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This review article provides an overview of the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment methods for actinic keratosis, keratoacanthoma, and Bowen’s disease. The provoking factors are described, where the main importance is attached to insolation, previous immunosuppression and immunodeficiency and trauma. The pathogenesis of these diseases is described in the form of cascade models. Various clinical forms and their main dermatoscopic features, suitable for digital processing in automated diagnostic systems, are presented. A stepwise approach to the treatment of these nosologies is described, and a preliminary prognosis is assessed based on the duration of progression and the likelihood of transformation into squamous cell carcinoma. Given the fact that dermato-oncologists have not yet come to a consensus on the classification of the described diseases, in this article they are considered as a borderline, thereby demonstrating a fine line of transition from a precancerous state to cancer in situ.

Enthalpies of mixing are determined via calorimetry for binary solutions of butyl methacrylate with hexane, benzene, acetonitrile, 1,2-dichloroethane, and acetic acid at 293 K and atmospheric pressure. It is established that the enthalpy of mixing for hexane, acetonitrile, and acetic acid solutions is positive throughout the range of concentrations, and it varies for benzene and 1,2-dichloroethane.

An algorithm for analyzing the characteristics of the pigment network of skin neoplasms is proposed. It is based on the assessment of the deviation coefficient of the average lengths of the pigment network segments in the local areas of the neoplasm from the average value of the lengths of the pigment network segments throughout the area of the neoplasm. The use of the algorithm makes it possible to distinguish the typical pigment network from an atypical one. An atypical pigment network is a core feature in identifying early melanoma. The algorithm can be used in automated systems to support medical decision-making in the diagnosis of skin neoplasms.

Interdisciplinary approaches to creating high-tech computer systems for the diagnosis of melanoma using artificial intelligence are presented. A model is proposed for the architecture of an interactive expert system. This includes a set of features for a contemporary medical algorithm (the Kittler algorithm) along with a knowledge base and a diagnosis evaluation score for the case under study.

The level of antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) and Micoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) in 65 patients with bronchial asthma in the clinical remission phase is studied. To reveal antibodies to Cp the indirect immunofluorescence reaction was used, to reveal antibodies to Mp the indirect immunoenzymic analysis method was used. In diagnostic titer the antibodies to Cp were found in 23 patients and antibodies to Mp were found in 25 patients (38%) of 65. In 6 (9,2%) of them the antibodies to Cp were also determined. In patients of seropositive and seronegative groups the differences on some anamnestic and laboratory data, accompanying somatic pathology in medical complex were revealed.

We construct a Hamiltonian field theory model that combines hydrodynamics and thermodynamics. In this model, the continuity equation and the Euler equation for a potential flow are used as the Hamilton equations; and equations of state (or the Gibbs equations, which are equivalent to them ), as equations of second-class constraints. The Hamiltonian function density reduced to the surface of second-class constraints is the sum of densities of the kinetic and potential energies; free energy then plays the role of potential energy. The surface of second-class constraints is endowed with a natural symplectic structure. Canonical variables are also defined on the second-class constraint surface such that all physical variables can be expressed as functions of these variables. In particular, from the standpoint of the Hamiltonian formalism, entropy is interpreted as a generalized velocity — a Lagrange multiplier for the corresponding second-class constraint expressing the temperature as a function of the canonical variables at the last reduction stage. This multiplier is expressed in terms of the canonical variables at the last stage, yielding a nontrivial equation of motion for entropy. The model must be made more concrete by fixing the dependence of the specific free energy on its arguments. We choose the simplest nontrivial variant, the monatomic van der Waals gas whose atoms are in the ground state. The canonical Hamilton equations allow calculating the rate of change in the entropy of this dynamic system. For the physically interesting case where the system evolution leads to equilibrium, the entropy and its rate of change are functionals of the solution of dynamic equations for the density. A numerical solution of these equations gives a monotonic growth of the entropy (for a finite evolution time). The equation can be linearized to find the time asymptotics; an elliptic equation with the “wrong” sign of the analogue of the squared speed of sound, rather than a hyperbolic equation, is obtained for the asymptotic evolution of the density deviation from the equilibrium value. Thus, the time reversibility of the solution is lost.

The challenges of using computer diagnostics to seek structural elements of melanocytic neoplasms, including cutaneous melanomas at early stages of their development, are discussed. The characteristic features of the structural elements — dermatoscopic points — are also considered. A computer vision technique for recognizing these characteristic features is presented. The developed interdisciplinary approach can be used in the diagnosis of oncological diseases of the skin as a means of supporting decision making for the primary prevention of malignant neoplasms.

