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Tillage systems affect many properties of soil, such as soil bulk density, porosity, pore distribution, and soil water capacity. However, the effect of reduced tillage (RT) on faba bean cultivation requires wider analysis. We carried out our investigations at Vytautas Magnus University, Agriculture Academy (Lithuania), as part of a long-term field experiment. The aim was to determine the effect of tillage intensity on soil bulk density, pore distribution and soil water capacity in faba bean cultivation. Five tillage systems were used: deep (DP) and shallow (SP) ploughing, deep cultivation (DC) (chiselling), shallow cultivation (SC) (disking), and no tillage (NT). The results showed that the soil bulk density in NT plots was somewhat higher in upper (0–10 cm) and less in deeper (15–20 cm and 30–35 cm) soil layers compared to DP. The distribution of soil pores depended more on the sampling depth than on tillage. In RT and NT plots, the number of meso-pores was often higher, and that of micro-pores was lower than in ploughed plots. In the upper (0–5 cm) soil layer, the highest water capacity was established in NT, and in deeper layers, this was found in RT plots compared to DP. The density of soil mainly affected the volume of micro-and-macro-pores and water capacity.

Porastom svjetske populacije sve više raste zabrinutost vezana za količinu hrane dostatne da prehrani cijeli svijet, a osim toga sve se češće čuje i zabrinutost oko globalnog zatopljenja. Iz tih se razloga, a i zbog brige za zdravlje, sve više ljudi okreće prehrani baziranoj na biljnim proteinima umjesto životinjskih proteina. Cilj ovog rada bio je analizirati funkcionalna svojstva izolata proteina boba, jednog od potencijalnih kandidata koji bi zamijenio životinjske proteine, pri različitim pH vrijednostima, sa svrhom njegovog korištenja u prehrambenim proizvodima kao alternativa proteinima životinjskog porijekla. Određena je topljivost proteina, njihova sposobnost emulgiranja mogućeg i pjenjenja te zadržavanja vode. Rezultati su pokazali da dobivene vrijednosti uvelike ovise o pH suspenzije te bi se, pri određenim pH vrijednostima, bob mogao koristiti kao dodatak nekim prehrambenih proizvodima. With the increase in the world's population, concerns about the amount of food sufficient to feed the entire world are growing, and in addition, concerns about global warming are increasingly being heard. For these reasons, and also because of health concerns, more and more people are turning to a diet based on plant proteins instead of animal proteins. The aim of this work was to analyse the functional properties of bean protein isolate, one of the potential candidates that would replace animal proteins, at different pH values, with the purpose of its possible use in plant-based products. The solubility of proteins, their ability to emulsify and foam and retain water was determined. The results showed that the obtained values largely depend on the pH of the suspension and, at certain pH values, beans could be used as a supplement to some food products.

Exploring environmentally eco-friendly approaches to enhance crop growth and productivity are essential for sustainable agriculture. Therefore, a field trial was conducted during two growing seasons to study the effects of synthetic (nitrogen, N; phosphorus, P; and potassium, K), biogas digestate (BioD), bio-fertilizer (BioF), and their combinations on the growth, yield, and seed quality of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). The number of treatments was seven, as follows: control (zero NPK), NPK (30 kg N ha−1; 45 kg P2O5 ha−1: 48 kg K2O ha−1) as the recommended dose, BioD (2 t ha−1), BioF (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; 1 kg ha−1), 50% NPK + 50% BioD, 50% NPK + 50% BioF, and 50% BioD + 50% BioF. The results indicated that all fertilizer sources and their combinations improved the growth, seed yield, and quality of faba bean. However, the highest increase in plant height, leaf area, dry leaf weight, and stem dry weight of faba bean was recorded for the combined application of 50% BioD + 50% BioF. Moreover, the BioD +BioF fertilization enhanced the number of branches, number of seeds, 100 seed weight, and seed yield of faba bean. Similarly, BioD + BioF fertilization enhanced the total chlorophyll and N, P, and K contents of faba bean leaves. BioD fertilization also increased seed quality traits such as N, P, protein, and carbohydrate contents. The outcomes of BioD + BioF fertilization on growth yield and quality parameters of faba bean suggest that the concurrent application of biogas digestate with bio-fertilizer can reduce synthetic fertilizers.

Two cultivars of faba bean (Vicia faba ‘Giza 843’ and ‘Nobaria 3’) that differ in aluminum (Al) tolerance were used to study cytogenetic and genomic alterations under the influence of Al Cl3 (5, 15, and 25 mmol AlCl3) for different periods (6, 12 and 24 h). Under Al treatments, mitotic index in both cultivars decreased and total chromosomal abnormalities increased. The frequencies of micronuclei and chromosomal abnormalities (C-anaphase, metaphase-star chromosomes, breaks, sticky and disturbed chromosomes during metaphase or anaphase) in ‘Giza 843’ were lower than in ‘Nabaria 3’. Increase of the registered cytogenetic events under the influence of Al stress led to increase the detected polymorphism using RAPD and ISSR markers. Application of RAPD primers gave the same value of polymorphism in both faba bean cultivars under Al stress. Polymorphism average of nine ISSR primers of ’Giza 843’ (65.36 %) was lower than that of ‘Nobaria 3’ (71.59 %). Molecular markers, cytogenetic characteristics and seedling growth data indicate that Al tolerance of ‘Giza 843’ was higher than of ‘Nobaria 3’. This work shows that cytogenetic and ISSR techniques could be used efficiently to distinguish between the ability of two faba bean cultivars to tolerate toxic effects of Al.

Purpose (1) To assess the biological N fixation (BNF) potential of varieties of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cropped with or without compost in an experimental field-scale rotation with no recent history of legumes, (2) to enumerate soil populations of Rhizobium leguminosarum sv. viciae (Rlv), and to genetically characterize the nodulating Rlv strains, (3) compare BNF with other sites in Britain. Methods BNF was evaluated from 2012 to 2015 using 15 N natural abundance. Treatments were either PK fertilizer or compost. Soil rhizobial populations were determined using qPCR, the symbiotic rhizobia genotyped (16 S rRNA, nodA and nodD genes), and their BNF capacity assessed ex situ. The reliance of legumes on BNF at other British sites was estimated in a single season, and their nodulating symbionts examined. Results Faba bean obtained most of its N through BNF (>80%) regardless of variety or year. N-accumulation by cvs Babylon and Boxer increased with compost treatment in 2014/2015. Rhizobial populations were c. 105-106Rlv cells g−1 soil regardless of field or treatment. 157 Rlv microsymbionts grouped into two large nodAD clades; one mainly from V. faba, and the other from various legumes. All isolates nodulated, and some performed better than commercial inoculant strains. Conclusions Faba bean can provide most of its nitrogen through BNF and leave economically valuable residual N for subsequent crops. Recent legume cropping in northern Europe is not essential for effective nodulation: rhizobia may persist in a range of farmland locations. Nevertheless, there is the potential to apply elite rhizobial strains as inoculants in some soils.

Broad beans (Vicia fabaL.) are rarely consumed in Northern Europe and in the USA, whereas they are constantly present in the culinary habits of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries. This grain legume is characterized by interesting nutritional properties because of high levels of complex carbohydrates, proteins, and dietary fiber, coupled with a low content of saturated lipids and the presence of several bioactive compounds. However, broad beans are much more than a cheap source of nutrients. Among the oldest domesticated legumes, they have also a cultural value linked to an ancient symbolic meaning. Generally associated with funerary rituals, broad beans have also a positive significance being “dead” seeds with a regenerative capacity. This review focuses on the social symbolism of broad bean consumption and its associated rituals. Furthermore, the culinary habits related to this legume are analyzed along different Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries, from Egypt to Iran. Soups, thick gruels, and purees were found to be by far the most common culinary preparations. Using the Egyptianful medamesas a model, the study highlights a link between broad bean–based dishes in different countries, which arises from similar environmental conditions and from cultural interactions along trade routes. Enhancing the knowledge of these ethnic legume-based foods could improve the diet of Western countries by increasing the consumption of legumes.

