections of gender, disability and race, stemming from their experiences of 'systemic disbelief'. Finally, I situate these self-representation practices within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the rhetorical effects of academic writing and conversation in Claudia Rankine's Just Us. It argues that Rankine's multimodal and multi-genre text functions as a metacognitive commentary on the problems and possibilities of structure in textual and social senses of the term. Through her revisions of textual genre conventions such as academic annotations and through her attention to rhetorical, textual, and social conventions such as interruptions and questions, Rankine critiques the sociocultural invisibility of whiteness and structural racism and puts a premium on revision as re-seeing, ultimately inviting her readers to re-envision and engage in antiracism in contemporary US life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests that marginalized social media users face disproportionate content moderation and removal. However, when content is removed or accounts suspended, the processes governing content moderation are largely invisible, making assessing content moderation bias difficult. To study this bias, we conducted a digital ethnography of marginalized users on Reddit's /r/FTM subreddit and Twitch's "Just Chatting" and "Pools, Hot Tubs, and Beaches" categories, observing content moderation visibility in real time. We found that on Reddit, a text-based platform, platform tools make content moderation practices invisible to users, but moderators make their practices visible through communication with users. Yet on Twitch, a live chat and streaming platform, content moderation practices are visible in channel live chats, "unban appeal" streams, and "back from my ban" streams. Our ethnography shows how content moderation visibility differs in important ways between social media platforms, harming those who must see offensive content, and at other times, allowing for increased platform accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The steady increase of chief executives' compensation in both public and private universities has long been at the centre of public debate and has received a lot of criticism in the UK. As higher education is considered as an industry, a pay for performance relationship is expected. This paper differs by demonstrating that UK Vice Chancellors consider incentives other than remuneration in their career progression. By constructing a comprehensive dataset of UK Vice Chancellors covering academic years 2012/2013 to 2016/2017, we demonstrate that UK university chief executives, especially if young, are willing to accept lower salaries when they interpret their role as a springboard for visible high‐profile positions in the public arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Moroccan and Spanish governments pursue the visibility of people and things. They observe and survey in order to codify, catalogue, classify, and calculate. Rather than trace the contours of such projects, this paper seeks to provoke a more sustained engagement with modes of errantry that confound their logics of command and control. Building on more than 18 months of multi‐sited ethnography, it explores how marginalised communities navigate unequal geographies of visibility. To do so, I revisit the work of Édouard Glissant and some of his interlocutors to contemplate fluctuating vectors of opacity amongst communities living in hashish trafficking hubs. Frequently stigmatised as violent criminals and indolent freeloaders—their itineraries effaced—inhabitants of La Atunara (Spain) and the central Rif (Morocco) grapple with detection and wrestle with capture. This paper explores these positionings without reading them as disarray or disorder but as purposeful refusals worthy of political reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on ethnographic data and mapping exercises, this article explores North West Park in Copenhagen, Denmark and asks how lighting forms perceptions of urban space. The park was inaugurated in the late 2000s and has been praised for its bold landscape and lighting design. However, it was received in more ambiguous ways by users, explaining their experience of it in words such as "magical" and "kitsch." This ambiguity highlights how current urban design may entail a reconfiguration of how visibility unfolds. Urban spaces have largely been lit to be seen. However, current trends in lighting design increasingly aim for spaces to be felt. Beyond visibility as the ability to see and be seen, we argue that the park design also evinces a more fundamental attuned visibility, conceptualized through the notion of ways of feeling. In a broader sense, we suggest that the increasingly atmosphere-oriented design of urban spaces facilitates a pressure to feel something. That is, this type of design is not solely functional but demands emotional responses – although undeterminable and open-ended. For the users, the atmospheric design raises questions about how lighting shapes urban life during dark hours in the field of tension between usage and architectural imaginations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drivers of Level 3 automated vehicles are relieved from the driving task in specific circumstances but are required to take over control once the takeover request is prompted. Previous studies have investigated drivers' takeover performance in non-critical car-following. However, little is known about drivers' takeover behaviors in critical car-following, especially in low-visibility weather, which remarkably increases the risk of car-following. A driving simulator experiment with a 2 × 3 × 3 factor within-group design was conducted. The design matrix contained two weather conditions (clear and foggy), three car-following time headways (2 s, 3 s, 4 s) and three deceleration rates of the lead vehicle (LV) (0, 2 m/s2, 4 m/s2). A total of 30 participants completed the experiment. The results showed that in critical car-following situations, drivers faced greater challenges in negotiating with adjacent vehicles rather than the LV itself. Urgency and visibility did not significantly impact the likelihood of a crash with the LV due to drivers' adoption of stronger braking. However, decreased visibility and higher LV's deceleration increased the crash rate when drivers attempted lane changes. As urgency increased, drivers tended to change lanes earlier, leading to higher lane-changing risks and compromised lateral stability. This study can provide some insights for the car-following strategies of automated driving vehicles and the design of dedicated takeover schemes in various transportation environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of retro-reflective materials and clothing play a critical role in improving the orientation, visibility and conspicuity of road users at night time. Nevertheless, it appears that these inherent benefits have failed to generate research attention that would improve the design and properties of retro-reflective materials and clothing. This article presents a systematic review of retro-reflective clothing for night-time visibility and safety on the road. The Scopus database is used to identify appropriate studies in the field. After scrutinizing a large number of publications, 43 studies are selected for the systematic review. The results show that countries like the United States and Australia are the top contributors in research to this area for more than decades. The findings indicate that the design and characteristics of retro-reflective clothing influence its use by pedestrians and other road users since these two groups prioritise comfort over functionality. Additionally, biomotion configurations coupled with colour retro-reflective materials are vital for ensuring visual contrast which enhances the conspicuity and recognition of pedestrians. This study therefore recommends innovation of these products as normal casual safety apparel, information that highlights the benefits of these products and effective consultation and implementation of legislation for use as safety measures on the road at night. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visibility is a measure of the atmospheric transparency at an observation point, expressed as the maximum horizontal distance over which a person can see and identify objects. Low atmospheric visibility often occurs in conjunction with air pollution, posing hazards to both traffic safety and human health. In this study, we combined satellite remote sensing images with environmental data to explore the classification performance of two distinct multimodal data processing techniques. The first approach involves developing four multimodal data classification models using deep learning. The second approach integrates deep learning and machine learning to create twelve multimodal data classifiers. Based on the results of a five-fold cross-validation experiment, the inclusion of various environmental data significantly enhances the classification performance of satellite imagery. Specifically, the test accuracy increased from 0.880 to 0.903 when using the deep learning multimodal fusion technique. Furthermore, when combining deep learning and machine learning for multimodal data processing, the test accuracy improved even further, reaching 0.978. Notably, weather conditions, as part of the environmental data, play a crucial role in enhancing visibility prediction performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the work of three photographers addressing the experiences of migrants awaiting decisions upon, or denied residency applications by the UK government. While Sam Ivin's Lingering Ghosts portraits convey the emotional and embodied impacts upon migrants awaiting notification of asylum requests, Melanie Friend's images of Immigration Removal Centres (IRCs) investigate the spaces of exclusion and detention within the UK border control system. The paper concludes by examining Yetunde Adebiyi's images of protests outside Yarl's Wood IRC, Bedford and alternative communities for "non-legal" migrants in Liverpool. These images are put in the context of a process of "social abjection" , whereby migrants have been increasingly marginalised through negative media and government policy, ultimately diminishing or denying citizenship to certain groups within society. This raises issues of mobility justice , in that individuals' experience of mobility is in sharp contrast to that of UK citizens and impacted by multi-scalar entanglements of other (im)mobilities. Individuals' bodily and spatial experience of, and agency over (im)mobility is related to their visibility, and agency over being visible. By exposing the relative experiences of mobility and visibility the photographs provide a potential site of advocacy for mobility justice but can also draw attention to the unequal experiences of citizenship of subject, photographer and viewer. By suggesting that photographs constitute and engender a social relationship between these parties, the paper proposes that photographic projects might offer a potential "civil contract" between those with very different experiences of mobility, visibility and citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to validate safety standards and to analyze the position of emergency exits in the spatial configuration of hostel buildings using spatial indices. Current building design standards provide important guidelines to achieve safety in buildings during emergencies but doesn't have sufficient