The review presents an urgent problem of modern sports medicine — the development and inclusion of new nutritive and metabolic food products in the treatment of athletes with injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system. The analysis of the main etiological factors of the musculoskeletal disorders in athletes is presented. The study of the anatomical, histological and functional features of the bone-cartilaginous structures in athletes made it possible to establish the priority macro- and micronutrients, which should be the basis in modern specialized and functional food products. Brief composition characteristics of the new canned food “Enmit-beef” and dry protein concentrate “Ostov” (for the drink preparation) are presented. The preliminary results of the use of these functional meat-based products indicate their effectiveness in rehabilitation and treatment of athletes with musculoskeletal disorders.

The development and the main technical characteristics of a software-hardware complex (SHC) intended for the design and field-model testing of broadband radio electronic systems (RES) for radio communication, radar, and navigation of high-speed objects are presented. The software-hardware complex provides generation and processing of signals with a carrier frequency of up to 6 GHz and a bandwidth of up to 200 MHz, a refresh rate of the channel impulse response up to 60 kHz, and a maximum rays delay in channel models up to 10 μs. The complex allows one to study radio communication systems with objects that move with a relative speed difference of up to 5 M. The software part of the complex includes models of the signal formation and processing in the receiving and transmitting equipment of the radio electronic device, as well as models of radio channels for target scenarios of using the developed RES. The hardware part of the SHC is a set of digital, digital-to-analog, and analog-to-digital modules that allow full-scale and model testing of RES and their blocks in real time. Examples of studying the characteristics of a modern broadband aviation radio communication system with high-speed objects under conditions of signal multipath propagation are given. The application of the SHC may decrease the time of full-scale and model testing of RES by approximately 65 times compared to direct computer simulation.

The results of 3D modeling in the Comsol Multiphysics software environment and calculation of temperature and thermal deformation fields of GaAs crystals of monolithic integrated circuits (MIS) of microwave amplifiers as part of the submodule of the X-band output power amplifier (VUM) and their contact connections with the substrate in pulse modes of operation with different duty cycles are presented. It is shown that the maximum temperature and thermomechanical stresses in the MIS crystal in the dynamic mode of operation significantly exceed the calculated values for the stationary mode and strongly depend on the pulse duty cycle of the power dissipated by the MIS. Thermomechanical stresses take the maximum value in some narrow region near the boundary of the adhesive connection of the MIS crystal with the mounting plate; this maximum value strongly depends on the temperature coefficient of expansion (TCR) of the adhesive and takes the lowest value when the TCR of the adhesive is equal to the TCR of the GaAs crystal.

Abstract Complexation in aqueous salt-free semidilute solutions of poly(styrenesulfonic acid) and poly(ethylene oxide) leading to the formation of soluble poly(styrenesulfonic acid)–poly(ethylene oxide) complexes is studied. It is shown that the interaction of the components in such complexes significantly weakens with an increase in temperature, as well as with a decrease in the poly(ethylene oxide) chain length. Using viscometry and light scattering, it is demonstrated that, in dilute aqueous and aqueous-saline solutions, no complexes are formed between poly(styrenesulfonic acid) and poly(ethylene oxide) and the system is a compatible mixture of the polymers in a common solvent.

The main point of this article is to show the art of laparoscopic surgery, which can improve the patient’s outcome, decrease operation time and the number of complications.

A hardware–software complex that has no analogues in Russia and abroad and that is designed to measure the distribution of the cutoff frequency of electroluminescence over the area of a light-emitting heterostructure (LHS) is described. The complex provides a spatial resolution of 0.65 µm, an upper measurement limit of 40 MHz, and a relative error of 2%. The electroluminescence cutoff frequency in local areas of an LHS is determined from the decay of the brightness of pixels of LHS images by 1.19 times obtained using a digital CMOS camera with a step-by-step increase in the pulse repetition rate of the LHS-supplying current with an off-duty factor of 2. The complex and the measurement method were tested on commercial green light-emitting diodes. The results of measuring the cutoff-frequency distribution can be used to assess the homogeneity of LHSs.

The dynamics of the temperature transformation of the emission spectrum of light-emitting diodes using the “running” gate mode of the photodetecting complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) matrix were investigated. A device has been developed for measuring the parameters of the spectrum shift of LEDs when they are switched on. The device is based on the optical system of the SF-46 spectrophotometer without an exit slit and with a focusing system in front of an SCMOS-00350KPA CMOS photodetector array with a 480 × 640 pixel photosensitive area and 84 μs line-by-line recording time. In terms of speed and wavelength resolution (0.125 nm), the device significantly surpasses the domestic and foreign IS3000-LED, Cary 100/300, Ocean Optic USB2000, etc., spectrometers. The time dependences of the spectrum shift of the red SMD-LED FYLS-3528BURC in the first 40 ms after switching it on at different values of the operating current were obtained experimentally. The obtained dependences can be used to evaluate the thermal parameters of LEDs.