Evaluation of genetic diversity among landraces could be an invaluable aid related to the sustainable use of ex situ collections. Statistical methods are currently available for analysis of databases from investigation of stored germplasm. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a self-pollinating with high percentage of foreign pollination legume crop with a great importance for food and forage due to its high protein content as well as the important role in soil fertility and nitrogen fixation. The local populations are well adapted to specific agro-climatic conditions in the growing areas and are a rich initial material for the breeding programs. The purpose of this study is to establish the genetic diversity of 21 Bulgarian faba bean landraces by important traits in order to review the current potential of conserved germplasm for its sustainable use. All genotypes, included in the study, are collected from expeditions in the country, recorded in the National Register for Plant Genetic Resources and long term stored at the National Genebank. They are characterized according to the International Faba Bean Descriptors. The cluster analysis results show a high genetic diversity in the collection and the variability of each studied trait is presented. The factor analysis, which complements the cluster analysis, gives a reason to group the genotypes with their features into groups that have a breeding value. Genetic diversity in the studied collection has been identified and some of the landraces could be included in future breeding programs.

The main direction in the breeding of legumes is the development of high-productive cultivars with stable yields. In order to assess the ecological stability of 17 broad bean accessions (Fb 1896, Fb 1903, Fb 1929, Fb 2481, Fb 2486, Fb 3270, BGE 002106, BGE 029055, BGE 032012, BGE 041470, BGE 043776, BGE 046721, FbH 13, FbH 14, FbH 15, FbH 16, BGP) with regard to key quantitative traits, a field experiment was conducted in the Institute of Forage Crops (Pleven) in 2016–2018. Plants were grown under organic farming conditions without the use of fertilizers or pesticides. Three types of stability parameters were calculated based on regression, variance, and nonparametric analysis. The results of the variance analysis showed a significant genotype × environment interaction for all quantitative traits except pod width. The factor ‘environment’ had the greatest impact on the phenotypic manifestation of the traits, followed by the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘genotype × environment interaction’. In terms of plant height and 1st pod height, accessions FbH 16 and FbH 13 can be classified as high (79 cm, 35 cm) and ecologically stable (bi = 0.76, bi = 0.79). BGE 029055 was little variable and had high numbers of pods (15) and seeds (41) per plant. Accessions FbH 14, FbH 16, FbH 15, and BGP were distinguished by high seed weight per plant (from 28.36 to 34.93 g), but they exhibited instability (bi > 1) under unfavorable environmental conditions. In contrast, Fb 1903, BGE 043776, and Fb 3270 were very stable (bi < 1) but low-productive. Accessions Fb 1896, Fb 1929, Fb 2481, Fb 2486, BGE 002106, and BGE 029055 showed intermediate parameters, as they had the coefficient of linear regression close to 1, but they were also low-productive. BGE 041470 appeared to be of special interest for breeding. It had high values of 100 seed mass (101.38 g) and seed weight per plant (32.14 g), being relatively stable (bi = 1.10). GGE biplot analysis determined accessions BGE 046721, BGE 032012, FbH 15 and FbH 16 as a promising breeding material combining high and stable seed yield.

GWAS was applied to the antinutritive compounds vicine and convicine (V, C) in winter faba bean. V, C and V + C data for 189 inbred lines (five environments) were predicted by NIRS. These lines do not carry the strong ���vc-��� allele (locus VC1). Lab data for 646 samples enabled our NIRS calibration, which performed well for V and V + C yet poor for C. Heritability was high (0.911; 0.868) for V and V + C and lower for C (0.737). From the 2542 mapped SNPs, 47 were significantly associated with V and one with V + C. Four SNPs mapped near to the VC1 locus and were significant for V. Seemingly, non-���vc-��� alleles at that locus contributed to V variation. Marker-assisted breeding with this germplasm can reduce the V + C content to about 0.44%, compared to the current lowest line with 0.55%. Further research will show inasmuch this can serve agronomy and breeding., Journal of Cultivated Plants, Bd. 74 Nr. 01-02 (2022)

Water salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses, and the use of saline water for the agricultural sector will incur greater demand in the coming decades. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have been used for developing numerous plant fertilizers as a smart and powerful form of material with dual action that can alleviate the adverse effects of salinity and provide the plant with more efficient nutrient forms. This study evaluated the influence of calcium phosphate NPs (CaP-NPs) as a soil fertilizer application on the production and bioactive compounds of broad bean plants under salinity stress. Results showed that salinity had deleterious effects on plant yield with 55.9% reduction compared to control. On the other hand, CaP-NPs dramatically improved plant yield by 30% compared to conventional fertilizer under salinity stress. This improvement could be attributed to significantly higher enhancement in total soluble sugars, antioxidant enzymes, proline content, and total phenolics recorded use of nano-fertilizer compared to conventional use under salt stress. Additionally, nano-fertilizer reflected better mitigatory effects on plant growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and oxidative stress indicators (MDA and H2O2). Therefore, our results support the replacement of traditional fertilizers comprising Ca2+ or P with CaP-nano-fertilizers for higher plant productivity and sustainability under salt stress.

В результате проведения интродукционного испытания в условиях Внутреннегорного Дагестана проведён сравнительный анализ и оценено влияние сортового разнообразия на структуру изменчивости числовых признаков пяти сортов Vicia faba L., полученные из коллекции ВИР им. Н.И. Вавилова (Санкт-Петербург). Работа выполнена на популяционном уровне. В результате проведения суммарной статистики получены средние статистические характеристики. Проведена математическая обработка материала с использованием методов корреляционного и дисперсионного анализа. Отмечены наиболее устойчивые и пластичные числовые признаки вегетативной и генеративной сфер. В пределах сорта и объединённой выборки минимальные показатели коэффициента вариации отмечены для среднего числа семян на плод и числа продуктивных узлов на растение, а максимальные - числа боковых ветвей и общего числа семян на растение. Между средними показателями и относительной изменчивостью общего числа междоузлий отмечено существенное (rxy = 0,864*) значение корреляционной связи. Эмпирические показатели (асимметрия и эксцесс) общего числа междоузлий по t-критерию Стьюдента существенно (12,772*** и 36,629***) отклоняются от нормальной теоретической кривой распределения. Высокое (rxy = - 0,842) значение между таковыми же показателями отрицательной корреляции установлено для числа боковых ветвей на растение. М ежду числом плодов и числом семян на растении всех сортообразцов и объединённой выборки, установлены существенные, на самом высоком уровне (99,9%) достоверности, значения корреляционной связи. Для этих двух признаков также установлены сходные и достоверные различия (5,579***, 5,823***, 5,140*** и 5,804***) по тому же критерию от теоретической нормальной кривой распределения по обоим эмпирическим показателям. Между показателями этих двух признаков генеративной сферы и узлом расположения первого плода также обнаружены значимые связи. Сортовое разнообразие существенно влияет на изменчивость трёх признаков: число и доли плодущих узлов и число боковых ветвей., As a result of the introduction test in the conditions of Inner Mountain Dagestan, a comparative analysis was carried out and the influence of varietal diversity on the structure of variability of numerical features of five varieties of Vicia faba L., obtained from the collection of the Vavilov VIR (St. Petersburg), was evaluated. The work is done at the population level. As a result of the cumulative statistics, average statistical characteristics are obtained. Mathematical processing of the material using the methods of correlation and dispersion analysis was carried out. Mathematical processing of the material using the methods of correlation and dispersion analysis was carried out. The most stable and plastic numerical signs of the vegetative and generative spheres are noted. Within the variety and the combined sample, the minimum coefficient of variation is noted for the average number of seeds per fruit and the number of productive nodes per plant, and the maximum for the number of side branches and the total number of seeds per plant. Between the averages and the relative variability of the total number of internodes, a significant (rxy = 0.864 *) correlation value was noted. Empirical indicators (asymmetry and excess) of the total number of internodes according to Student's t-criterion significantly (12.772 *** and 36.629 ***) deviate from the normal theoretical distribution curve. A high (rxy = - 0.842) value between the same indicators of negative correlation is established for the number of side branches per plant. Between the number of fruits and the number of seeds on the plant of all varieties and the combined sample, significant correlation values were established at the highest level (99.9%) of reliability. For these two features, similar and significant differences were also established (5.579***, 5.823***, 5.140*** and 5.804***) according to the same criterion from the theoretical normal distribution curve for both empirical indicators. Significant connections were also found between the indicators of these two features of the generative sphere and the node of the location of the first fetus. Varietal diversity significantly affects the variability of three features: the number and proportions of fruiting nodes and the number of lateral branches.

