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We examine if and how deeper economic integration with high-income nations impacts industrial performance. We exploit Poland’s accession to the European Union in 2004 as a source of variation in the degree of market integration with Germany. Using data on Polish manufacturing firms in the period 1995-2013, we find that EU accession was followed by significant within-firm growth in output and productivity, notably in industries in which Germany was more specialised at the moment of accession. Increased flows of German investment to these sectors played an important role in shaping these effects.

This paper examines if and how deeper economic integration with high-income nations impacts industrial performance. It exploits Poland’s accession to the European Union in 2004 as a source of variation in the degree of market integration with Germany. Using data on Polish manufacturing firms over 1995–2013, the paper finds that EU accession was followed by significant within-firm growth in output and productivity, notably in industries in which Germany was more specialized at the moment of accession. Increased flows of German investment to these sectors played an important role in shaping these effects.

[Resumo] Pese aos avances no mapeado do xenoma de animais fóra do grupo das aves e dos mamíferos, así como á localización de retrovirus endóxenos (ERVs) na gran mayoría destes xenomas, a historia evolutiva dos ERVs sigue sendo misteriosa e o seu orixe mantense descoñecido. Neste traballo realízase un estudo sobre o xenoma de Petromyzon marinus e o análise das insercións completas destes elementos encontradas nel. Este organismo é de especial interese debido a que pertence ao grupo de vertebrados máis basal no que se atoparon ERVs. As insercións retrovirais encontradas nel pertencen ao grupos dos spumavirus, o cal é considerado actualmente o máis basal dos retrovirus. Se as secuencias retrovirais de Petromyzon marinus son basáis ao resto de ERVs, estas deben mostrar unha erosión considerable debido as mutacións acontecidas desde o momento da inserción. Pola contra, de tratarse dunha inserción recente debido a un evento de transmisión entre especies, as secuencias estarán conservadas. Este análise confirma que a maior parte dos ERVs encontrados orixináronse a partir de insercións recente, posiblemente procedentes dun evento de transmisión horizontal entre Petromyzon marinus e peixes de aletas lobuladas ou peixes de aletas radiadas. Sen embargo, tamén pon de manifesto a presencia dunha inserción retroviral de difícil datación que podería ser a clave para identificar un ERV especialmente basal que axude a aclarar a historia evolutiva destes elementos retrovirais. [Resumen] Pese a los avances en el mapeado del genoma de animales fuera del grupo de las aves y de los mamíferos, así como a la localización de retrovirus endógenos (ERVs) en la gran mayoría de estos genomas, la historia evolutiva de los ERVs sigue siendo un misterio y su origen se mantiene desconocido. En este trabajo se realiza un estudio sobre el genoma de Petromyzon marinus y el análisis de las inserciones completas de estos elementos encontradas en él. Este organismo es de especial interés debido a que pertenece al grupo de vertebrados más basal en el que se encontraron ERVs. Las inserciones retrovirales encontradas en el pertenecen al grupo de los spumavirus, el cual es considerado actualmente como el más basal de los retrovirus. Si las secuencias de Petromyzon marinus son basales al resto de ERVs, estas deben mostrar una erosión considerable debido a las mutaciones sucedidas desde el momento de la inserción. Al contrario, de tratarse de una inserción reciente debido a una transmisión entre especies, las secuencias estarán conservadas. Este análisis confirma que la mayor parte de los ERVs encontrados se originaron a partir de inserciones recientes procedentes de un evento de transmisión horizontal, posiblemente, entre Petromyzon marinus y peces de aletas lobuladas o peces de aletas radiadas. Sin embargo, también pone de manifiesto la presencia de una inserción retroviral de difícil datación que podría ser la clave para identificar un ERV especialmente basal que ayudase a aclarar la historia evolutiva de estos elementos retrovirales. [Abstract] Despite advances in genome mapping of animals outside the avian and mammalian groups, as well as the localisation of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) in the vast majority of these genomes, the evolutionary history of ERVs remains a mystery and their origin remains unknown. In this paper we study the genome of Petromyzon marinus and analyse the complete insertions of the elements found in it. This organism is of special interest because it belongs to the most basal group of vertebrates in which ERVs have been found. The retroviral insertions found in it belong to the spumavirus group, which is currently considered to be the most basal of the retroviruses. If the Petromyzon marinus sequences are basal to the rest of the ERVs, they must show considerable erosion due to mutations since the time of insertion. On the contrary, if it is a recent insertion due to interspecies transmission, the sequences will be conserved. This analysis confirms that most of the ERVs found originated from recent insertions from a horizontal transmission event, possibly between Petromyzon marinus and lobe-finned or ray-finned fishes. However, it also highlights the presence of a retroviral insertion that is difficult to date and could be the key to identifying a particularly basal ERV that would help to clarify the evolutionary history of these retroviral elements. Traballo fin de grao (UDC.CIE). Bioloxía. Curso 2020/2021

Export responses to real exchange rate (RER) depreciations in Pakistan are lower than those to appreciations. This paper empirically documents this asymmetric response using macro-level data. It then relies on a disaggregated export product–level data set for 2003–17 to test, within a panel fixed-effects framework, three hypotheses explaining the low export response to depreciations, focusing on information costs, supply constraints, and pricing to market. The analysis finds that (i) exports of differentiated products grow more slowly when the RER depreciates than they fall when it appreciates; (ii) exports from sectors with relatively greater supply constraints—in particular related to accessing finance- respond less to depreciations than to appreciations; and (iii) dollar prices for Pakistani exports tend to fall after nominal depreciations of the Pakistani rupee, in violation of the Dominant Currency Paradigm and consistent with pricing-to-market behavior, further accounting for the low response of exports to RER depreciations.

This paper examines productivity dynamics and drivers for Pakistani firms listed in the stock exchange (publicly listed firms) over 2012-17. It relies on policy and outcome measures of integration in upstream merchandise and services sectors, to assess their impact on productivity downstream. The paper presents three main findings. First, the productivity of publicly listed firms remained stagnant over the period, in line with macro-level indicators for Pakistan. Second, foreign-owned or exporting firms are more productive than domestic-owned or domestic-oriented firms. Foreign investors target more productive firms, and their productivity grows after being acquired. Exporters tend to exhibit productivity growth after becoming exporters. Third, increased import duties on intermediates, or reduced levels of foreign direct investment in upstream services sectors, are associated with decreases in the total factor productivity of firms downstream. Gains from lower input tariffs accrue to those that do not secure duty exemption schemes -- domestic-oriented firms or smaller exporters. Gains from upstream services foreign direct investment accrue mostly to firms that are further from the productivity frontier. Taken together, these results suggest that productivity growth in Pakistan would benefit from increased exposure of upstream sectors to global markets.