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Objective: A child’s pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission may have wide-ranging family implications. We assessed nonmedical out-of-pocket expenses (NMOOPEs) and disruptions in work and normal life for parents with a child admitted to the PICU for at least 2 days with acute, new onset, or exacerbation of a critical condition. Design: We conducted a prospective, single-center study; administered a daily verbal response survey on NMOOPEs; stratified families by annual income ($100 000); and calculated daily expenditures (DEs), estimated daily budgets (DBs), and percentage of NMOOPEs (%DE/DB). We used a modified caregiver version of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Scale to assess the impact of PICU admission on work-related and normal life activities. Setting: The PICU in an academic, tertiary medical center in the United States. Patients: Patients admitted to PICU. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: The study included 38 families, with median length of PICU stay of 3 days (range 3-13). The mean total NMOOPE was $127 ± $107 (range $5-$511). Financial impact of DB in the 3 annual income groups ranged from 0% to 136% (median 36%), 5% to 18% (median 10%), and 4% to 39% (median 16%), respectively. Total work absenteeism for cohort was 78 days. High levels of distraction were reported in working families, and normal daily activities were interrupted or suspended. Conclusions: PICU hospitalization results in a range of direct NMOOPEs of varying burden on families and additional work productivity impact. Further research to understand the array of financial implications on families and additional mitigation strategies are needed.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine (a) explicit and implicit verbal response inhibition in preschool children who do stutter (CWS) and do not stutter (CWNS) and (b) the relationship between response inhibition and language skills.MethodParticipants were 41 CWS and 41 CWNS between the ages of 3;1 and 6;1 (years;months). Explicit verbal response inhibition was measured using a computerized version of the grass–snow task (Carlson & Moses, 2001), and implicit verbal response inhibition was measured using the baa–meow task. Main dependent variables were reaction time and accuracy.ResultsThe CWS were significantly less accurate than the CWNS on the implicit task, but not the explicit task. The CWS also exhibited slower reaction times than the CWNS on both tasks. Between-group differences in performance could not be attributed to working memory demands. Overall, children's performance on the inhibition tasks corresponded with parents' perceptions of their children's inhibition skills in daily life.ConclusionsCWS are less effective and efficient than CWNS in suppressing a dominant response while executing a conflicting response in the verbal domain.

To examine the relationship between verbal response time, response duration, and deception during an interview with a computer-generated agent, we developed a model using logistic regression conducted on a training group (n=90) and cross-validated the model on an additional 127 participants who either did or did not engage in a simulated crime at a mock security checkpoint. Verbal responses during the interviews required simple “yes” or “no” utterances, which examinees were instructed to produce “promptly” but not in a speeded manner. The results showed that, overall, 75 of 127 (59.1%) participants in the cross-validation group were correctly classified (p

This article discusses methodological issues related to language in advertising research. We introduce a framework that distinguishes between cross-linguistic research settings, where several languages are used in the study and different samples of respondents are studied in their own language, and multilingual research settings, where only a single language is used and multilingual respondents are studied either in their native or nonnative language. We review key principles that govern cross-linguistic and multilingual effects in advertising research to formulate guidelines for research design and data analysis. In the cross-linguistic context, these principles address nonuniform cross-linguistic differences in responses (related to nonequivalence of individual questionnaire items) versus uniform response effects (related to nonequivalence of verbal response category labels). In the multilingual context, we bring together evidence that shows how—even when comprehension is not a problem—stimuli, questions, and response categories may be processed differently in respondents' native versus nonnative language.

Background Neurological illness can produce a disorganization of behavior, including verbal disinhibition, despite apparent preserved intelligence. Neuropsychological tests of such behavioral control mechanisms may predict real-world performance of healthy people, such as success or misbehavior in educational contexts. Method In two separate studies, we examined how the Hayling Test of verbal response suppression predicts grades and classroom misbehavior. Results Verbal suppression errors and spontaneous strategy use were significant predictors of undergraduate grades. Using a modified version of the Hayling Test designed to reduce strategic responding with high school students (mean age 16), higher grades were predicted by shorter response suppression latencies and better working memory scores, and classroom misbehavior was predicted by lower working memory scores. Conclusion Verbal response suppression and spontaneous strategy use, both closely linked to disorganized behavior in neuropsychological patients, predict academic achievement but seem unrelated to classroom misbehavior, which is associated with weakness in working memory.

