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L2語彙習得に関する文献において、語彙学習は明示的なものと暗示的なものに区別される。学習者が学術もしくは職業上の目的でL2を必要とする場合、豊かで明示的な語彙指導は上位2,000～3,000語の高頻度語と特定分野の語彙に集中するべきだと論じられる。その一方で、低頻度語の習得は、語源で単語を覚えたり文脈から語彙を推測するなど適切なストラテジーを学習者に指導することで促進させる。英語には多数の低頻度語が存在すること、そして指導者は限られた時間の中で明示的な語彙指導を行わなければならないことを考慮すると、学習者の適切な学習ストラテジーの習得を支援することが彼らのL2語彙の発展に非常に重要であることはほぼ間違いない。しかし、第二言語学習者の語彙発達を確実なものとするためには、ストラテジー訓練は十分ではない可能性があることを示唆する実証研究の証拠が次第に増えてきている。本稿は、L2語彙の学習ストラテジーとして文脈から語彙を推測するストラテジーの有効性に関する研究のレビューを行うことを目的とする。本稿は、三つの部分に分かれている。まず、文脈からの語彙学習に賛成する論点のレビューを行う。次に、文脈から推測する語彙学習ストラテジーの有効性に関する第二言語研究の結果を示し、ストラテジー指導・使用に関する一般的な虚構や誤解を取り上げる。最後に、研究成果を授業に応用するための様々な方法について論じ、明示的な語彙指導をストラテジー訓練に統合するための実践的な提案を行う。本研究の成果は、指導者が暗示的なL2語彙学習に関する虚構を現実から区別し、生徒に利益のあるアクティビティや経験について適切な判断を行うのに役立つだろう。

本研究の目的は、学習者L1が、同等の意味を持つL2の慣用句を習得する場合における、二言語間のインプットの効果を検証することである。日本語で同じ意味を持つが、語彙の構成が異なる英語の慣用句を、３群の中級レベルの日本人英語学習者に学習させた。インプットは、対象となる慣用句と同じ意味を持つL1、 L2の例文、学習者が次のうちひとつを条件としてL1と一致する L2 の慣用句を選ぶ記憶カードゲームで構成される。（1） L1慣用句のイラストとL2 慣用句の文、 （2） L1慣用句の文と L2慣用句のイラスト、 （3） L1慣用句のイラストと L2慣用句のイラスト。２回目のセッションの１か月後、学習者にL1とL2の慣用句を一致させる理解力テストと、日本語で同じ意味を持つ英語の慣用句を書く筆記テストを受けさせた。その結果、内容語については、視覚的なインプットによって記憶は促進されるが、機能語と正字法の習得については、限られた効果しかないということが、判明した。

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Background Although acute coronary syndrome ( ACS ) mainly occurs in patients >50 years, younger patients can be affected as well. We used an age cutoff of 45 years to investigate clinical characteristics and outcomes of “young” patients with ACS . Methods and Results Between October 2010 and April 2016, 14 931 patients with ACS were enrolled in the ISACS‐TC (International Survey of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Transitional Countries) registry. Of these patients, 1182 (8%) were aged ≤45 years (mean age, 40.3 years; 15.8% were women). The primary end point was 30‐day all‐cause mortality. Percentage diameter stenosis of ≤50% was defined as insignificant coronary disease. ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction was the most common clinical manifestation of ACS in the young cases (68% versus 59.6%). Young patients had a higher incidence of insignificant coronary artery disease (11.4% versus 10.1%) and lesser extent of significant disease (single vessel, 62.7% versus 46.6%). The incidence of 30‐day death was 1.3% versus 6.9% for the young and older patients, respectively. After correction for baseline and clinical differences, age ≤45 years was a predictor of survival in men (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.10–0.58), but not in women (odds ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.50–3.62). This pattern of reversed risk among sexes held true after multivariable correction for in‐hospital medications and reperfusion therapy. Moreover, younger women had worse outcomes than men of a similar age (odds ratio, 6.03; 95% confidence interval, 2.07–17.53). Conclusion ACS at a young age is characterized by less severe coronary disease and high prevalence of ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction. Women have higher mortality than men. Young age is an independent predictor of lower 30‐day mortality in men, but not in women. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ . Unique identifier: NCT01218776.

Background Women with ST ‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction ( STEMI ) have higher mortality rates than men. We investigated whether sex‐related differences in timely access to care among STEMI patients may be a factor associated with excess risk of early mortality in women. Methods and Results We identified 6022 STEMI patients who had information on time of symptom onset to time of hospital presentation at 41 hospitals participating in the ISACS ‐TC (International Survey of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Transitional Countries) registry ( NCT 01218776) from October 2010 through April 2016. Patients were stratified into time‐delay cohorts. We estimated the 30‐day risk of all‐cause mortality in each cohort. Despite similar delays in seeking care, the overall time from symptom onset to hospital presentation was longer for women than men (median: 270 minutes [range: 130–776] versus 240 minutes [range: 120–600]). After adjustment for baseline variables, female sex was independently associated with greater risk of 30‐day mortality (odds ratio: 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.27–1.97). Sex differences in mortality following STEMI were no longer observed for patients having delays from symptom onset to hospital presentation of ≤1 hour (odds ratio: 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.29–2.02). Conclusions Sex difference in mortality following STEMI persists and appears to be driven by prehospital delays in hospital presentation. Women appear to be more vulnerable to prolonged untreated ischemia. Clinical Trial Registration URL : https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ . Unique identifier: NCT01218776.