Currently, the existing system of expert subdivisions in Russia allows officials investigating crimes to effectively use their capabilities in terms of conducting forensic examinations of various classes, genera and types. Despite the current favorable situation in terms of the interaction of employees of investigative and expert departments, often, investigators, interrogators, when appointing forensic examinations, face a number of problems associated with a lack of forensic experts, their heavy workload and, as a result, an increase in the duration of the investigation of crimes. This article discusses alternative options for assigning forensic examinations to non-state expert institutions and private experts. The advantages and disadvantages of organizing the production of forensic examinations outside state expert institutions are highlighted.

A description of the functional capabilities of the technology of multifraction separation of particles by density and shape in a polydisperse bulk material is given. The technology assumes a consistent and complex use of the effects of quasi-diffusion separation and segregation of particles in a fast shear flow on a gravity slope, as well as the use of traditional technological methods of particle shape calibration. The assessment of the effectiveness of using of multifraction technology for the production of biologically valuable seed material is given.

Introduction. The task of searching method of non-invasive assessment of the cardiovascular system state is now as relevant as it was many years ago, since a method that fully satisfies the researchers is still not offered today. Once a popular rheographic method of studying the cardiovascular system today is increasingly being forgotten. A point of view was formed about its low effectiveness, due to the low accuracy and instability of the results obtained. Doppler analyzers widely used today give excellent results in the study of local vascular pathologies, but are of little use for an integral assessment of the state of vascular regions. Objective. Revealing the reasons for the low effectiveness of the rheographic method for assessing the state of the vascular system and determining ways to improve the method. Results of the research. On the example of the reactive hyperemia test data analysis, the inadequacy of the existing classical procedure for the analysis of rheograms is shown and the prospects for using the procedure for decomposing the rheogram into low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) components are shown. Conclusions. The use of rheography to assess the state of the cardiovascular system is very promising, but it requires fundamental changes in the existing classical methodology for the analysis and interpretation of rheograms. Based on the data of rheographic complex «ReoCom» results of using the technique of «LF-HF analysis» are given. The obvious advantages are shown, in comparison with the classical technique of rheogram analysis. Key words: Evaluation of the cardiovascular system parameters; Rheographic data; «LF-HF analysis» of rheograms; Vascular tone; Peripheral resistance; Venous outflow.

Internal stenting of the upper urinary tract is a widespread urological surgery. Its frequency in modern practice is high and continues to grow due to the widespread use of endourological, percutaneous, and laparoscopic interventions. The presence of a stent in the patient's body often leads to a decrease in the quality of life due to the occurrence of stent-dependent symptoms, which often requires urgent hospitalization. According to various data, they are registered in at least 80% of patients. The most common stent-dependent symptoms are frequent and / or painful urination, urge to mix (up to imperative), nocturia, pain in the lumbar region, macrohematuria. According to existing data, a fair share of responsibility for the development of these symptoms lies with the distal (vesicular) curl of the internal stent, especially if the technology of its installation is not followed or the length of the drainage is incorrectly selected. The review describes methods for correct installation of internal ureteral stents by transurethral retrograde, antegrade, and laparoscopic approaches, as well as a method for installing and removing mono-pigtail drains. The internal drainage procedure is standard, so the focus is on the nuances and details of this widespread manipulation. The given cohort of patients and the range of surgical interventions indicate a significant experience of the authors in this issue. All illustrations are author's own and taken from the daily workflow. It should be noted that the modern understanding of the process and technological equipment ensure correct stenting when performing any interventions with any access. An adequate choice of installation method and correct positioning of the stent, knowledge of simple details and "secrets" allow not only to restore urodynamics, but also to effectively prevent the development of stent-dependent symptoms, thereby preserving patients quality of life.

In this paper, the effect of the substrate surface roughness on the stability of the parameters of thin-film resistive elements is investigated. The surface roughness of the substrates is determined by optical microscopy and atomic-force microscopy (AFM). A technology is developed to produce a smoothing surface coating based on thin Ta2O5 films with an amorphous coherent structure, the application of which reduces the microroughness of the Rz surface profile to 12 nm or less. The coating allows thin nanoscale films to be formed on its surface, while the temperature coefficient of the resistance decreases about twice and the stability of thin-film resistors is increased.