Even when speakers are not actively doing another task, they can be interfered in their speech planning by concurrent auditory stimuli. In this study, we used picture naming with passive hearing, or active listening, combined to high-density electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings to investigate the locus and origin of interference on speech production. Participants named pictures while ignoring (or paying attention to) auditory syllables presented at different intervals (+150 ms, +300 ms or +450 ms). Interference of passive hearing was observed at all positive stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) including when distractors appeared 450 ms after picture onset. Analyses of ERPs and microstates revealed modulations appearing in a time-window close to verbal response onset likely relating to post-lexical planning processes. A shift of latency of the N1 auditory component for syllables displayed 450 ms after picture onset relative to hearing in isolation was also observed. Data from picture naming with active listening to auditory syllables also pointed to post-lexical interference. The present study suggests that, beyond the lexical stage, post-lexical processes can be interfered and that the reciprocal interference between utterance planning and hearing relies on attentional demand and possibly competing neural substrates.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are both associated with response inhibition impairment. However, the relative pattern of deficits in these two disorders remains unclear. Twenty-three male children with ASD, 23 male children with SZ, and 32 typically developing male controls were recruited to complete a set of tasks measuring response inhibition in the visual, auditory, and verbal domains. We found that visual, auditory, and verbal response inhibitions were impaired in both children with ASD and children with SZ. Compared with typically developing controls, children with ASD made more commission errors whereas children with SZ responded much slower in the visual response inhibition task. Both clinical groups showed comparable impairment in verbal response inhibition, but children with SZ were more impaired in auditory response inhibition than children with ASD. These different patterns of response inhibition deficit between male children with ASD and SZ may help to differentiate between these two disorders and may be potential targets for intervention. Autism Res 2020, 13: 591-602. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: In this study, we found that male children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) made more commission errors whereas male children with schizophrenia (SZ) responded much slower in the visual response inhibition task. Both clinical groups exhibited comparable impairments in verbal response inhibition, but male children with SZ were more impaired in auditory response inhibition than male children with ASD. Our findings provide potential targets for intervention.

The paper assesses free verbal reports describing subjective sensations and emotional feelings eliciting by tactile stimuli provided using manual androbotic stimulation. Tickle (knismesis) and pleasure sensations dominated subjective responses, and tickle-related lexical units were significantly more common for stimuli of lower forces. Frequency of pleasure related words did not depend in the force of stimuly. The data prove that, at least for certain perceptual contexts, knismesis may be assosiated with positive rather than with negative emotions.

CT scan is strongly recommended for a patient affected by head trauma, but he/she must absorb a certain amount of radiations. For this reason, the physician tries to avoid such a practice for pediatric patients. The symptoms analysis, visual/tactile inspection, and reactions to appropriate stimuli from the physician could induce him/her to put the patient in a period of observation instead of performing an immediate CT scan. As a consequence, the correct evaluation of those symptoms is a crucial task. For this reason, the Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale (PGCS) plays a fundamental role, because it is a numeric scale regarding the patient’s mental status. It is computed as the sum of the score for the eye, motor and verbal response evaluated by the physician. In this paper, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is performed on the PGCS of the Trauma Brain Injury (TBI) dataset collected by the PECARN (Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network). The PCA is performed in all cases when the sum of the three partial scores results in a value less than 14, because a patient with PGCS = 15 is not considered at risk. Under this constraint, the PCA reveals that each partial GCS give the same contribution to the first principal component, but a scale variation is introduced.

© 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Objectives: This paper reports two related analyses of verbal material from seven Living Well with Dementia groups: the first examines changes in the verbal behaviours of participants across the course of the sessions in all seven groups; while the second contrasts therapist behaviour in two groups. Methods: In the first analysis, recordings of three sessions from each group were transcribed and participant descriptions of dementia were analysed using the Markers of Assimilation of Problematic Experiences of Dementia (MAPED) rating procedure. In the second analysis, therapist behaviour in weeks 2 and 8 from two groups (F and G) was analysed using the Hill Counsellor Verbal response rating scale. Inter-rater reliabilities for the two sets of ratings were ‘good’ and ‘very good’, respectively. Results: For the MAPED ratings, a five by four contingency table was analysed using chi-squared, which indicated a highly significant change in assimilation. There were significant higher levels of level 1 and 2 markers in the first two sessions and level 4 for sessions 5 and 6. Facilitators used significantly more direct guidance and information giving behaviour in the second session at Location F compared to Location G. Conclusions: The results suggest that important changes occurred in the way that dementia was described across the seven LivDem groups: this includes both reductions in the avoidance of direct references to dementia after the first two sessions, as well as an increase in ‘insight’ statements. Directive facilitator behaviour may be associated with poorer outcomes.