Uvod: S obzirom na starenje populacije u Europi, bit će sve više bolesnika starijih od 75 godina hospitaliziranih zbog akutnog koronarnog sindroma bez elevacije ST-seg-menta (NSTE-ACS). Unatoč navedenome, postoje samo ograničeni podaci o ishodima liječenja u ovih bolesnika, bilo u opservacijskim studijama, bilo u randomiziranim kliničkim istraživanjima.1 Htjeli smo istražiti može li rana (unutar 24 sata od hospitalizacije) perkutana ko-ronarna intervencija (PCI) poboljšati ishode u bolesnika starijih od 75 godina. Bolesnici i metode: Analizirali smo bolesnike starije od 75 godina, hospitalizirane u 41 bolnici koje sudjeluju u registru ISACS-CT (NCT01218776) od siječnja 2010. do siječnja 2018. godine. Primarni ishod je bio sastavljen od 30-dnevne smrtnosti i značajne sistoličke disfunkcije lijeve klijetke (LVSD, definirane kao ejekcijska frakcija

Introduction: Little is known regarding gender differences in coronary flow and 30 day mortality after primary PCI in STEMI, despite blood flow is a major determinant of patients’ prognosis. Hypothesis: We sought to investigate the impact of gender on TIMI flow grades, and related 30 day mortality after primary PCI for STEMI. Methods: Two thousand seven hundred twenty six patients (1999 men) with STEMI derived from the ISACSTC registry (NCT01218776) were included in the analysis. Pre PCI TIMI flow grades were categorized as high (2-3) or low (1-2). PCI success was defined as 2 hours, with post PCI TIMI flow grade ≤2 (OR 1.69, CI 1.112.57). The most significant variables associated with mortality were: age (OR 1.53, CI 1.261.87), diabetes (OR 1.65, CI 1.062.54), and post PCI TIMI flow grade≤2 (OR 7.92, CI 5.0812.33). Analysis showed that patient sex not to be an independent predictor of mortality (OR 1.10, CI 0.711.70). Conclusions: Time delay to reperfusion and low post PCI TIMI flow grade are significantly related to higher 30 day mortality in STEMI. Women have more delay to hospital presentation and less complete restoration of epicardial blood flow in culprit vessels after PCI

The study compared the effect of systematic, explicit vocabulary instruction on the acquisition of word meaning and collocations for nouns, verbs and adjectives. Data were collected from 18 high-intermediate level Japanese students of English. The findings suggest that word class may be one of the factors in the acquisition and availability of lexical items for productive purposes. In both receptive and productive tests of word knowledge, nouns were found to have a clear advantage over the other two classes. Adjectives were acquired more easily than verbs. Some collocation sequences were found to be under-represented in learners' lexicons. Possible explanations for these patterns are reviewed and the pedagogical implications of the findings are discussed.

Circadian variation of onset of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been noted in many studies, but there are no data about subgroups of patients with previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Because of abnormalities in the circadian rhythm of autonomic tone after surgery, it was very interesting to analyze the circadian patterns in the onset of symptoms of AMI in various subgroups of 1784 patients with previous CABG. As in the other studies, a peak occurred in the morning hours with 26.3% of the patients, but there was a second nearly equal, but higher, peak (26.4%) in the evening hours. The subgroups with specific clinical characteristics exhibited different patterns that determined these peaks in all populations. In patients older than 70 years of age, in both sexes, in smokers, diabetics, in patients with hypertension, in those undergoing beta-blocker therapy, and in patients without previous angina, two nearly equal peaks were observed, with higher evening peaks, except in those patients with hypertension and without angina. Only one peak in the evening hours was observed in a subgroup of patients with previous congestive heart failure (CHF) and non-STEMI. The subgroup of patients with previous angina and previous AMI exhibited no discernible peaks. The distribution of time of onset within the four intervals was not uniform, and the difference was statistically significant only for patients undergoing beta-blocker therapy at time of onset (p = 0.0013), nonsmokers (p = 0.0283), and patients with non-STEMI (p = 0.0412). It is well known that patients with AMI have a dominant morning peak of circadian variation of onset. However, analyzing a different subgroup of patients with AMI after previous CABG, it was found that some subgroups had two peaks of onset, but a higher evening peak (patients older than 70 years of age, smokers, diabetics, and a group of patients who were taking beta-blocker therapy). This subgroup of patients, together with the subgroups of patients with a dominant evening peak (patients with CHF and those with non-STEMI) and with patients with no peak (patients with previous angina and previous AMI), probably appear to modify characteristic circadian variation of infarction onset, expressing a higher evening peak, respectively to the previous CABG, with adverse consequences for central nervous system functioning.