information for the emergency exit design in terms of spatial layout and users’ flow pattern. In the design of buildings along with other systems (Structural, HVAC, Mechanical, Materials, firefighting), it is important to focus on enhancing the Spatial Layout and, Circulation design for safe evacuation during emergency. This research utilized space syntax, Autodesk Revit for the analysis of visibility, accessibility, travel path and time analysis of emergency exits. The Depthmap identified the potential areas for the correct placement of emergency exits where the visibility, and accessibility are higher than the existing location of emergency exits. The results also validate a safety standard that emergency exit should be accessible from main corridors instead of dead ends. Based on the analysis, the emergency exits of some buildings can be relocated to potential areas to improve safety and standardize the evacuation system without damaging the physical structure of the building, which will reduce the travel distance and improve the visibility of the targeted area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet architecture has recently shifted towards a framework characterized by multiple interconnected cloud sites, all linked via an L3 IP network. With this shift, managing networking controls among multiple cloud sites is becoming a significant operational challenge. In particular, ensuring effective networking control necessitates a deeper understanding of flow-level dynamics for comprehensively monitoring interconnection statuses across multiple sites. In this paper, we first propose an IO Visor-enabled tracing solution for Linux-based boxes to efficiently enable the comprehensive collection of network packet flows across interconnected sites. Next, we apply IP prefix-based flow-level analysis at a centralized location to support the intent-based networking control application. This flow-level analysis involves generating policy-based specific action (i.e., redirect) via SDN controllers for specific source IP prefixes, which are causing unknown or potentially vulnerable flows. Furthermore, we employ an open-source ONOS SDN controller to tackle the challenge of managing the hybrid SDN-IP interconnections. By leveraging intent-based networking control, we effectively apply ONOS intents based on IP routing information and generated a set of forwarding action. We evaluate our proposed solution in an experimental SDN-cloud testbed, demonstrating its effectiveness in real-world scenarios. Overall, through the seamless integration of these monitoring and control approaches, we manage to enhance the adaptability and security of the interconnected cloud sites of the testbed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the affordances of bounded social media places (BSMPs), low visibility places within social media platforms like private messaging and private groups. While researchers have focused on BSMPs within specific platforms, this study presents a systematic examination of BSMPs across multiple platforms to facilitate theoretical durability. Interviews with users of BSMPs across diverse platforms (N = 35) reveal that BSMPs discourage the affordance of visibility as they are considered private due to visibility management mechanisms and trust in known audiences. They encourage personalization as users believe they receive relevant content from and can send relevant content to specific audiences, in the absence of algorithms. BSMPs also encourage synchronicity by facilitating continuous conversations. The strength of encouragement or discouragement of these affordances varies across different BSMPs and is informed by users' social positions. This study therefore contributes a framework and shared terminology for future research on BSMPs across social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) provides the highest-resolution images in astronomy. The sharpest resolution is nominally achieved at the highest frequencies, but as the observing frequency increases, so too does the atmospheric contribution to the system noise, degrading the sensitivity of the array and hampering detection. In this paper, we explore the limits of high-frequency VLBI observations using ngehtsim, a new tool for generating realistic synthetic data. ngehtsim uses detailed historical atmospheric models to simulate observing conditions, and it employs heuristic visibility detection criteria that emulate single- and multifrequency VLBI calibration strategies. We demonstrate the fidelity of ngehtsim's predictions using a comparison with existing 230 GHz data taken by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), and we simulate the expected performance of EHT observations at 345 GHz. Though the EHT achieves a nearly 100% detection rate at 230 GHz, our simulations indicate that it should expect substantially poorer performance at 345 GHz; in particular, observations of M87* at 345 GHz are predicted to achieve detection rates of ≲20% that may preclude imaging. Increasing the array sensitivity through wider bandwidths and/or longer integration times—as enabled through, e.g., the simultaneous multifrequency upgrades envisioned for the next-generation EHT—can improve the 345 GHz prospects and yield detection levels that are comparable to those at 230 GHz. M87* and Sgr A* observations carried out in the atmospheric window around 460 GHz could expect to regularly achieve multiple detections on long baselines, but analogous observations at 690 and 875 GHz consistently obtain almost no detections at all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this retrospective case series on neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), we aimed to improve Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV) visualization in Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) scans by addressing segmentation errors. Out of 198 eyes, 73 OCTA scans required manual segmentation correction. We compared uncorrected scans to those with minimal (2 corrections), moderate (10 corrections), and detailed (50 corrections) efforts targeting falsely segmented Bruch's Membrane (BM). Results showed that 55% of corrected OCTAs exhibited improved quality after manual correction. Notably, minimal correction (2 scans) already led to significant improvements, with additional corrections (10 or 50) not further enhancing expert grading. Reduced background noise and improved CNV identification were observed, with the most substantial improvement after two corrections compared to baseline uncorrected images. In conclusion, our approach of correcting segmentation errors effectively enhances image quality in OCTA scans of nAMD. This study demonstrates the efficacy of the method, with 55% of resegmented OCTA images exhibiting enhanced quality, leading to a notable increase in the proportion of high-quality images from 63 to 83%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the shift in policy to promote active travel, the UK's Manual for Streets (MfS) guidance proposed new approaches for priority intersections design in residential areas, promoting lower geometric visibilities for drivers on minor road arms to reduce collision severity, and the low-speed (i.e., 20 mph) limit zone policy. However, the relationship between speed, visibility, and collisions has not been explored comprehensively for these low-speed limit residential areas. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of shorter visibilities on vehicle-bicycle collisions at priority intersections in Portsmouth, UK. Using piecewise Structural Equations Modeling and Artificial Neural Network models, 120 locations in the city were analysed to understand the complex interplay between vehicles' speed, speed limits, visibilities, geometries, traffic flows, and collisions. The research question was whether shorter visibilities supported policy intentions by reducing bicycle collisions in low-speed limit areas, as MfS suggested. The results show that greater visibility 9 m back to left and right positively correlates with higher road traffic collisions. In comparison, greater left-hand visibility at 2.4 m back from minor arms has a counter-effect that improves safety. This supports the notion that shorter visibility in residential areas aid cyclist safety. This study contributes significantly to the literature by shedding light on the impact of shorter visibility on road safety. The findings have important implications for transportation policy and practice, highlighting the importance of the MfS approach for improving cyclist safety in the design of priority intersections. • The pSEM model reveals complex relationship between intersection geometries, and collisions in low-speed limit areas. • The shorter visibility distance in built-up areas correlates with fewer bicycle collisions. • The longer visibilities at 9 m back to the left and right are associated with higher bicycle collisions. • Better left-hand visibility at 2.4 m improves cyclists safety. • The policy implication of 20 mph (30 km/h) speed limits improves the safety of cyclists at intersections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is unclear whether memory for images of poorer visibility (as low contrast or small size) will be lower due to weak signals elicited in early visual processing stages, or perhaps better since their processing may entail top-down processes (as effort and attention) associated with deeper encoding. We have recently shown that during naturalistic encoding (free viewing without task-related modulations), for image sizes between 3°–24°, bigger images stimulating more visual system processing resources at early processing stages are better remembered. Similar to size, higher contrast leads to higher activity in early visual processing. Therefore, here we hypothesized that during naturalistic encoding, at critical visibility ranges, higher contrast images will lead to higher signal-to-noise ratio and better signal quality flowing downstream and will thus be better remembered. Indeed, we found that during naturalistic encoding higher contrast images were remembered better than lower contrast ones (~ 15% higher accuracy, ~ 1.58 times better) for images at 7.5–60 RMS contrast range. Although image contrast and size modulate early visual processing very differently, our results further substantiate that at poor visibility ranges, during naturalistic non-instructed visual behavior, physical image dimensions (contributing to image visibility) impact image memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shape and color of a product constitute the aesthetic and visual language that conveys the product's quality and emotional elements. Evaluating psychological perceptions in experimental scenarios can help determine the optimal product shape and color. The shape of a product is regarded as its fundamental element, which provides visual stimulation to consumers, elicits aesthetic appreciation, encourages purchases, and enhances product visibility. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the emotional design elements of product shapes and colors. We also examined user characteristics and various emotional aspects of product and packaging designs. Three experiments involving portable speakers were conducted to explore the emotional associations between product shape, product color, and packaging color. The first experiment was conducted to identify the most popular speaker shape on the basis of user ratings with four emotion adjectives. The results indicated that the rectangular speaker was the most popular speaker shape, followed by the cylindrical speaker. The second experiment was conducted to identify the most popular color design for the rectangular speaker from the first experiment on the basis of four pairs of emotion adjectives, namely popular–outdated, international–local, innovative–conservative, and elegant–vulgar. The participants were shown color images of the speaker in various color designs and asked to rate them by using these adjectives. The results indicated that the most popular color was dodger blue, followed by lime green. The third experiment was conducted to identify the most popular three-color scheme for the speaker's packaging box from 45 schemes developed in accordance with Horiguchi's Munsell New Color Psychology System. The results indicated that the most popular color scheme was cresol (sharp), followed by lavender (refined) and incense (quiet and tranquil). Overall, this study investigates the shape and color of the packaging box of a technology product and contributes to the literature by offering guidance for future research on product shape design and packaging color design. Our findings provide researchers with both theoretical and practical insights into color aesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road safety is a serious concern worldwide, and traffic signs play a critical role in confirming road safety, particularly in the context of AVs. Therefore, there is a need for ongoing advancements in traffic sign evaluation methodologies. This paper comprehensively analyzes the relationship between traffic sign retroreflectivity and LiDAR intensity to enhance visibility and communication on road networks. Using Python 3.10 programming and statistical techniques, we thoroughly analyzed handheld retroreflectivity coefficients alongside LiDAR intensity data from two LiDAR configurations: 2LRLiDAR and 1CLiDAR systems. The study focused specifically on RA1 and RA2 traffic sign classes, exploring correlations between retroreflectivity and intensity and identifying factors that may impact their performance. Our findings reveal variations in retroreflectivity compliance rates among different sign categories and color compositions, emphasizing the necessity for targeted interventions in sign design and production processes. Additionally, we observed distinct patterns in LiDAR intensity distributions, indicating the potential of LiDAR technology for assessing sign visibility. However, the limited correlations between retroreflectivity and LiDAR intensity underscore the need for further investigation and standardization efforts. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing traffic sign effectiveness, ultimately contributing to improved road safety conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A long‐standing challenge in volume visualization is the effective communication of relevant spatial structures that might be hidden due to occlusions. Given a scalar field that indicates the importance of every point in the domain, previous work synthesized volume visualizations by weighted averaging of samples along view rays or by optimizing a spatially‐varying extinction field through an energy minimization. This energy minimization, however, did not directly measure the contribution of an individual sample to the final pixel color. In this paper, we measure the visibility of relevant structures directly by incorporating the transmittance into a non‐linear energy minimization. For the first time, we not only perform a transmittance‐based extinction optimization, we concurrently optimize the camera position to find ideal viewpoints. We derive the partial derivatives for the gradient‐based optimization symbolically, which makes the application of automatic differentiation methods unnecessary. The transmittance‐based formulation gives a direct visibility measure that is communicated to the user in order to make aware of potentially overlooked relevant structures. Our approach is compatible with any measure of importance and its versatility is demonstrated in multiple data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of ancient irrigation is crucial in the archaeological research of arid regions. It covers a wide range of topics, with the Near East being the focus for decades. However, political instability and limited data have posed challenges to these studies. The primary objective is to establish a standardised method applicable to different arid environments using the Google Earth Engine platform, considering local relief of terrain and seasonal differences in vegetation. This study integrates multispectral data from LANDSAT 5, Sentinel-2, SAR imagery from Sentinel 1, and TanDEM-X (12 m and 30 m) DSMs. Using these datasets, calculations of selected vegetation indices such as the SMTVI and NDVSI, spectral decomposition methods such as TCT and PCA, and topography-based methods such as the MSRM contribute to a comprehensive understanding of landscape irrigation. This paper investigates the influence of modern environmental conditions on the visibility of features like levees and palaeo-channels by testing different methods and parameters. This study aims to identify the most effective approach for each case study and explore the possibility of applying a consistent method across all areas. Optimal results are achieved by combining several methods, adjusting seasonal parameters, and conducting a comparative analysis of visible features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last five years, the Spanish audio-visual industry has been shaped by the expansion of transnational on-demand audio-visual services as well as by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, characterized by opportunities and challenges, such as an increase in production agreements, popular hits and critical acclaim, alongside industry