Objective: This study investigates whether performance in a verbal response task ( Color-Word Interference Test [CWIT]) and a motor response task ( Conners’ Continuous Performance Test [CCPT]) discriminates children with Tourette’s Syndrome (TS), ADHD, and typically developing children (TDC). Method: Nineteen children with TS, 79 with ADHD, and 50 with TDC participated (8-17 years). Results: Children with TS committed significantly fewer errors in the verbal response task than those with ADHD. Moreover, children with TS but without ADHD performed better than TDC. Errors in motor task and speed of response did not distinguish between groups. A cautious tendency of response correlated positively with rates of tics in children with TS. Conclusion: Children with TS were superior in inhibiting a prepotent verbal response; however, comorbidity with ADHD in those children negatively influenced performance. Results support the hypothesis that levels of inhibitory control distinguish children with TS, ADHD, and TDC.

Objectives: The anticipation of stuttering is a common experience for many people who stutter. In this study, subjective ratings of stuttering anticipation were used to investigate the consistency of anticipation across time, beliefs about how anticipation affects the likelihood of stuttering, and the relationship between anticipation and verbal response time (VRT) in the perceptually fluent speech of 12 adults who stutter (AWS).Method: AWS used a visual analog scale to rate their beliefs about stuttering anticipation in general, and their degree of stuttering anticipation for 50 words at two separate visits that were separated by approximately 1 week. Participants performed a computer-prompted oral reading task with the same 50 words to obtain measures of VRT. Within-subject and group level correlations were used to explore relationships between stuttering anticipation, VRT, and stuttering severity.Results: Six of the participants had word-level stuttering anticipation ratings that were significantly cor...

Is nonverbal communication capable of affecting economic outcomes? We study the effect of anticipated approval and disapproval, expressed through emoticons, on generosity and show that it discourages selfish behavior. In our experiment subjects play a one-shot dictator game at the end of which the recipient can respond to the allocation by drawing an emoticon and sending it back to the dictator. While the observed effect of nonverbal communication is somewhat weaker than the anticipation of a verbal response, our results provide evidence that people are willing to trade-off pecuniary gains to avoid disapproval or seek approval of their peers and that the sheer anticipation of receiving a response, even nonverbal, is sufficient to change their behavior.

Objectives To examine the implementation and student perceptions of an innovative verbal drug information assessment. Design The drug information assignment in an introductory pharmacy practice course was redesigned and an assessment of a verbal response to a drug information request was added with the use of an internet-based voicemail (IBVM) system. Assessment Students performed well on both the verbal vs. written assessments. Most students strongly agreed or agreed that completing both assignments was a valuable experience; however, more students agreed that the verbal assignment was useful (90% vs. 83%). More students agreed that the verbal assignment helped prepare them as a pharmacist (97% vs. 85%) and that the verbal assignment increased their confidence (82% vs. 78%). Student comments echoed these results; additionally, many indicated that the verbal assessment was realistic. Conclusion The IBVM assessment was successful, user-friendly, and this mode of assessment may be useful in other courses.

The pediatric Glasgow coma scale (pGCS) is a consciousness score that, although widely applied, requires skill to apply. The AVPU scale uses four simple categories (Alert; Verbal response; response to Pain; Unresponsive), but has not been studied in a large pediatric population. We compared the performance of the AVPU and pGCS scales in a large pediatric cohort in an acute, prehospital setting.In a six-month-long prospective cohort study, AVPU and pGCS scores were determined by emergency physicians in children less than 10 years of age at their first prehospital encounter.We included 302 children (median age 2.3 years) with a broad spectrum of diagnoses. Data were complete for 287 children. AVPU and pGCS scores showed good a correlation in the extreme categories A and U (positive predictive values of 98% and 100%, respectively). Corresponding pGCS scores for each AVPU category were as follows: 11-15 for A; 5-15 for V; 4-12 for P; and 3-5 for U. The positive predictive value to detect patients with pGCS ≥ 8 for AVPU category V was 100%.We demonstrated good correlation of simple and fast consciousness AVPU scoring to the standard pGCS in a large cohort of pediatric patients in a prehospital setting. The AVPU category "V" identifies patients with a pGCS of or exceeding 8 and, therefore, identifies children at low risk requiring more invasive procedures or intensive care treatment.Glasgow coma scale (GCS); Alert-verbal-pain-unresponsive-score; AVPU-score; consciousness assessment; children, pediatric emergency.