Впервые в условиях Внутреннегорного Дагестана проведен интродукционный анализ пяти сортообразцов кормовых бобов – Vicia faba L., семена которых были получены из Всероссийского института генетических ресурсов растений (ВИР) имени Н.И. Вавилова (г. Санкт-Петербург). Работа выполнена на популяционном уровне. В результате исследований выяснена роль сортового разнообразия в структуре изменчивости семи весовых признаков у пяти сортообразцов Vicia faba L.. Среди весовых признаков объединённой выборки (Σn = 59) и каждого сортообразца этой культуры отмечены наиболее стабильные и пластичные показатели вегетативной и генеративной сферы. С минимальными значениями относительной изменчивости и эмпирических показателей (асимметрия и эксцесс) выделены индексные признаки – репродуктивное усилие и эффективность его, которые показывают долю, выделяемую на репродукцию, и относятся к главным показателям адаптивной (репродуктивной) стратегии. Для остальных пяти весовых признаков установлены как относительно высокие величины коэффициента вариации со сравнительно сходными показателями размаха (max–min) и частного (max/min) крайних вариант, так и существенные на самом высоком уровне отклонения эмпирических показателей от нормального распределения по t-критерию Стьюдента. Выявлен образец № 2399 «КИУ-82», который отличается минимальной (46,7 %) долей сухой массы плодов в генеративном побеге и максимальной (35,4 %) частью сухого веса створок в таковой боба. Между сухой массой генеративного побега и его составляющих, а также между признаками сухой массы самых компонентов отмечены существенные значения корреляционной связи. Средние значения рассматриваемых весовых признаков сортов этой культуры в новых условиях не различаются по t-критерию Стьюдента и различия носят случайный характер. Влияние сортового разнообразия на вариабельность рассматриваемых весовых признаков также носит случайный характер., For the first time in the conditions of Inner Mountain Dagestan, an introductory analysis of five varietal samples of fodder beans was carried out Vicia faba L., the seeds of which were obtained from the All-Russian Institute of Plant Growing (VIR) named after N.I. Vavilov (St. Petersburg). The work is done at the population level. As a result of research, the role of varietal diversity in the structure of variability of seven weight traits in five varietal samples of this culture has been clarified. Among the weight features of the combined sample (Σn = 59) and each varietal sample of this culture, the most stable and plastic indicators of the vegetative and generative sphere are noted. With the minimum values of relative variability and empirical indicators (asymmetry and excess), index signs are allocated reproductive effort and its effectiveness, which show the proportion allocated to reproduction, and belong to the main indicators of the adaptive (reproductive) strategy. For the remaining five weight features, both relatively high values of the coefficient of variation with relatively similar swing indices (max–min) and partial (max/min) extreme variants were established, as well as significant deviations of empirical indicators from the normal distribution according to Student's t-criterion at the highest level. Sample No. 2399 "KIU-82" was identified, which differs in the minimum (46.7%) fractions of dry fruit mass in the generative shoot and the maximum (35.4%) part of the dry weight of the flaps in such a bean. Between the dry mass of the generative shoot and those of its components, as well as between the signs of the dry mass of the components themselves, significant values of the correlation are noted. The average values of the considered weight characteristics of the varieties of this crop under the new conditions do not differ according to the Student's t-criterion, and the differences are random. The influence of varietal diversity on the variability of the weight characteristics under consideration is also random.

Amaç: Bu araştırmada organik, inorganik ve biyo gübrelerin yerel baklanın toprakaltı ve toprak üstü aksamları üzerindeki etkisinin belirlemesi amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Yöntem: Araştırma Dicle Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi’ne ait sera koşullarında yürütülmüş olup, tesadüf parsellerinde bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre ve üç tekrarlamalı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma materyali olarak Nutri-umix 660 (organik gübre), Fosil (organik gübre), DAP (inorganik gübre), Rhizobium leguminoserum (biyogübre) kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada yaş bitki ağırlığı, yaş sap+yaprak ağırlığı, yaş kök ağırlığı, bitki boyu, kök uzunluğu, yaprakçık sayısı, yaprak ağırlığı, nodül sayısı, yaş nodül ağırlığı, kuru sap ağırlığı, kuru kök ağırlığı, kuru yaprak ağırlığı, kuru nodül ağırlığı ve yaprak alanı özellikleri çiçeklenme öncesi, çiçeklenme dönemi ve çiçeklenme sonrası dönem olmak üzere üç ayrı dönemde incelenmiştir. Ayrıca toplam bitki yaş ve kuru ağırlıklarından faydalanarak bazı eşitlikler ile uygulamaların oransal kök ağırlığı, oransal sap ağırlığı ve oransal yaprak ağırlığına etkisi araştırılmıştır. Araştırma Bulguları: Araştırma sonucunda çiçeklenme öncesi dönemde yapılan uygulamaların incelenen özellikler üzerinde herhangi bir etkisinin olmadığı, çiçeklenme döneminde ise organik gübrelerin diğer gübrelere oranla daha fazla etki ettiği saptanmıştır. Çiçeklenme sonrası dönemde yaprakçık sayısı, yaprak ağırlığı, kuru sap ağırlığı, kuru kök ağırlığı ve yaprak alanına kontrol uygulaması, nodül sayısı ve yaş nodül ağırlığına azotlu gübreler, kuru yaprak ağırlığına Nutri-umix ve kuru nodül ağırlığına ise Fosil uygulaması en fazla etkide bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Bu araştırma ile bakla yetiştiriciliğinde inorganik gübre kullanımının çok önemli bir etkisinin olmadığı, ancak organik gübrelerin bitkisel özellikleri artırdığı saptanmıştır. Bakla yetiştiriciliğinde bu gübrelerin kullanılmasının toprak verimliliğinin sürdürülmesine de katkıda bulunulacağı düşünülmektedir. Objective: In this research, it was aimed to determine the effect of organic, inorganic and bio fertilizers on the subsoiland and aboveground parts of local faba bean. Materials and Methods: The research was carried out in the greenhouse conditions of the Faculty of Agriculture of Dicle University, and in randomized plots according to the split plot design with three replications. It was used Nutri-umix 660 (organic fertilizer), Fossil (organic fertilizer), DAP (inorganic fertilizer), Rhizobium leguminoserum (biofertilizer) as research material. In research, plant height, whole weight, stem+leaf weight, root weight, root length, number of leaflet, leaflet weight, number of nodules, nodule weight, dry stem weight, dry root weight, dry leaflet weight, dry nodule weight and leaf area were examined in pre-blooming, full-blooming and post blooming periods in three development stages. Additionaly, it was investigated with some equations the effects of treatments on the proportional root weight, proportional stem weight and proportional leaf weight by using the total plant fresh and dry weights. Results: As a result, it was determined that the treatments made in the pre-blooming period did not have any effect on the investigated properties, and had a greater effect than other fertilizers during the flowering period, organic fertilizers. In the post blooming stage, number of leaflets, leaflet weight, dry stem weight, dry root weight and leaf area control, DAP on nodule number and nodule weight, Nutriumix on dry leaf weight and Fosil on dry nodule weight had the most effect. Conclusion: With this research, it was determined that the use of inorganic fertilizers in faba bean cultivation did not have a significant effect, however organic fertilizers were increased plant characteristics. It is thought that the use of these fertilizers in faba bean cultivation will contribute to the maintenance of soil fertility, as well.