concentration and inadequate financial support, the international market offers hope while promising strategic opportunity. This article portrays the strengths and weaknesses of Spanish cinematography and television on the global stage between 2016 and 2021. Although the industry has witnessed a discernible increase in international recognition, this does not make up for its limited circulation and modest export numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explores China's African public relations and image‐building effort, focusing on Nigeria. Thus, the paper's purpose is twofold: first, to investigate whether China's conduct of public diplomacy through its soft power resource—development assistance—has effectively shaped positive Nigerian public perception of China, and second, to determine the media's role in advancing China's public diplomacy in Nigeria. Specifically, it explores the interaction of economic development assistance, media, and public relations. I do this by comparing China's foreign direct investment (FDI) in Nigeria (2010–2019) with the public's perception of the FDI's influence on the Nigerian economy (2016 and 2020) and the media's role in shaping public support toward the investments. Utilizing a range of datasets, I find that Chinese economic investment alone is insufficient to substantially shape positive Nigerian public perception of China. Within a framework of mediated public diplomacy, I demonstrate that the Chinese image‐building effort in Nigeria would likely enhance when the country links economic investments with public relations to make the investments more visible through effective media representation. Related Articles: Ayhan, Kadir Jun, and Nancy Snow. 2021. "Introduction to the Special Issue—Global Korea Scholarship: Empirical Evaluation of a Non‐Western Scholarship Program from a Public Diplomacy Perspective." Politics & Policy 49(6): 1282–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12440. Hodzi, Obert, and John H. S. Åberg. 2020. "Introduction to the Special Issue: Strategic Deployment of the China Model in Africa." Politics & Policy 48(5): 804–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12378. Huijgh, Ellen. 2017. "Indonesia's 'Intermestic' Public Diplomacy: Features and Future." Politics & Policy 45(5): 762–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12221. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MRI reconstruction of undersampled data using a deep learning (DL) network has been recently performed as part of accelerated imaging. Herein, we compared DL-reconstructed T2-weighted image (T2-WI) to conventional T2-WI regarding image quality and degenerative lesion detection. Sixty-two patients underwent C-spine (n = 27) or L-spine (n = 35) MRIs, including conventional and DL-reconstructed T2-WI. Image quality was assessed with non-uniformity measurement and 4-scale grading of structural visibility. Three readers (R1, R2, R3) independently assessed the presence and types of degenerative lesions. Student t -test was used to compare non-uniformity measurements. Interprotocol and interobserver agreement of structural visibility was analyzed with Wilcoxon signed-rank test and weighted-κ values, respectively. The diagnostic equivalence of degenerative lesion detection between two protocols was assessed with interchangeability test. The acquisition time of DL-reconstructed images was reduced to about 21–58% compared to conventional images. Non-uniformity measurement was insignificantly different between the two images (p -value = 0.17). All readers rated DL-reconstructed images as showing the same or superior structural visibility compared to conventional images. Significantly improved visibility was observed at disk margin of C-spine (R1, p < 0.001; R2, p = 0.04) and dorsal root ganglia (R1, p = 0.03; R3, p = 0.02) and facet joint (R1, p = 0.04; R2, p < 0.001; R3, p = 0.03) of L-spine. Interobserver agreements of image quality were variable in each structure. Clinical interchangeability between two protocols for degenerative lesion detection was verified showing <5% in the upper bounds of 95% confidence intervals of agreement rate differences. DL-reconstructed T2-WI demonstrates comparable image quality and diagnostic performance with conventional T2-WI in spine imaging, with reduced acquisition time. • Deep learning network can reconstruct undersampled MR data with reduced scan time. • Deep learning can produce images of equivalent quality compared to conventional MRI. • Conventional and DL-reconstructed spine MRI are clinically interchangeable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While workers of all stripes are compelled to embrace uncertainty under conditions of neoliberalism, ideologies of risk assume a particular guise in the platform economy, wherein laborers are exhorted to 'put yourself out there'. Given the attendant harms associated with public visibility – especially for women and other marginalized groups – it seems crucial to explore platform-dependent laborers' experiences of 'putting themselves out there'. This article draws upon in-depth interviews with 23 social media influencers and content creators, sampled from across platforms, content niches and subjectivities. Our analysis revealed that vulnerability is a structuring concept in the influencer economy – one that operates at multiple, often overlapping levels. First, the commercial logic of authenticity casts personal vulnerability as a strategy for building community and accruing followers. But influencers' individual disclosures were often entangled with their social identities (e.g., gender, race, sexuality, ability and body type), which rendered them socially vulnerable to targeted antagonism from audiences. Interviewees experienced a range of harms, from identity-based