In the area of Quality of Experience (QoE), one challenge is to design test methodologies in order to evaluate the perceived quality of multimedia content delivered through technical sys-tems. Trad ...

We here quantify the qualities of language. Specifically, we derive numerical values, and associated variability scores for statements of general probability as well as for anchor terms commonly expressed on Likert-type scales. Our results show significant inter-responder variability in the understanding of such terms. We also demonstrate scale compression such that average estimates are poorly aligned to the a priori expectations of equal response spacing in commonly used verbal response instruments. Terms further show intriguing propensities such that people agree more about statements of agreement, but manifestly disagree more about statements of disagreement. The valence of these terms is thus systematically related to their degree of common understanding. The accuracy of language, especially when used in conjunction with modern advanced technologies, proves vital for effective communication. Our work demonstrates that the tool of language still remains a fairly blunt one, but one that can be sharpened by systematic quantitative evaluation, as we demonstrate here.

The form of a verbal response allows for reinforcement mediation and language transmission across cultures. Reinforcement, in turn, plays a decisive role in learning verbal forms. The present work addresses methodological limitations of previous studies, providing further evidence of the role of automatic reinforcement in achieving parity with vocal models. In the first experiment, 4 preschool-age children heard the experimenter describe drawings of different actions in the passive voice. Participants were then asked to describe analogous drawings. They used the passive voice after the model was presented and continued to do so even when preferred explicit consequences followed diverging descriptions (i.e., in the active voice). To further investigate the effects of explicit reinforcement and of the passive-voice model, in Experiment 2, we altered the number of trials with explicit reinforcement and with the model. Three of four participants used the passive voice to describe the drawings, despite greater exposure to explicit consequences following descriptions diverging from the model.

This study examined verbal response times—that is, the duration from stimulus offset to voice onset—as a potential measure of cognitive load during conventional testing of speech-in-noise understanding. Response times were compared with a measure of perceived effort as assessed by listening effort scaling. Three listener groups differing in age and hearing status participated in the study. Testing was done at two target intelligibility levels (80%, 95%) and with two noise types (stationary and fluctuating). Verbal response times reflected effects of intelligibility level, noise type, and listener group. Response times were shorter for 95% compared with 80% target intelligibility, shorter for fluctuating compared with stationary noise, and shorter for young listeners compared with older listeners. Responses were also faster for the older listeners with near normal hearing compared with the older hearing-aid users. In contrast, subjective listening effort scaling predominantly revealed effects of target intelligibility level but did not show consistent noise-type or listener-group effects. These findings show that verbal response times and effort scalings tap into different domains of listening effort. Verbal response times can be easily assessed during conventional speech audiometry and have the potential to show effects beyond performance measures and subjective effort estimates.

The present study investigated the interplay between selective inhibition (the ability to suppress specific competing responses) and nonselective inhibition (the ability to suppress any inappropriate response) during single word production. To this end, we combined two well-established research paradigms: the picture-word interference task and the stop-signal task. Selective inhibition was assessed by instructing participants to name target pictures (e.g., dog) in the presence of semantically related (e.g., cat) or unrelated (e.g., window) distractor words. Nonselective inhibition was tested by occasionally presenting a visual stop-signal, indicating that participants should withhold their verbal response. The stop-signal was presented early (250 ms) aimed at interrupting the lexical selection stage, and late (325 ms) to influence the word-encoding stage of the speech production process. We found longer naming latencies for pictures with semantically related distractors than with unrelated distractors (semantic interference effect). The results further showed that, at both delays, stopping latencies (i.e., stop-signal RTs) were prolonged for naming pictures with semantically related distractors compared to pictures with unrelated distractors. Taken together, our findings suggest that selective and nonselective inhibition, at least partly, share a common inhibitory mechanism during different stages of the speech production process.