The paper considers equations describing the motion of a fluid in a porous medium under the action of an electric field in conditions of the formed turbulent mode of motion. Equations are given that describe the acoustic oscillations that occur in a fluid, the source of which can be not only an alternating, but also a constant electric field. The pulsating broadband acoustic oscillations arising under the action of a constant electric field can be spurious during the operation of electroacoustic transducers, which should be taken into account in their design. The results of field experiments on the model of an electroacoustic transducer confirm the theoretical results presented in the study. The stated theoretical and experimental results make it possible to solve the priority scientific–technical problem of designing and creating new types of acoustic emitters.

Regular follow-up is the most important preventive measure in patients with high risk for the development of melanoma. Particular attention is required for patients with dysplastic nevus syndrome, in which numerous lesions must be differentiated from malignant melanoma. General principles of monitoring of clinically atypical melanocytic lesions with the use of dermoscopy and indications for a diagnostic biopsy are discussed in the article.

The reaction of 3-nitro-6-phenylhexa-3,5-diene-2-one with 4-methyl- and 4-chlorothiophenols yields 1,4- and 1,6-addition products at conjugated dienone system. By the example of the 1,4-addition adduct of 4-methylthiophenol, its conversion in solution to the 1,6-addition product was shown. 4-Methyl-3-nitro-2-styryl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]thiazepine was synthesized by reacting 3-nitro-6-phenylhexa-3,5-dien-2-one with o-aminothiophenol.

Traditionally the processes of globalization and the issues of world politics related to hegemony are studied separately in the scientific literature. In this article the authors propose the synthesis of both of these approaches based on the model of transactional and innovative economy spatially structured as a system of “global gateways”. The globalization is conceived in the article as a process of reinforcement of network connections of different parts of the globe. The network is distributed unevenly around the world. The increase of globalization processes stimulates the strengthening of the network interactions and saturation of it with resources. The decline of the globalization we are witnessing at the moment results in the weakening of network relations. Spatial heterogeneity of globalization produces inequality in resource distribution on social as well as regional and country level. Due to this fact the system of global economy based on these gateways requires the stability of political institutes. In the 19th-20th centuries the system of maintenance of global stability (known in IR as hegemonic stability) was established. Increasing globalization provides the effective interaction between economic and political spheres. Declining globalization produces a gap between gateways’ demands for political stability and a hegemon’s ability to provide it. Recently the USA’s abilities as global hegemon have shrunk dramatically in relative terms as well as American electorate’s willingness to bear the costs of hegemony. Washington is unable to maintain stable functioning of “the rules of the game” neither separately, nor with its allies. This situation may be described as “the crisis of US-centric globalization”. The crisis of globalization relates to decline of international regimes, rise of uncertainty and conflicts on all levels of world politics. Presumably, it’s a long-term process. And at the end it may cause the establishment of new political form of economic globalization (e.g. transition to the model of hegemony of a group of superpowers, a scenario mostly close to generally accepted in Russia idea of multi-polar world), or emergence of a new hegemon (e.g. China).

The article discusses the scheme of deep utilization of the heat of flue gases. It has been established that in boiler units operating on natural gas, the only way to significantly improve the use of fuel is to deeply cool the combustion products to a temperature at which it is possible to condense the maximum possible portion of the fumes contained in the gases. To analyze the main energy indicators of the condensing unit and optimize its operating modes, a priority scheme was simulated in Aspen Plus. In this scheme, there are tees, heat exchangers and a reactor (boiler furnace). The configuration of tees (mixers) is carried out by setting the costs or fractions of two flows entering or leaving the element. The boiler furnace is modeled as a Gibbs reactor, which calculates the chemical and thermodynamic equilibrium by minimizing the difference in the Gibbs energy of the products and the starting materials. Using the Aspen Plus computer program, the condensation unit circuit was simulated at the PTVM-100 boiler unit with the specification of the optimal operating parameters of material flows and heat exchange equipment. The calculations show that when using a condensing boiler, a triple energy effect is achieved: the physical heat of the flue gases is used; the latent heat of vaporization released during condensation is used; the condensate released from the flue gases is used.

The differential cross sections for the 12C(3He, t)12N reaction leading to formation of the 1+ (ground state), 2+ (0.96 MeV), 2− (1.19 MeV), and 1− (1.80 MeV) states of 12N are measured at E(3He) = 40 MeV. The analysis of the data is carried out within the modified diffraction model and distorted wave Born approximation. Increased rms radii have been obtained for the ground, 2− (1.19 MeV), and 1− (1.80 MeV) states. We revealed that 12B, 12N, and 12C in the isobaric analogue states with T = 1, and spin-parities 2− and 1− have increased radii and exhibit properties of neutron and proton halo states.