Weeds are one of the greatest threats to faba bean (Vicia faba L.) production and herbicide application is known to be the most efficient weed control method. However, the susceptibility of the current cultivars to post emergence herbicide applications impose a limitation for weed control in faba bean. Therefore, the deployment of postemergence herbicide tolerance is desirable in faba bean. To address this, a set of 130 faba bean accessions were screened for their response to the recommended dosages of two herbicides, metribuzin at 250 g a.i. ha−1 and imazethapyr at 75 g a.i. ha−1 at Marchouch and Terbol stations during four seasons between 2014 and 2018. The herbicide damage score along with other phenological and yield related traits were recorded and analyzed to evaluate the effects of post emergence herbicide application on the tested accessions and to select the herbicide tolerant ones. Tolerance to metribuzin and imazethapyr in eight faba bean accessions was confirmed as no significant reduction in grain yield resulted from the herbicide application. Moreover, in the aim to identify superior and broad adapted herbicide tolerant faba bean genotypes and to identify the most discriminating environments for herbicide screening, 37 accessions with different levels of tolerance to the recommended dosages of metribuzin and imazethapyr were selected to further evaluate the performance and stability of their plant height and grain yield across different environments (location x season x herbicide treatment). Data collected at Marchouch and Terbol during four seasons between 2014 and 2019 were used and the evaluation was based on the following stability parameters: cultivar superiority, static stability, Wricke’s eco-valence and Finlay and Wilkinson’s regression model. Differences observed in the genotypes ranking suggest that the evaluation of performance and stability of herbicide tolerant faba beans should be based on a combination of stability parameters. Genotype * environment biplot analysis indicated that the environments representing the metribuzin treatment at Marchouch 2014–2015 and the non-treated treatment at Terbol 2018–2019 are the ideal environments for evaluating faba bean genotypes. Biplots showed also that the metribuzin and imazethapyr tolerant accession IG12983 is the ideal genotype as he showed good and stable plant height and grain yield performance across the environments. Finally, to identify molecular markers associated with key genes imparting tolerance to herbicides the same set of accessions phenotyped before was genotyped using genotyping by sequencing (GBS). The GBS yield 10,794 high quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). 10 and 14 SNPs highly associated with phenological and yield related traits under herbicide treatments were identified after conducting Single-trait and Multi-trait Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) respectively. Genomic sequences containing herbicide tolerance associated SNPs were aligned against the NCBI database using BLASTX tool and default parameters to annotate candidate genes underlying the causal variants. SNPs from acidic endochitinase, LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase RCH1, probable serine/threonine-protein kinase NAK, malate dehydrogenase, photosystem I core protein PsaA and MYB-related protein P-like were significantly associated with herbicide tolerance traits. The identified SNPs will facilitate and fasten the efficient and effective development of herbicide tolerant cultivars and can be used for introgressing herbicide tolerance into desired agronomic background. Las malas hierbas se consideran como mayor amenaza para la producción de las habas (Vicia faba L.) ya que no se dispone de métodos efectivos de control adecuados particularmente en el estado de postemergencia. En un intento de mejorar la tolerancia a los herbicidas de postemergencia más comunes, se evaluó durante cuatro años la respuesta de una colección de 130 accesiones de habas a las dosis recomendadas de metribuzin (250 g i.a. ha−1) e imazetapir (75 g i.a. ha−1) en condiciones de campo en las estaciones experimentales de Marchouch (Marruecos) y Terbol (Líbano). Estos trabajos han permitido confirmar la tolerancia de ocho accesiones a metribuzin y a imazetapir. Asimismo, se ha estudiado la estabilidad de componentes del rendimiento de 37 accesiones de habas con diferentes niveles de tolerancia a las dosis recomendadas de ambos herbicidas en diferentes ambientes (localidad x año x tratamiento con herbicida). Los resultados mostraron que la estabilidad de la respuesta en habas tolerantes a herbicidas se basa en una combinación de efectos. Los análisis de interacción Genotipo*Ambiente mostraron el tratamiento con metribuzin en Marchouch 2014-2015 y el control sin herbicida en Terbol 2018-2019 son los ideales para evaluar los genotipos de habas con tolerancia a herbicidas. La accesión IG12983 tolerante a ambos herbicidas mostró una altura de planta y rendimiento de grano altos y estables en todos los ambientes. Finalmente, la colección de habas fue genotipada por secuenciación (Genotyping by Sequencing “GBS”), resultando en la identificación de 10.794 polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (SNP) de alta calidad. El análisis de asociación (Genome Wide Association “GWAS”) permitió la identificación de 10 y 14 SNP altamente asociados con tolerancia a los herbicidas, según se analizara por un solo o por múltiples caracteres, respectivamente. Las secuencias genómicas que contenían SNP asociados con la tolerancia a los herbicidas se alinearon con la base de datos del NCBI utilizando y la herramienta BLASTX y parámetros predeterminados para anotar los genes candidatos subyacentes a las variantes causales. Los SNP de la endoquitinasa ácida, la serina/treonina-proteína quinasa RCH1 similar al receptor LRR, la probable serina/treonina-proteína quinasa NAK, la malato deshidrogenasa, la proteína PsaA del núcleo del fotosistema I y la “MYB”- relacionada con proteína “P-like” se asociaron significativamente con los caracteres de a tolerancia a herbicidas. Estos SNP identificados permitirán acelerar el desarrollo eficiente y eficaz de cultivares tolerantes a herbicidas.

Growing as much crop biomass as possible in the shortest possible time is the target for most bio-energy producers. However, according to the requirements of the Green Deal, the consumption of fertilizers and crop protection products will have to be significantly reduced between 2023 and 2027. In order to meet all the necessary conditions for the production of biomass, a stationary field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania, in 2020–2021. Multi-cultivations of maize, hemp and faba bean were investigated. The aim of this study was to ascertain the impact of multi-cropping intensity on soil structural composition, stability, penetration resistance and gas concentration–respiration. As expected, multi-cropping stabilized the gas concentration and emission from the soil and decreased the proportion of micro-structures in the top soil layers. However, the stability of the soil decreased in all the experimental plots. Gas concentration and respiration mainly depended on soil structural composition, temperature and moisture content. The results of the experiment suggest performing investigations at a long-term scale because the intensive variation of meteorological conditions had a higher impact on the soil properties than the multi-cropping systems.

Weeds are one of the greatest threats to faba bean (Vicia faba L.) production and herbicide application is known to be the most efficient weed control method. However, the susceptibility of the current cultivars to post emergence herbicide applications impose a limitation for weed control in faba bean. Therefore, the deployment of postemergence herbicide tolerance is desirable in faba bean. To address this, a set of 130 faba bean accessions were screened for their response to the recommended dosages of two herbicides, metribuzin at 250 g a.i. ha−1 and imazethapyr at 75 g a.i. ha−1 at Marchouch and Terbol stations during four seasons between 2014 and 2018. The herbicide damage score along with other phenological and yield related traits were recorded and analyzed to evaluate the effects of post emergence herbicide application on the tested accessions and to select the herbicide tolerant ones. Tolerance to metribuzin and imazethapyr in eight faba bean accessions was confirmed as no significant reduction in grain yield resulted from the herbicide application. Moreover, in the aim to identify superior and broad adapted herbicide tolerant faba bean genotypes and to identify the most discriminating environments for herbicide screening, 37 accessions with different levels of tolerance to the recommended dosages of metribuzin and imazethapyr were selected to further evaluate the performance and stability of their plant height and grain yield across different environments (location x season x herbicide treatment). Data collected at Marchouch and Terbol during four seasons between 2014 and 2019 were used and the evaluation was based on the following stability parameters: cultivar superiority, static stability, Wricke’s eco-valence and Finlay and Wilkinson’s regression model. Differences observed in the genotypes ranking suggest that the evaluation of performance and stability of herbicide tolerant faba beans should be based on a combination of stability parameters. Genotype * environment biplot analysis indicated that the environments representing the metribuzin treatment at Marchouch 2014–2015 and the non-treated treatment at Terbol 2018–2019 are the ideal environments for evaluating faba bean genotypes. Biplots showed also that the metribuzin and imazethapyr tolerant accession IG12983 is the ideal genotype as he showed good and stable plant height and grain yield performance across the environments. Finally, to identify molecular markers associated with key genes imparting tolerance to herbicides the same set of accessions phenotyped before was genotyped using genotyping by sequencing (GBS). The GBS yield 10,794 high quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). 10 and 14 SNPs highly associated with phenological and yield related traits under herbicide treatments were identified after conducting Single-trait and Multi-trait Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) respectively. Genomic sequences containing herbicide tolerance associated SNPs were aligned against the NCBI database using BLASTX tool and default parameters to annotate candidate genes underlying the causal variants. SNPs from acidic endochitinase, LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase RCH1, probable serine/threonine-protein kinase NAK, malate dehydrogenase, photosystem I core protein PsaA and MYB-related protein P-like were significantly associated with herbicide tolerance traits. The identified SNPs will facilitate and fasten the efficient and effective development of herbicide tolerant cultivars and can be used for introgressing herbicide tolerance into desired agronomic background. Las malas hierbas se consideran como mayor amenaza para la producción de las habas (Vicia faba L.) ya que no se dispone de métodos efectivos de control adecuados particularmente en el estado de postemergencia. En un intento de mejorar la tolerancia a los herbicidas de postemergencia más comunes, se evaluó durante cuatro años la respuesta de una colección de 130 accesiones de habas a las dosis recomendadas de metribuzin (250 g i.a. ha−1) e imazetapir (75 g i.a. ha−1) en condiciones de campo en las estaciones experimentales de Marchouch (Marruecos) y Terbol (Líbano). Estos trabajos han permitido confirmar la tolerancia de ocho accesiones a metribuzin y a imazetapir. Asimismo, se ha estudiado la estabilidad de componentes del rendimiento de 37 accesiones de habas con diferentes niveles de tolerancia a las dosis recomendadas de ambos herbicidas en diferentes ambientes (localidad x año x tratamiento con herbicida). Los resultados mostraron que la estabilidad de la respuesta en habas tolerantes a herbicidas se basa en una combinación de efectos. Los análisis de interacción Genotipo*Ambiente mostraron el tratamiento con metribuzin en Marchouch 2014-2015 y el control sin herbicida en Terbol 2018-2019 son los ideales para evaluar los genotipos de habas con tolerancia a herbicidas. La accesión IG12983 tolerante a ambos herbicidas mostró una altura de planta y rendimiento de grano altos y estables en todos los ambientes. Finalmente, la colección de habas fue genotipada por secuenciación (Genotyping by Sequencing “GBS”), resultando en la identificación de 10.794 polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (SNP) de alta calidad. El análisis de asociación (Genome Wide Association “GWAS”) permitió la identificación de 10 y 14 SNP altamente asociados con tolerancia a los herbicidas, según se analizara por un solo o por múltiples caracteres, respectivamente. Las secuencias genómicas que contenían SNP asociados con la tolerancia a los herbicidas se alinearon con la base de datos del NCBI utilizando y la herramienta BLASTX y parámetros predeterminados para anotar los genes candidatos subyacentes a las variantes causales. Los SNP de la endoquitinasa ácida, la serina/treonina-proteína quinasa RCH1 similar al receptor LRR, la probable serina/treonina-proteína quinasa NAK, la malato deshidrogenasa, la proteína PsaA del núcleo del fotosistema I y la “MYB”- relacionada con proteína “P-like” se asociaron significativamente con los caracteres de a tolerancia a herbicidas. Estos SNP identificados permitirán acelerar el desarrollo eficiente y eficaz de cultivares tolerantes a herbicidas.