Violent Behavior, Schizophrenia, Progressive Relay Therapy. Management or treatment of violent behavior is necessary and can be done in three ways, namely prevention programs, anticipation and restraint. Progressive relaxation is part of the anticipatory program. The progressive relaxation technique is to focus on a muscle activity, by identifying the tense muscles and then decreasing the tension by performing relaxation techniques to get relaxed feelings (Murphy, 1996). The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of progressive relaxation on the risk of violent behavior in patients with schizophrenia RSJD Klaten. The type of research is Quasi experiment with research design using One Group Pre and Post test Design. Sampling using non probability sampling technique by purposive sampling which amounted to 30 respondents in RSJD Klaten. Sample is done pre test fill out questionnaire BPRS (General Response Function Adaptif) which include behavioral response, verbal response, emotional response, and physical response with scale 1-14 .. Data analysis used is Paired t-test with the help of computer SPSS for Windows version 18.0. The results of research on progressive relaxation implant dillakuakn in RS Klaten Klaten, after analyzed with bivariate showed that there is a decrease of average between before and after given progressive relaxation action from before action 2.07 to after action 1.63 (t count 0.44) and P value 0,000 < a (0.05). Interpretation of this research that progressive relaxation therapy is very influential in reducing the level of perilakukan violence in schizophrenic patients. Keywords: Violent Behavior, Schizophrenia, Progressive Relay Therapy LINK OJS 3 ARTIKEL "PENGARUH RELAKSASI PROGRESIF TERHADAP PENURUNAN PERILAKU KEKERASAN PADA PASIEN SKIZOFRENIA DI RUMAH SAKIT JIWA DAERAH KLATEN"

The ideomotor principle states that actions are represented by their anticipated sensory effects. This notion is often tested using the response-effect compatibility (REC) paradigm, where participants' responses are followed either by a compatible or incompatible response effect (e.g., an effect on the right side after a right-hand response is considered R-E compatible due to the spatial overlap, whereas an effect on the left side after the right-hand response is considered incompatible). Shorter reaction times are typically observed in the compatible condition compared to the incompatible condition (i.e., REC effect), suggesting that effect anticipation plays a role in action control. Previous evidence from verbal REC suggested that effect anticipation can be due to conceptual R-E overlap, but there was also phonological overlap (i.e., anticipated reading of a word preceded by the vocal response of saying that very word). To examine the representational basis of REC, in three experiments, we introduced a bilingual R-E mapping to exclude phonological R-E overlap (i.e., in the R-E compatible condition, the translation equivalent of the response word is presented as an effect word in a different language). Our findings show that the REC effect is obtained when presenting the effect word in the same language as the response (i.e., monolingual condition), but the compatibility effect was not found when the semantically same word is presented in a different language, suggesting no conceptually generalized REC in a bilingual setting. (232 words).

Patients with poor conditions or decreased awareness need appropriate assessment to determine the management to be given. Awareness assessments can be done using FOUR (Full Outline of Response) scores with a range of scores from 0 to 16, consisting of eye response, motor response, brain stem reflex and respiration pattern FOUR score is used by nurses in the intensive care unit (Intensive Care Unit). ICU). The method of this study was descriptive analytical and numerator testing between oberserver prospectively to evaluate FOUR score to 100 patients in the ICU from October to December 2017. This study compared FOUR score with the GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale). Each patient was assessed using FOUR score and GCS by nurses. The average score is calculated based on the results obtained in both scoring. The results showed that the numerator test for FOUR score was very good (eye response 0.94, motor response 0.95, brain stem reflex 0.96 and respiratory pattern 1.00) and for GCS it was also very good (eye response 0.94, motoric response 0.95, verbal response 0.97). In predictive terms, GCS is better than FOUR score (characteristic curve value 0.01 difference; GCS 0.76 and FOUR score 0.75). The mortality rate of patients with FOUR scale was the lowest 0 (87%) compared with the lowest GCS score of 3 (70%). FOUR score has an excellent interpersonal and intensivisional level. In contrast to GCS, all components in FOUR score can be assessed even when the patient is installed intubation.

To examine whether differences emerged when the Chinese version of the Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS-C) was administered to community-dwelling older adults with instructions to respond in the context of "general" movements, walking, using chopsticks or dressing. Furthermore, the difference between the six-point Likert scale and four-point Likert scale response formats of the MSRS-C was investigated. The study was implemented in the community of Hong Kong with 52 older adults (mean age 77.4 years). Telephone interviews were carried out on two occasions for each participant. Participants provided a verbal response to each of 10 questions from the MSRS-C with different response formats (i.e., six-point or four-point Likert Scales) and different instructions in the response context (i.e. general, walking, using chopsticks, dressing). The sequence of response format and context was randomized for each participant. Older fallers scored significantly higher on the MSRS-C (general) with six-point or four-point response formats than non-fallers. The MSRS-C (general) and MSRS-C (walking) were not statistically different, and showed good discriminative power for previous older fall status (older fallers or older non-fallers). However, MSRS-C (chopsticks) and MSRS-C (dressing) failed to differentiate older fallers from older non-fallers. Both the MSRS-C (general) and MSRS-C (walking) with a six-point or a four-point response format showed good discrimination of older fallers from non-fallers. Older adults might respond to the MSRS-C with respect to the most challenging movements (e.g. fall-related movements) in their daily living. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 1305-1311.