hate and harassment to concerted take-down campaigns. These personal and social vulnerabilities were compounded by the vulnerabilities of platform-dependent labor: not only did participants identify the failures of platforms to protect them, some shared a sense that these companies exacerbated harms through a commercial logic that incentivizes antagonism. After examining the emotional labor necessary to manage such platform vulnerabilities, we close by reiterating the unique precarity of platform labor, wherein participants lack the social and legal protections typically afforded to 'vulnerable workers'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engaging with visual methodology literature and the concept of 'family display', this article examines how visual methods can generate new ways of understanding the (in)visibility of queer family life. Engaging Chinese lesbians in image-making and photo-elicitation interviews, I illustrate how visual methods give access to different ways of making sense of 'family', including the 'everyday', the 'imaginary', and the 'void'. By exploring the image-maker's intentions, the presence or absence of the image-maker, and diverse ways of displaying family, I show how visual methods can facilitate the display of family ties, tensions, and ideals. Adopted in an open format that allows flexibility and creativity, visual methods generate space for participants to communicate the unrealisable and unseeable and for researchers to examine how dominant heteronormative representations and discourses around the 'family' restrict possibilities of displaying family. I highlight the importance of maintaining openness and sensitivity to cultural peculiarities when adopting visual methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the historical and contemporary significance of visibility in human interactions with their environments, particularly in the context of archaeology and the application of geographic information systems (GIS) for visibility analysis. The study highlights the role of visibility analysis in investigating not only the physical visibility of features in landscapes but also the cultural significance associated with seeing or not seeing them. It draws from the 'visibility relates' principle, which argues that individuals tend to establish connections with visible entities. The focus is on comparing nineteenth-century urban settlements (Kaditshwene, Molokwane, and Marothodi) in the Magaliesberg region of South Africa, particularly examining the strategic positioning of kraals within these Sotho-Tswana farming communities. These settlements are some of the more popular Late Farming Communities (AD 1300–1840) in South Africa; hence, they have archaeological background and are among the few, if not the only ones, that have LiDAR data coverage. The findings reveal distinctions in visibility at both settlement and household scalar levels, with Kaditshwene standing out as different from Marothodi and Molokwane. This suggests that kraals were strategically located to be more or less visible based on specific settlement circumstances, such as attracting people from other communities and concerns about cattle theft. This study contributes to GIS approaches to archaeological sites and landscapes in Africa and calls for more extensive use of geospatial statistics in African archaeology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents Epistemic Spatialization as a new framework for investigating the interconnected patterns of biases when identifying objects with convolutional neural networks (convnets). It draws upon Foucault's notion of spatialized knowledge to guide its method of enquiry. We argue that decisions involved in the creation of algorithms, alongside the labeling, ordering, presentation, and commercial prioritization of objects, together create a distorted "nomination of the visible": they harden the visibility of some objects, make other objects excessively visible, and consign yet others to permanent or haphazard invisibility. Our approach differs from those who focus on high-stakes misidentifications, such as errors tied to structural racism. Examining the far more dominant series of low-stakes mistakes shows the scope of errors, destabilizing the goal of image content identification with considerable societal impact. We explore these issues by closely examining the demonstration video of a popular convnet. This examination reveals an interlocking series of biases undermining the content identification process. The picture we paint is crucial for a better understanding of the errors that result as these convnets become further embedded in everyday products. The framework is valuable for critical work on computer vision, AI studies, and large-scale visual analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Images could be understood as a medium that does not only reflect and represent the socio-political dynamics but diffuses and perpetuates ideas and perceptions. Images, as an integral part of media, play a huge role in this dissemination through their framing, contents, signs, and symbols. In order to comprehend this power of photographs, the paper will look into the frames, as expounded by Judith Butler, which determine the visibility and invisibility of subjects in a photograph. This paper deals with the Assam Movement, which happened in Assam, a northeastern state of India, as a reaction to the migration from neighboring Bangladesh. The paper will also delve into how the newspapers, as a production of the class structure, impress upon the symbolic environment in which peoples' subjectivities are formulated. It is a study of how photographs published in newspapers can lay the foundations for the construction of an identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]