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Axo-axonic cells (AACs) provide specialized inhibition to the axon initial segment (AIS) of excitatory neurons and can regulate network output and synchrony. Although hippocampal dentate AACs are structurally altered in epilepsy, physiological analyses of dentate AACs are lacking. We demonstrate that parvalbumin neurons in the dentate molecular layer express PTHLH, an AAC marker, and exhibit morphology characteristic of AACs. Dentate AACs show high-frequency, non-adapting firing but lack persistent firing in the absence of input and have higher rheobase than basket cells suggesting that AACs can respond reliably to network activity. Early after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), dentate AACs receive fewer spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs and have significantly lower maximum firing frequency. Paired recordings and spatially localized optogenetic stimulation revealed that SE reduced the amplitude of unitary synaptic inputs from AACs to granule cells without altering reliability, short-term plasticity, or AIS GABA reversal potential. These changes compromised AAC-dependent shunting of granule cell firing in a multicompartmental model. These early post-SE changes in AAC physiology would limit their ability to receive and respond to input, undermining a critical brake on the dentate throughput during epileptogenesis.

Abstract Sentiment analysis (SA) of several user evaluations on e-commerce platforms can be used to increase customer happiness. This method automatically extracts and identifies subjective data from product evaluations using natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) methods. These statistics may eventually reveal information on the favourable, neutral, or negative attitudes of the consumer base. Due to its capacity to grasp the complex links between words and phrases in reviews as well as the emotions they imply, deep learning (DL) is very useful for SA tasks. A unique approach termed Weighted Parallel Hybrid Deep Learning-based Sentiment Analysis on E-Commerce Product Reviews (WPHDL-SAEPR) is introduced by the proposed system. Accurately distinguishing between distinct sentiments found in online store reviews is the aim of the WPHDL-SAEPR technique. Additional data pre-processing processes are implemented within the WPHDL-SAEPR architecture to guarantee compatibility. Words are embedded into the paper using the word2vec model, while sentiment is classified using the WPHDL model. The Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) models are combined in this model. The results of the WPHDL-SAEPR approach’s simulation were assessed using a consumer review database, with the results being emphasized at each stage.

BACKGROUND: The cancer burden continues to grow globally, exerting tremendous physical, emotional, and financial strain on individuals, families, and communities. The experiences of cancer patients who are diagnosed with cancer at an early stage differ from patients who reached at terminal stage. The current study is an effort to know the lived-in experiences of cancer patients who were diagnosed with cancer and taking treatment at R. L. Jalapa Hospital and Research Center (RLJHRC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a phenomenological study design. Twelve cancer patients diagnosed with cancer and taking treatment at the oncology unit of RLJHRC were selected for the study using a purposive sampling technique. All patients were interviewed using open-ended questionnaires through focus group discussions in a quiet conference room to maintain privacy. The time taken was approximately 60 min to collect data and verbatim transcription. RESULTS: Study results revealed that all cancer patients were females, the majority (33%) were aged between 51 and 60 years, 59% were not having a formal education, and 83% were residing in urban areas. From the study, six themes were extracted, and they were uncertainty, dependent on family, stigma and discrimination, family influence, and believing God with hope and gratitude. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that cancer patients had undergone various psychological problems from the time of diagnosis to treatment. Hence, efforts need to be taken by the concerned authorities to conduct counseling services for these patients and families.

Food insecurity which has been a global threat, forces researchers to develop crops with increased productivity even under varying climatic conditions. Rice, being a significant staple and strategic crop, helps ensure economic stability, food, and nutritional security globally. It meets 20% of the calorie requirement of people residing all over the world. Lately, rice cultivation and research have been facing hitherto unprecedented difficulties in the context of climate-induced water scarcity and dwindling resources of manpower, arable land, etc. In this regard, direct seeded rice (DSR) as a resource conservation technique is gaining popularity as a potential alternative to conventional transplanting with reduced input requirement, reduced methane and CO2 emission, increased adaptability to climate change, and increased economic returns. The weed menace in DSR prevents it from reaching its fruitful attainment to a significant level. DSR highly depends on herbicide for weed control as manual weeding and other cultural practices are labour intensive which again meets a setback of crop injury (non-selective herbicide) and resistant weeds (selective herbicides). Herbicide-tolerant (HT) rice could be an effective and long-term solution for weed management in DSR. Three HT rice systems, viz., imidazolinones, glyphosate, and glufosinate, have already been developed in this context. This review gives an insight into the need for HT rice in DSR, its production system, limitations, and stewardship guidelines for proper weed management in rice.

Background of the Study: Studies conducted for the determination of gender utilizing changes in trabecular pattern in mandible on an orthopantomogram have been very sparse. Hence, this study is designed to help in gender determination using an innovative aid, fractal analysis. Aim: The aim is to determine/establish the gender using fractal analysis. Methodology: A total of 1,248 orthopantomogram were screened during the period of 2020 and 2021 in the Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Department of P. M. Nadagouda Memorial Dental College and Hospital of which 30 males and 30 females were selected between the age group of 20–30 years. The region of interest at the angle of the mandible on the right side was selected as the geometric center. The region of interest was again subjected to fractal analysis using ImageJ software, and the values were recorded by analyzing the trabecular pattern. Result: The data were analyzed statistically and it was noted that the mean fractal analysis values in females were 0.103 and 0.148 in males, which were significantly less when compared to the males. Conclusion: The results showed that fractal analysis can be used as an aid to assess the trabecular pattern in the determination of the sex of an individual.