Developed as an alternative to traditional deception detection methods, the concealed information test (CIT) assesses recognition of critical (e.g., crime-relevant) probes. Most often, recognition has been measured as enhanced skin conductance responses (SCRs) to probes compared to irrelevant foils (CIT effect). More recently, also differentially enlarged reaction times (RTs) and increased neural activity in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, the right middle frontal gyrus, and the right temporo-parietal junction have been observed. The aims of the current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study were to (1) investigate the boundary conditions of the CIT effects in all three measures and thereby (2) gain more insight into the relative contribution of two mechanisms underlying enhanced responding to concealed information (i.e., orienting versus response inhibition). Therefore, we manipulated the proportion of probe versus irrelevant items, and whether suspects were instructed to actively deny recognition of probe knowledge (i.e., deceive) during the test. Results revealed that whereas overt deception was not necessary for the SCR CIT effect, it was crucial for the RT and the fMRI-based CIT effects. The proportion manipulation enhanced the CIT effect in all three measures. The results indicate that different mental processes might underlie the response pattern in the CIT. While skin conductance responding to concealed information may best be explained by orienting theory, it seems that response inhibition drives RT and blood oxygen level dependent responding to concealed information. Hum Brain Mapp 36:427-439, 2015. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Verbal responses are a convenient and naturalistic way for participants to provide data in psychological experiments (Salzinger, The Journal of General Psychology, 61(1),65-94:1959). However, audio recordings of verbal responses typically require additional processing, such as transcribing the recordings into text, as compared with other behavioral response modalities (e.g., typed responses, button presses, etc.). Further, the transcription process is often tedious and time-intensive, requiring human listeners to manually examine each moment of recorded speech. Here we evaluate the performance of a state-of-the-art speech recognition algorithm (Halpern et al., 2016) in transcribing audio data into text during a list-learning experiment. We compare transcripts made by human annotators to the computer-generated transcripts. Both sets of transcripts matched to a high degree and exhibited similar statistical properties, in terms of the participants' recall performance and recall dynamics that the transcripts captured. This proof-of-concept study suggests that speech-to-text engines could provide a cheap, reliable, and rapid means of automatically transcribing speech data in psychological experiments. Further, our findings open the door for verbal response experiments that scale to thousands of participants (e.g., administered online), as well as a new generation of experiments that decode speech on the fly and adapt experimental parameters based on participants' prior responses.

The implementation of village development requires the capacity of the village government in the form of: regulatory capacity, extraction capacity, distributive capacity, responsive capacity and network capacity. Village capacity will help village governments to implement village infrastructure development in accordance with village development implementation guidelines. Type of research used in this research is descriptive type research with qualitative approach. Informants in this research are village head, village secretary, village treasurer, head of Village councils, head of hamlet, village facilitator, and community figure who know related to village development implementation activity. The result of the research shows the regulation capacity in the form village regulations of Village budget, village regulations of village government work plan, and village head's decision on implementation team. Extraction capacity is the extraction of human assets by the absorption of 40 original workers of the village, and the extraction of social assets in the form of community participation. Distributive capacity of the implementation authority of development there is a problem of basic tasks and functions and for the distribution of development is in accordance with the needs of the community. Responsive capacity is a verbal response by the village government over community complaints. The network capacity is in the form of cooperation between the village government and the Public Works Department, and the provider of goods and services, but the cooperation is only limited to administrative documents.

The Happiness Scale Interval Study, is designed to be used for survey questions on happiness using verbal response options. It is used to determine what degrees of happiness are denoted by such terms when used in particular questions and different languages. The method uses a web-based Scale Interval Recorder. First a description is given of this Scale Interval Recorder. Next, the differences with conventional scale transformation methods are discussed. This is followed by an exemplar application of the conventional methods and the Scale Interval Method to existing survey data. The results of these applications are mutually compared from the perspective of the comparability problem.