Relevance. Trace elements are of great importance in plant life. Due to their catalytic action, they allow plants to more effectively use the main elements of nutrition-solar energy, water and macronutrients — nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), which in turn has a positive effect on plant productivity and crop quality. Rape is very sensitive to the lack of boron, zinc. Trace elements are currently presented in various forms, and therefore the purpose of the research was to identify the effectiveness of boronand zinc-containing trace elements in the processing of seed material.Methods. Theobjectofstudyisspringrape(Brassicanapus) variety Yubileiny. Field experiments and studies were carried out in 2015–2017 in the Birsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Tested options using micronutrient fertilizers: zinc sulfate, 21.5%; Ultramag chelate Zn, 15%; boric acid, 17.5%; Ultramag doron, 11%.Results. According to the results of studies, an increase in field germination by 6.5%, the yield of oilseeds by 37.1% and oilseeds by 1.7% when treated with Ultramag chelate Zn at a dose of 1 kg/ha was found.

An experimental study was performed of the influence of mixing intensifier-grids on the cooling of a 37-rod electrically heated TVS-2M model with top and bottom reflooding. It is shown that the mixing grids bring about a very small reduction of the maximum temperature of the rods and longer cooling time of the assembly. To cool the TVS-2M model, the starting temperature of the fuel-rod simulators and the power input can be significantly lower in top reflooding than in bottom reflooding. The effect of the flooding rate is similar to that observed in bottom flooding – as the flooding rate increases, the maximum temperature of the rods and the cooling time of the assembly decrease. The experiments showed that with reflooding the mixing grids do not greatly affect the cooling efficiency of TVS-2M.

Research purpose: investigation of the features of the ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) image of the uncharacteristic renal angiomyolipomata (AML) and the analysis of the diagnostic efficacy of these radiologic means. Materials and methods: the data of the radiologic checkup of 12 patients with verified AML were investigated. For all the patients, multihelical computed tomography (MHCT) and ultrasonography (US) including perioperative in 5 observations were performed. A comparative evaluation of the opportunities of the given radiomethods in diagnosing atypical AML is executed. Results: when in preoperative observation, CT image of tumor of the all patients was not characteristic of AML. All the tumors were solid, roundish formations, mainly extrarenal, with a density conforming to soft tissues, and in the native phase of the study didn't practically differ from unaffected renal parenchyma. In intravenous contrast enhancement, the uneven accumulation of the contrast medium occurred, at that their heterogeneity became more apparent. Thus, according to CT data all the patients were diagnosed with renal cancer. At that, the US image of the 11 patients was typical of AML. According to histology of the operational material, a change in ratio of the structural components of the AML, favoring significant predominance of the smooth muscle component, was revealed in all the tumors. Conclusions: If the smooth muscle component predominated in the structure of the renal AML, the atypical CT image may be a cause of diagnostic errors, specifically, renal cancer hyperdiagnostics. In these cases especially when planning organ-sparing surgeries, the one should consider that sonographic signs of the majority of such tumors remain characteristic of AML.

The solution of the problem of increasing the confidence and efficiency of quality control of semiconductor devices is considered. The analysis of conditions for measuring the power spectral density of low – frequency noise of semiconductor devices with a spectrum of the form (γ – the spectrum shape indicator) under mass quality control is presented. The error in measuring the power spectral density under the specified measurement conditions strongly depends on the value of the spectrum shape indicator. Adaptive algorithms for measuring low-frequency noise parameters are proposed for cases of a given limit error in measuring the power spectral density and a given time for a single measurement. The proposed algorithms include a preliminary estimation of the value of the spectrum shape indicator and subsequent measurement of the noise power spectral density at the optimal filter bandwidth. The optimal filter bandwidth is determined based on the results of a preliminary assessment of the spectrum shape indicator. For both cases, we obtained estimates of the gain in the sense of the average for the set (ensemble) of controlled products. The possibility of adaptive or cognitive adjustment of the measurement system parameters in the control process based on the results of evaluating sample averages in the training sample is discussed.

A technology is proposed for the separation of particles by shape in a polydisperse granular material using the effects of particle interaction in a fast shear flow on a rough slope. The technology involves the fractionation of the initial mixture by the volume of particles using the segregation effect at the first stage and the calibration of the obtained particle fractions by weight using the effect of quasi-diffusion separation (migration) in the gravity flow at the second. The final stage involves the separation of particles by shape by sieve classification of fractions according to a key geometric parameter.