Introducing insectary plants along with principal crops is an effective way to increase the biological diversity of beneficial insects and improve the stability of ecological equilibrium in agrocenoses and could be an alternative to chemical plant protection, particularly in organic farming. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of white mustard as a companion plant in broad bean cultivation on the occurrence of Aphis fabae Scop., Syrphidae, and Coccinellidae. The study also aimed at finding the optimum row separation of broad bean plants. It also evaluated the effectiveness of the thinning of mustard in a specific time to eliminate excessive competition with the main crop. The results showed that white mustard contributed to visible suppression of A. fabae abundance on broad bean (to the level similar as with the use of chemical protection). S. alba contributed to an increased abundance of hoverflies and lady beetles on broad bean despite the relatively low abundance of their prey, i.e., aphids. Mustard thinning positively affected abundance of larvae and adults of lady beetles as well as improved predator-prey ratio for hoverfly larvae and adult lady beetles. The most appropriate distance between broad bean rows when white mustard was introduced was 65 cm, with the concomitant conduct of mustard thinning when the broad bean plants reached flower bud formation. White mustard can be recommended as an element increasing the role of natural enemies of aphids in mixed crops, however, its strong growth should be taken into account and the plant density should be properly adjusted to avoid excessive competition with main plant.

The experiment was conducted at the agricultural research station of the College of Agriculture- University of Basrah in 2018-2019 season in sandy loam soils in order to study the effect of three concentrations of humic acid (0, 2 and 4 g.L-1) on the growth and yields of two hybrids of Broad bean ("Rico and Rama F1"). Split Plot Design by Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replications, and the least significant difference test (L.S.D) was used to compare averages at a probability level of 0.05. The most important results obtained are: The hybrid "Rico" is gave a significant increase in the number of branches.Plant-1, the percentage of flowering in addition to the average weight of the pod, while the hybrid "Rama F1" gave a significant increase in the number of flowers and pods.Plant-1, weigh of pod.Plant-1 (259.3 gm) in addition to the total yield (24.34 tons.ha-1). Humic acid concentrations 2 and 4 g.L-1 gave a significant increase in number of leaves.plant-1, leaf area, soft weight of vegetative, number of flowers.plant-1, number of pods.plant-1, average weight of pod, yield. Plant-1 (259.9 g) in addition the total yield (24.40 tons.ha-1), while control treatment gave a significant increase in the percentage of ripening flowers. The interaction between humic acid and hybrids had significant increase in all characters in the study except the percentage of ripening flowers.

The study was carried out in the field of vegetables Department of Horticulture and Land scap Design / Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul / Iraq during the growth season 2017-2018 to study effect of two factors: the first three varieties of the broad been (Local, Turkish and French), the second three factors of the fertilizer is chemical fertilizer, and organic fertilizer with Atalopolina (400 kg. ha-1) and a mixture of organic and chemical fertilizers (1/2 chemical fertilizer + 200 kg. ha-1 of Atalopolina fertilizer) and control treatment (without fertilization). Implemented in the field using Split Plot Design within RCBD with three replication. The treatment of varieties was laid in the main plots and the fertilizers in the sub plots. The most important results can be summarized as follows: There was a significant difference between varieties, where the local variety significantly increased the plant height, Local and French varieties increased leaf area per plant and total yield of pods, the Turkish variety were significantly increased the seed weight per pod. As well as the chemical and organic fertilizers significantly increased number of branches per plant, biological yield, seeds weight per pod and total yield of pods, but chemical fertilizer significantly increased leaf area per plant, pod length and total yield of pods, chemical and control treatments increased average of pod weight. The results of interaction between factors showed that the local variety with chemical treatment significantly increased plant height, leaf area per plant, biological yield, yield of green seeds 5.91 t. ha-1 and total yield of pods 10.79 t. ha-1, but interaction between Turkish variety and control treatment significantly increased number of branches per plant and average of pod weight, the French variety with mixed the fertilizers increased dry matter of vegetative growth, and Turkish variety with mixed fertilizers increased number of pods per plant and seeds weight per pod, the French variety with chemical fertilizer increased pod length.

The present study was conducted in greenhouse of Science College during January to April 2017 in order to evaluate the effect of sewagewater and solid waste leachate used for irrigation on some vegetative growth and seed germination of Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plant. The results showed that pH values of sewagewater was near neutrality while leachate was in acid side of neutrality. Electrical conductivity (EC) of leachate pass 8000 µS.cm-1. In most vegetative growth characters of Faba bean plant (Plant height, root dry weight, numbers of flowers, legumes and nodules) the sewagewater treatment record the high values in compared to control treatment. On the other hand, leachate treatments had very harmful effect on plant vegetative growths with lowest value in most variables (except chlorophyll content) with significant differences (P≤0.05) between it, especially at the last months of growth the bean plant of leachate treatment exposed to wilting and dead with zero values recorded for many studied variables (root dry weight and numbers of legumes and nodules). Same results were obtain for seed germination assay irrigated by leachate with lowest germination rate and highest inhibition of germination.

The stem borer weevil, Lixus algirus L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), causes severe damage to faba beans (Vicia faba L.) in Morocco. A survey was conducted to determine the distribution of L. algirus, its natural enemies, and the severity of damage it causes to faba beans in Morocco. A total of 16 and 27 stops were randomly selected and surveyed in the major faba bean-growing regions during the years 2017 and 2018, respectively. The Gharb region recorded the highest level of L. algirus infestation at 80% and 71.42% in 2017 and 2018, respectively, followed by the Saïs region at 58.75% and 36% in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Two egg parasitoids (Chlorocytuslixi and Anaphes longicornis), one egg predator (Orius sp.), and a larval parasitoid (Cyanopterobracon) were identified. The ectoparasitoid C. lixi was observed to be the most dominant species, with percentages of parasitism in the regions ranging between 35.75% and 70.49%. The larval parasitoid Cyanopterobracon was the second most abundant species, with percentages of parasitism ranging between 3.03% to 15.96%. Understanding the parasitoid complex of L. algirus in Morocco is necessary for the subsequent development of a biological control program.