This study investigated students' interpretation of diagrams representing the human circulatory system. We conducted an interview study with three students aged 14–15 (Year 10) who were studying biology in a Hong Kong school. During the interviews, students were asked to interpret diagrams and relationships between diagrams that represented aspects of the circulatory system. All diagrams used in the interviews had been used by their teacher when teaching the topic. Students' interpretations were expressed by their verbal response and their drawing. Dual coding theory was used to interpret students' responses. There was evidence that one student relied on verbal recall as a strategy in interpreting diagrams. It was found that students might have relied unduly on similarities in spatial features, rather than on deeper meanings represented by conventions, of diagrams when they associated diagrams that represented different aspects of the circulatory system. A pattern of students' understanding of structure–b...

The present study examined the effects of three different control mode interfaces on unmanned aerial system (UAS) pilots’ ability to comply with air traffic controller (ATC) traffic clearances. Pilots controlled a simulated UAS with a waypoint-only interface, an auto-pilot interface and a manual, stick and throttle interface. Researchers recorded pilots’ ‘measured response’ at several stages of ATC-pilot interaction, which consisted of verbal response times, initial response times, initial edit times, total edit times, and overall compliance times. Results indicate that pilots are best able to comply with ATC clearances when provided with auto-pilot and manual control inputs. Limitations to the present study and future analyses are discussed.

Survey respondents’ probabilistic expectations are now widely used in many fields to study risk perceptions, decision-making processes, and behavior. Researchers have developed several methods to account for the fact that the probability of an event may be more ambiguous for some respondents than others, but few prior studies have empirically compared the approaches. This article contrasts two of the most prominent methods using data from an experiment embedded in a recent Web survey of 926 volunteer panelists. Specifically, we comparatively evaluate the descriptive and relational properties of ambiguity scores obtained by placing follow-up questions after items eliciting expectations that ask either for (1) a range of probabilities that the respondent is confident to contain the true probability or for (2) a verbal response indicating assuredness. Our results show that these two methods produce measures that have more similarities than differences. Both methods yield ambiguity scores that (1) are not strongly associated with exposure to sources of relevant information, (2) are correlated across seemingly unrelated events, and (3) are consistently related to the level of reported risk.

Background Even though research in turn-taking in spoken dialogues is now abundant, a typical EEG-signature associated with the anticipation of turn-ends has not yet been identified until now. New method The purpose of this study was to examine if readiness potentials (RP) can be used to study the anticipation of turn-ends by using it in a motoric finger movement and articulatory movement task. The goal was to determine the preconscious onset of turn-end anticipation in early, preconscious turn-end anticipation processes by the simultaneous registration of EEG measures (RP) and behavioural measures (anticipation timing accuracy, ATA). For our behavioural measures, we used both button-press and verbal response (“yes”). In the experiment, 30 subjects were asked to listen to auditorily presented utterances and press a button or utter a brief verbal response when they expected the end of the turn. During the task, a 32-channel-EEG signal was recorded. Results The results showed that the RPs during verbal- and button-press-responses developed similarly and had an almost identical time course: the RP signals started to develop 1170 vs. 1190 ms before the behavioural responses. Comparison with existing methods Until now, turn-end anticipation is usually studied using behavioural methods, for instance by measuring the anticipation timing accuracy, which is a measurement that reflects conscious behavioural processes and is insensitive to preconscious anticipation processes. Conclusion The similar time course of the recorded RP signals for both verbal- and button-press responses provide evidence for the validity of using RPs as an online marker for response preparation in turn-taking and spoken dialogue research.