Research was carried out in southern Italy in order to evaluate the effects of two farming systems (open field, greenhouse) and five transplanting times (27 September, 11 October, 25 October, 8 November, 22 November) on plant growth, harvest precocity, fresh pod yield and seed quality of organic faba bean. Crop biomass and root expansion were higher in open field than in greenhouse. The fourth planting time resulted in the highest crop biomass, whereas the second crop cycle showed the highest leaf area index. Greenhouse crops showed higher precocity than the open field ones by about two weeks, as well as the first transplant; the delay in harvest beginning increased from the second to the fourth planting time. Fresh pod yield in open field was significantly higher than that obtained under protected environment with the third and fourth planting times. Seed yield was higher in greenhouse grown crops than in open field, with the third to fifth planting time. Seed fiber and protein content showed higher values in greenhouse compared to open field and increased with the transplant delay. Seed polyphenols attained higher concentration in open field and with the two earliest planting times. Overall, 25 October to 8 November planting times in open field best fitted the southern Italy growing conditions in terms of pod yield, but the 27 September to 11 October planting times resulted in the highest harvest precocity, remarkably enhanced under greenhouse growing, whereas seed quality was controversial.

We studied the behavioral and biological parameters of Aphis fabae (Homoptera: Aphididae, Scopoli, 1763) on seven local Vicia faba L. cultivars. The antixenosis was conducted under laboratory controlled conditions of the temperature, light regime and relative humidity (18 ± 0.25 °C; L16: D8; 37.5 ± 0.6 %) for test in light, and (19 °C; 42 % relative humidity) for test in dark. The least preferred host plants for attractivity was the cultivar 141 in both tests while the cultivar 145 was the most preferred in light test, and the cultivar 107 in dark test. The antibiotic experiment was conducted also under laboratory conditions (L16: D8 photoperiod, 17 ± 1 °C, and 43.5 ± 5 % r. h.). Antibiosis was determined by studying the pre-reproductive period, reproductive period, adult longevity, survival, daily and total fecundity. The analysis of variance indicated that no significant differences on pre-reproductive period and daily fecundity of the A. fabae among the cultivars. However, the longest times of reproductive period, adult longevity, and survival were recorded on cultivar 135 followed by cultivar 141. The highest (85.8) and the lowest (15.8) number of progeny were observed on 135 and 141 cultivars, respectively.

Background Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivation is highly challenged by faba bean black root rot disease (Fusarium solani) in high lands of Ethiopia. To ensure sustainable production of faba beans, searching for eco-friendly disease management options is necessary to curb the progress of the disease timely. The indigenous biocontrol agents that suit local environments may effectively strive with in-situ microorganisms and suppress local pathogen strains. This study aimed to screen antagonistic indigenous compatible Trichoderma and Pseudomonas strains against Fusarium solani. In the pathogenicity test, soil-filled pots were arranged in complete random block design and sown with health faba bean seeds. The effect of some fungicides was evaluated against Fusarium by food poisoning methods to compare with the biocontrol agents. The antagonistic efficacy of biocontrol agents and their compatibility was investigated on Potato dextrose agar medium. Results Fusarium solani AAUF51 strain caused an intense root rotting in faba bean plant. The effect of Mancozeb 80% WP at 300 ppm was comparable with Trichoderma and Pseudomonas strains against Fusarium. The mycelial growth of test the pathogen was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced to 86.67 and 85.19% by Trichoderma harzianum AAUW1 and Trichoderma viridae AAUC22 strains in dual culture, respectively. The volatile metabolites of Pseudomonas aeruginosa AAUS31 (77.78%) found the most efficient in reducing mycelial growth of Fusarium followed by Pseudomonas fluorescens AAUPF62 (71.11%) strains. The cell-free culture filtrates of Pseudomonas fluorescens AAUPF62 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa AAUS31 were more efficient than the Trichoderma strain in reducing the growth of Fusarium isolates. There was no zone of inhibition recorded between Trichoderma harzianum AAUW1, Trichoderma viridae AAUC22, Pseudomonas aeruginosa AAUS31, and Pseudomonas fluorescens AAUPF62 strains, hence they were mutually compatible. Conclusions The compatible Trichoderma and Pseudomonas strains showed antagonistic potentiality that could be explored for faba bean protection against black root rot disease and might have a future dual application as biocontrol agents.

Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are known to play relevant roles in plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. In the present study, we characterize the response of transgenic faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants encoding a PR10a gene from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to salinity and drought. The transgene was under the mannopine synthetase (pMAS) promoter. PR10a-overexpressing faba bean plants showed better growth than the wild-type plants after 14 days of drought stress and 30 days of salt stress under hydroponic growth conditions. After removing the stress, the PR10a-plants returned to a normal state, while the wild-type plants could not be restored. Most importantly, there was no phenotypic difference between transgenic and non-transgenic faba bean plants under well-watered conditions. Evaluation of physiological parameters during salt stress showed lower Na+- content in the leaves of the transgenic plants, which would reduce the toxic effect. In addition, PR10a-plants were able to maintain vegetative growth and experienced fewer photosystem changes under both stresses and a lower level of osmotic stress injury under salt stress compared to wild-type plants. Taken together, our findings suggest that the PR10a gene from potato plays an important role in abiotic stress tolerance, probably by activation of stress-related physiological processes.