共感は多くの対人援助職における重要な技能であるが、性的暴行やいじめ問題の防止のために共感訓練の機会が増加している現在の状況を考えると、一般市民にとっても意味のある心の在り方のように思われる。共感訓練はこれまで言語的応答に焦点を当ててきたが、パーソンセンタードの理論からは共感は言語的応答ではなく内的態度であると言われている。共感訓練の必要性とその理論を背景に筆者らは一般市民のための共感訓練ワークショップを2回開催した。本稿はその様子と参加者の感想を紹介し、この経験から筆者らが学んだことを述べるものである。, While empathy is an important expertise in many helping professionals, it could also serve as a meaningful attitude for the public given the current increase in training opportunities for the prevention of sexual offense and bullying. Empathy training thus far has emphasized verbal responses, however, it is argued from person-centered theory that empathy is not a set of responses but an internal attitude. In view of such a need for training and its theoretical background, the authors have offered empathy training workshop twice for the public. The paper describes how the two workshops proceeded, how participants felt, and discusses significant points of learning from these experiences.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of phonetic complexity as measured by the Word Complexity Measure (WCM) on the speed of single-word production in adults who do (AWS, n = 15) and do not stutter (AWNS, n = 15). Method Participants were required to name pictures of high versus low phonetic complexity and balanced for lexical properties. Speech reaction time was recorded from initial presentation of the picture to verbal response of participant for each word type. Accuracy and fluency were manually coded for each production. Results AWS named pictures significantly slower than AWNS, but there were no significant differences observed in response latency when producing word of high versus low phonetic complexity as measured by the WCM. Conclusion Findings corroborate past research of overall slowed picture naming latencies in AWS, compared to AWNS. Findings conflict with data that suggest that the phonetic complexity of words uniquely compromises the speed of production in AWS. The potential interaction between lexical and phonetic factors on single-word production within each group are discussed.

Objective To determine the strength of the correlation between the Hunt and Hess scale, Fisher score, Brussels coma score, World Federation of Neurosurgeons score, and Glasgow coma score and health-related quality of life. Methods Evaluable questionnaires from 236 patients (5.6 years [± standard deviation, 2.854 years] on average after hemorrhage) were included in the analysis. Quality of life was documented using the MOS-36 item short form health survey. Because of the ordinal nature of the variables, Kendall tau was used for calculation. Significance was established as P ≤ 0.05. Results Weak and very weak correlations were found in general ( r ≤ 0.28). The strongest correlations were found between the Glasgow coma score and quality of life ( r = 0.236, P = 0.0001). In particular, the "best verbal response" achieved the strongest correlations in the comparison, at r = 0.28/ P = 0.0001. The Fisher score showed very weak correlations ( r = −0.148/ P = 0.012). The Brussels coma score ( r = −0.216/ P = 0.0001), Hunt and Hess scale ( r = −0.197/ P = 0.0001), and the World Federation of Neurosurgeons score ( r = −0.185/ P = 0.0001) revealed stronger correlations, especially in terms of the physical aspects of quality of life. Conclusions The Glasgow coma scale revealed the strongest, and the Fisher score showed the weakest correlations. Thus the Fisher score, as an indicator of the severity of a hemorrhage, has little significance in terms of health-related quality of life.

For each of four therapists, we studied two clients who did not return after intake (non-engagers) and two clients who continued for at least eight sessions of psychodynamic psychotherapy (engagers), for a total of 16 cases yielding 3877 therapist verbal response units. Engagers and non-engagers did not differ in terms of working alliance measured after the intake session. In terms of therapist verbal response modes for non-engagers compared to engagers, therapists used more approval-reassurance in the beginning third of intake sessions, and more reflections of feeling but less information about the helping process in the last third of intake sessions. Non-engagers had higher pre-intake attachment anxiety than engagers. Implications for practice and research are discussed.

This study is based on the interviews with six mothers to analyze their verbal response types with their young children ages 3-5 attending day-care center. This study was done from 10AM. to 12PM. August 18th 2012 at the director’s room at P day care center in Seoul. For this study the following four situations mothers experience in child-rearing have been selected: self-achievement, sibling quarrel, nagging and isolation. As for the interview questionnaires the four verbal response types－stimulating, problem-solving, critical and indifferent ones－have been used. According to the results of this research, mothers tend to use stimulating verbal response types like praise in the situation of self-achievement; problem-solving response types like command in the situation of sibling quarrel; problem-solving response types like warning in the situation of nagging; and lastly, stimulating verbal response types like empathy in the situation of isolation. Mothers need to form more empathy with their children in such difficult situations as sibling quarrel or nagging. For mothers’ efficient verbal responses for their children, accordingly, empathy in parent education needs to be more emphasized.Key words: mother’s verbal response types, interview, empathy, parent education

The comparative effects of different types of empathic verbal responses were identified through a quantitative, experimental study. In particular, the study explored how reflection and validation interacted with negative emotions among 80 university student participants (29 men, 51 women). Participants were manipulated to experience social exclusion through a game and were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups (control/reflection/validation). Findings indicated varied levels of affects among groups. Both reflection and validation as an empathic verbal response increased sense of belonging, whereas validation increased self-esteem more than reflection did. Moreover, validation was more effective than reflection in lowering both negative mood and aggression toward the people who excluded the participant. Implications and future directions for research and training are discussed.