[SPA] Esta tesis doctoral se presenta bajo la modalidad de compendio de publicaciones. El objetivo general de esta investigación fue optimizar los principales procesos para desarrollar nuevos alimentos frescos y procesados a partir de variedades nativas de tres especies de leguminosas (habas, guisantes y caupí), bien adaptados a diferentes climas europeos y con alta calidad nutricional y alto contenido en compuestos bioactivos. De este modo, alimentos ricos en proteína de origen local podrían ser incorporados más fácilmente a la dieta, mejorando así la diversidad de las zonas productoras. Hoy en día existe una importante tendencia en los hábitos de consumo caracterizada por una demanda creciente de alimentos naturales, más sanos, listos para el consumo y seguros. Un ejemplo de esta tendencia es el desarrollo de frutas y hortalizas mínimamente procesadas. Dentro de estas últimas, las legumbres son una excelente fuente de muchos nutrientes esenciales, incluyendo proteínas y aminoácidos, minerales, fibra, vitaminas, carbohidratos de asimilación lenta y otros compuestos bioactivos, y son bajas en calorías y grasas. Sin embargo, la biodisponibilidad de algunos nutrientes puede verse reducida por diversos compuestos presentes en las legumbres, considerados como compuestos antinutricionales. No obstante, muchos de estos compuestos también han sido identificados como beneficiosos para la salud. Por lo tanto, se debe promover el consumo de legumbres buscando nuevas formas de presentación en las que el producto pueda consumirse fresco y además poder cocinarse en un envase adecuado. Las legumbres se consumen generalmente en forma de semillas frescas, como productos mínimamente procesados. Sin embargo, también se pueden utilizar diferentes métodos de cocción. Esta preparación de alimentos puede causar cambios en la textura, color, sabor o en el contenido de compuestos bioactivos. Uno de estos métodos es la cocción en microondas, en la que se puede cocinar un producto sano en poco tiempo sin perder mucha calidad. Uno de los pasos más críticos en el desarrollo de los productos mínimamente procesados es la desinfección. Aunque la utilización del hipoclorito sódico (NaOCl) está muy extendida en la industria debido a su actividad antimicrobiana y su bajo costo, su uso se encuentra en entredicho debido a la formación de subproductos tóxicos. Por lo tanto, es necesario el desarrollo de métodos alternativos de desinfección. Otros desinfectantes, como el clorito sódico acidificado (ASC), se han aplicado ampliamente para la prevención del pardeamiento enzimático y no enzimático y, en menor medida, para reducir el crecimiento microbiano a niveles que no afecten negativamente al sabor y el aroma de los productos vegetales. Además, la utilización de luz UV también puede ser una alternativa al NaOCl, ya que es efectiva para la descontaminación superficial, debido a que actúa como agente antimicrobiano tanto directamente, dañando el ADN microbiano, como indirectamente debido a la estimulación de los mecanismos de defensa de las hortalizas contra los patógenos, retardando la descomposición y retrasando la senescencia. Así mismo, las películas o recubrimientos antimicrobianos comestibles pueden evitar el pardeamiento y mejorar la calidad, la inocuidad, la vida útil y la funcionalidad de los productos alimenticios al reducir la transferencia de humedad, la frecuencia respiratoria y los procesos oxidativos, al tiempo que se reducen al mínimo tanto el deterioro como los microorganismos patógenos. El objetivo general de esta investigación fue optimizar los principales procesos para desarrollar nuevos alimentos frescos y procesados a partir de variedades nativas de tres especies de leguminosas (habas, guisantes y caupí), bien adaptados a diferentes climas europeos y con alta calidad nutricional y alto contenido en compuestos bioactivos. De este modo, alimentos ricos en proteína de origen local podrían ser incorporados más fácilmente a la dieta, mejorando asó la diversidad de las zonas productoras. En este trabajo se evaluaron los efectos de la desinfección con NaOCl (100 ppm) o alternativamente con clorito sódico acidificado (ASC) (300 ppm), y el envasado en atmósfera modificada pasiva (MAP) a 1 o 4ºC, sobre la calidad general de las semillas de guisantes inmaduras mínimamente procesadas. La desinfección con ASC resultó en una mejor calidad sensorial, un mayor contenido de vitamina C y un menor recuento en recuento de psicrófilos. Las semillas de guisantes inmaduras pueden almacenarse durante 14 días a 1-4ºC bajo MAP, con leve impacto en su calidad. Posteriormente, se estudió el efecto de diferentes desinfectantes (NaOCl (150 ppm), NaOCl + recubrimiento comestible a base de ésteres de ácidos grasos de sacarosa (EC), y UV-C (3 kJ m-2, 90s)) sobre los cambios de calidad de las semillas de haba mínimamente procesadas almacenadas durante 10 días a 4ºC. Periódicamente, las muestras se cocinaron en microondas (700 W, 1 min) para obtener un alimento listo para el consumo. El tratamiento con EC mostró un efecto positivo sobre la vitamina C, el contenido total de fenoles (TPC) y la retención del contenido de taninos, mientras que las muestras tratadas con UV mostraron los valores más altos de contenido en azúcares. Además, los tratamientos de EC y UV extendieron la vida útil de las semillas de haba mínimamente procesadas de 7 a 10 días a 4ºC con respecto al tratamiento con NaOCl. Como era de esperar, el microondas redujo la concentración en compuestos bioactivos, pero mantuvo la calidad de las semillas de haba, lo que permitió obtener un alimento sabroso listo para consumir. Otro de los objetivos de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad de caupí mínimamente procesado listo para su consumo en crudo (semillas inmaduras) o cocinado en microondas (semillas y vainas). Las vainas de caupí frescas se lavaron con NaOCl (150 ppm) y se almacenaron durante 21 días a 8°C bajo atmósfera modificada (23 kPa CO2/1.5 kPa O2 and 19 kPa CO2/1.2 kPa O2), mientras que las semillas también fueron desinfectadas, envasadas y almacenadas durante 7 días a 4ºC. Se evaluó el TPC, la capacidad antioxidante equivalente total (TEAC), los azúcares y la calidad sensorial. El TPC y el TEAC aumentaron sus concentraciones después del cocinado con microondas tanto para las semillas como para las vainas. La concentración de sacarosa y glucosa aumentó después del microondado, mientras que la rafinosa no se detectó después de la cocción. Con respecto a la calidad sensorial, las semillas frescas y microondadas mantuvieron todos los atributos evaluados por encima del límite de aceptabilidad después de 7 días a 4ºC, mientras que las vainas fueron comestibles hasta 14 días a 8ºC. Finalmente, se estudiaron los efectos del tratamiento UV-C (3 kJ m-2), en comparación con semillas no tratadas, sobre la calidad sensorial y microbiana, y el contenido bioactivo y de antinutricionales de las semillas de haba mínimamente procesadas en fresco y cocinadas en microondas. El tratamiento UV-C extendió la vida útil de las semillas de haba frescas de 7 a 10 días a 5ºC. Además, el UV-C redujo la concentración de taninos condensados en comparación con las muestras no irradiadas. Así mismo, el cocinado con microondas redujo el contenido de ácido fítico y de taninos condensados. Teniendo en cuenta que el objetivo general de esta investigación es optimizar varios procesos para desarrollar nuevos alimentos frescos y procesados a partir de variedades nativas de tres especies de legumbres (habas, guisantes y caupí), para estimular el consumo de éstas en la dieta humana diaria, tanto para su consumo en fresco como microondado, se puede decir que con el uso de diversas técnicas de procesamiento mínimo utilizando NaOCl solo o en combinación con recubrimientos comestibles, o alternativamente con desinfectantes químicos (ASC) o físicos (UV-C), se pueden obtener productos vegetales con alta calidad nutricional y alto contenido de compuestos bioactivos, frescos y listos para consumir. [ENG] This doctoral dissertation has been presented in the form of thesis by publication. There is nowadays an important trend in the habits of human food consumption in which natural, healthy, ready-to-eat and safe elaborates are required. An example of this trend is the development of fresh-cut or minimally processed fruit and vegetables. Legumes are an excellent source of many essential nutrients, including proteins and aminoacids, minerals, fiber, vitamins, slow-assimilation carbohydrates and other bioactive compounds, and are low in calories and fat. However, the bioavailability of some nutrients can be reduced by several legume compounds, which are considered to be antinutritional compounds. Nevertheless, such compounds have also been reported to have beneficial health properties. Therefore, the consumption of legumes should be promoted by looking for new ways of presentation in where the product can be consumed fresh and cooked in a suitable container. Legumes are usually consumed as fresh seeds. However, different cooking methods can also be used. This food preparation may cause changes in texture, colour, flavour, or bioactive content. One of these methods is microwave cooking, in which a healthy product could be obtained in a short time without loosing quality. One of the most critical steps in the development of fresh-cut products is disinfection. Although the use of NaOCl is widespread in the industry due to its antimicrobial activity and low cost, it is examined due to the appearance of toxic by-products. Therefore, the study of alternative sanitizing methods is necessary. Others disinfectants, like acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) have been largely applied for the prevention of enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning and, in less extent, to reduce microbial growth at levels that did not adversely affect the sensory quality. Furthermore, UV light can also be an alternative, useful for superficial decontamination, because UV light acts as an antimicrobial agent directly by damaging the microbial DNA and indirectly due to the stimulation of defence mechanisms in vegetables against pathogens, retarding decay and delaying senescence. In addition, edible antimicrobial films or coatings can avoid enzymatic browning and improve quality, safety, shelf life and functionality of food products by reducing moisture transfer, respiration rate and oxidative processes, while minimizing both spoilage and pathogenic microorganism The general objective of this Thesis was to optimize processing steps to develop new fresh and processed foods from native varieties of three legumes species (faba beans, peas and cowpeas). Such legumes are well adapted to several European climates and with high nutritional quality and high content in bioactive compounds. In that way, food of local origin with high protein content could be easily included in the human diet. For fresh produce disinfection, the effects of NaOCl (100 ppm) or alternatively ASC (300 ppm) stored under modified atmosphere packaging at 1 or 4ºC, on quality of fresh-cut immature pea seeds were evaluated. Disinfection with ASC resulted in better sensory quality, higher content of vitamin C and lower psychrofiles counts. Immature pea seeds could be stored up to 14 days at 1–4ºC under MAP with only minor quality changes. Subsequently, the effect of different sanitizers (NaOCl (150 ppm), NaOCl + an edible coating based of sucrose fatty acid esters (EC) and UV–C (3 kJ m-2, 90s)) on quality changes of minimally processed faba seeds stored for 10 days at 4ºC were studied. Periodically, samples were microwaved (700 W, 1 min) to obtain a ready to eat food. The EC treatment showed a positive effect on vitamin C, total phenolics content and tannins content retention, whereas UV-C treated samples showed the highest sugars content values. Additionally, EC or UV-C treatments extended the shelf life of fresh-cut faba seeds from 7 to 10 days at 4ºC regarding NaOCl treatment. As expected, microwaving decreased the concentration of bioactive compounds, but retained the quality of faba seeds allowing to obtain a ready to eat tasteful food. Furthermore, the quality of fresh-cut cowpea, prepared to be eaten raw (immature seeds) or microwaved (seeds and pods), was also evaluated. Fresh cowpea pods were washed with NaClO (150 ppm, pH 6.5, 2 min, 4ºC) and stored for 21 days at 8°C under modified atmosphere packaging (23 kPa CO2/1.5 kPa O2 and 19 kPa CO2/1.2 kPa O2). Additionally, seeds obtained from hulled pods were also disinfected, packaged and stored for 7 days at 4ºC. Total phenolic content (TPC), total equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), sugars and sensory attributes, were evaluated. TPC and TEAC increased after microwaving (700 W, 1 min) for both seeds and pods. Concentration of sucrose and glucose increased after microwaving, while raffinose was not detected after cooking. According to sensory quality, fresh and microwaved seeds maintained all the evaluated attributes above the limit of usability after 7 days at 4ºC, while pods were edible up to 14 days at 8ºC. Finally, the effects of a UV-C treatment (3 kJ m-2), compared with non-illuminated beans, were studied on the sensory and microbial quality and bioactive and anti-nutritional content of fresh-cut and then microwaved faba beans. UV-C treatment extended the fresh-cut faba bean shelf life from 7 to 10 days at 5ºC. Nevertheless, UV-C improved the condensed tannins reductions through storage compared with non-irradiated samples. Microwaving reduced the phytic acid and condensed tannins contents. Since the general objective of this research is to optimize several processes to develop new fresh and processed foods from native varieties of three legume species (faba, pea and cowpea), to stimulate the consumption of these in the daily human diet, both for fresh and microwave consumption, It can be said that with the use of various minimal processing techniques using NaOCl alone or in combination with edible coatings, or alternatively with chemical (ASC) or physical (UV-C) disinfectants, vegetable products with high nutritional quality and high content of bioactive compounds, fresh and ready to eat, can be obtained. Esta tesis doctoral se presenta bajo la modalidad de compendio de publicaciones. Está formada por un total de cuatro artículos: 1. Collado, E., Klug, T.V., Martínez-Sánchez, A., Artés-Hernández, F., Aguayo, E., Artés, F., Fernández, J.A. , Gómez, P.A. (2017). Immature pea seeds. Effect of storage under modified atmosphere packaging and sanitation with acidified sodium chlorite. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 97: 4370-4378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8513. 2. Collado, E., Venzke Klug, T., Martínez-Hernández, G.B., Artés-Hernández, F., Martínez-Sánchez, A., Aguayo, E., Artés, F., Fernández, J.A., Gómez, P.A. (2019). UV-C pretreatment of fresh-cut faba beans (Vicia faba) for shelf life extension: Effects of domestic microwaving for consumption. Food Science and Technology International. In press. https://doi.org/10.1177/1082013219873227. 3. Collado, E., Venzke Klug, T., Artés-Hernández, F., Aguayo, E., Artés, F., Fernández, J.A., Gómez, P.A. (2019). Quality changes in nutritional traits of fresh-cut and then microwaved cowpea seeds and pods. Food and Bioprocess Technology. 12: 338-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11947-018-2214-2. 4. Collado, E., Venzke Klug, T., Martínez-Hernández, G.B Artés-Hernández, F., Martínez-Sánchez, A., Aguayo, E., Artés, F., Fernández, J.A., Gómez, P.A. (2019). Nutritional and quality changes of minimally processed faba (Vicia faba L.) beans during storage: Effects of domestic microwaving. Postharvest Biology and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.01.008. Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena Programa de Doctorado de Técnicas avanzadas en investigación y desarrollo agrario y alimentario

Soil tillage intensity influences the chemical composition of soil, the distribution of nutrients, and soil physical and mechanical properties, as well as gas flows. The impact of reduced tillage on these indices in faba bean cultivation is still insufficient and requires more analysis on a global scale. This study was carried out at Vytautas Magnus University, Agriculture Academy (Lithuania) in 2016&ndash, 2018. The aim of the investigation was to establish the influence of the tillage systems on the soil chemical composition, temperature, moisture content, and CO2 respiration in faba bean cultivation limited by the semi-humid subarctic climate. On the basis of a long-term tillage experiment, five tillage systems were tested: deep and shallow moldboard plowing, deep cultivation-chiseling, shallow cultivation-disking, and no-tillage. Results showed that in conditions of plowless tillage systems, the content of precrops&rsquo, residues on the topsoil before the spring tillage was 5 to 15 times higher than in plowed plots. It undoubtedly was for the amount of available nutrients in the soil, soil temperature, and moisture content. Plowless and no-tillage systems could initiate an increase in the amount of available nutrients in soil. The highest concentration of chemical elements was found in no-tilled plots. So faba bean crops could largely increase the composition of potassium and total nitrogen and stabilized CO2 respiration from soil during one vegetative period.

The present work aims to investigate the attractive ability of the newly isolated bacterium Serratia plymuthica BMA1, to release phosphorus (P) from rock phosphate (RP) and also to assess its beneficial effect in promoting the growth of Vicia faba. This strain exhibited the highest RP-solubilization activity ever reported, with 450 mg l(-1) of soluble P at 30 degrees C. At 10 and 20 degrees C, its RP-solubilization was estimated at 100 and 200 mg l(-1), respectively. HPLC analysis revealed that RP-solubilizing activity was associated with the release of gluconic acid. The hydroxyapatite (HA) solubilization activity concomitantly occurred with the secretion of gluconic acid and lactic acid. Under greenhouse conditions, application of BMA1 strain as an inoculant in presence of RP as the sole P source, considerably increased phosphorus uptake by V. faba L. and upgraded its overall growth in terms of dry weight and length by 76% and 39%, respectively. This growth promoting effect was accompanied by a substantial increase in chlorophyll contents. Additionally, phosphorus levels within roots and shoots of S. plymuthica BMA1-treated plants were approximately three times greater, compared to the non-inoculated control plants. When HA was used instead of RP, bacterization with BMA1 strain also enhanced the plant growth parameters and P contents, but significantly less than RP. These findings revealed that S. plymuthica BMA1 could be a potential candidate to improve the agronomic effectiveness of RP, toward a clean P-nutrition through the formulation of bio-phosphate fertilizers for plant growth promotion.

Cultivation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in Tunisia is largely based on improved varieties of the crop. However, a few farmers continue to produce local cultivars or landraces. The National Gene Bank of Tunisia (NGBT) recently launched a collection project for faba bean landraces, with special focus on the regions of the North West, traditionally devoted to cultivating grain legumes, and where around 80% of the total national faba bean cultivation area is located. The seed phenotypic features of the collected samples were studied, and the genetic diversity and population structure analyzed using simple sequence repeat markers. The genetic constitution of the present samples was compared to that of faba bean samples collected by teams of the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) in the 1970s in the same region, and stored at the ICARDA gene bank. The results of the diversity analysis demonstrate that the recently collected samples and those stored at ICARDA largely overlap, thus demonstrating that over the past 50 years, little genetic change has occurred to the local faba bean populations examined. These findings suggest that farmers serendipitously applied international best practices for in situ conservation of agricultural crops.

Faba bean hulls are a by-product, generated from the processing of beans and usually disposed of as waste, utilized in some recipes of Italian traditional cuisine. In this research, a quality evaluation of faba hulls in six genotypes (four local varieties—‘Cegliese’, ‘Iambola’, ‘San Francesco’ and ‘FV5′—and two commercial ones—‘Aguadulce supersimonia’ and ‘Extra-early purple’) of faba bean (Vicia faba L. var. major Harz) for fresh consumption grown with two plant densities (4.16 and 2.08 plants m−2) was carried out. For all the measured parameters, the statistical analysis reveals that the interaction between plant density and genotype was not significant. On the other hand, independently of the genotype, the higher the plant’s density the higher was the pods’ yield per unit area, while the average percentage of hulls was of 75% with little differences between genotypes. All genotypes showed a low content of vicine (12.4 mg 100 g−1 FW), a well know favism-inducing factor, and a very high phenols content (between 443 and 646 mg 100 g−1 FW) and levo-dihydroxy phenylalanine (L-dopa—on average 170 mg 100 g−1 FW), used for the treatment of patients affected by Parkinson’s disease. In conclusion, this study highlights the good potential of faba hulls as unconventional vegetable, suggesting its use as a new functional food in the daily diet and also for patients with Parkinson’s disease.

A fava para indústria desempenha uma importante função agronómica e ambiental nos sistemas de produção do Vale do Tejo. Em 2019 procedeu-se à monitorização do desenvolvimento e crescimento da variedade de faveira Histal cuja produção se destina à indústria para congelação. Observaram-se e registaram-se as fases de desenvolvimento, a população potencial e produtiva, o peso verde e o peso seco da planta. Foram avaliados os componentes de rendimento e a quantidade de macronutrientes extraídos e restituídos ao solo. A população produtiva foi de 8,7 plantas/m2, o que representou uma emergência de 90% da população potencial. O número médio de ramificações por planta foi de 5,3. Em média cada planta produziu 18 vagens comerciais (60% do número total) que originaram 75,5 grãos/planta. As condições meteorológicas adversas, ao longo do ciclo cultural, tiveram um impacto negativo na fase de floração e vingamento das vagens, condicionando a produtividade., Revista da UI_IPSantarém - Unidade de Investigação do Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): How can Agriculture position itself for a sustainable ecological transition?