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The article deals with the current problems of the prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of acid-related disorders in children. The administrative and legal aspects of the state regulation of measures aimed at diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection, procurement of drugs for its treatment in the Russian Federation are discussed. The article also focuses on the standards of treatment of H. pylori infection in children with regard to age restrictions for the administration of the recommended drugs. A detailed account of the mechanisms of the developing H. pylori resistance to modern antibacterial drugs is given. The above problems necessitate the use of highly effective and safe drugs with low H. pylori resistance and approved for administration in children. The article indicates the already established and hypothesised factors of the pathogen’s low resistance to bismuth preparations. The multifactor, predominantly local, pharmacodynamic effect of bismuth tripotassium dicitrate in children ≥ 4 years of age is described. Data on the clinical effectiveness and high safety of this compound in H. pylori eradication therapy in paediatric population are also presented. Key words: acid-related disorders, Helicobacter pylori, standards for diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori in children, antibiotic resistance, bismuth tripotassium dicitrat

Modified carbon sorbents for medical and veterinary uses are synthesized. The effect that the nature of modifiers and the modification method have on the functional group and elemental composition is investigated using physicochemical techniques.

The synthesis of porous carbon materials was carried out by mechanochemical dehydrochlorination of polyvinyl chloride in the presence of alkalis (KOH, LiOH) using a high-energy planetary mill and the subsequent two-stage heat treatment of the obtained polyvinylenes (polymers with a conjugated double bond system)—carbonization to 400°C and carbon dioxide at 850°C or alkaline activation and 800°C, respectively. The structure of the obtained products was studied by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, analysis of isotherms of low-temperature adsorption/desorption of nitrogen. The resulting products are (micro-, meso-) porous amorphous carbon materials with specific surface SBET from 460 to 605 m2/g, micropore volume from 0.09 to 0.21 cm3/g, and mesopore volume from 0.09 to 0.6 cm3/g

—This article discusses the results of parallel measurements with two-coordinate position-sensitive He3 detectors with a delay line, which are installed on REFLEX and GRAINS neutron spectrometers of the IBR-2 pulsed reactor with the simultaneous use of three data acquisition systems: DeLiDAQ-1, DeLiDAQ-2, and a system based on the N6730 digitizer produced by CAEN.

Pulsed-laser irradiation of a globular turbostratic carbon material under diverse conditions was carried. A TEM examination revealed formation of nanostructured particles (nanocapsules) under exposure to 1064 nm pulsed radiation at the power density of 108 W/cm2, whose increase to 1011 W/cm2 led to formation of structures with a higher degree of ordering. Pulsed irradiation of the initial globules at 532 nm wavelength allowed reducing the interplanar spacings of the graphene layers in the resultant nanocapsules from 0.410 to 0.346 nm. The dependence of the maximum heating temperature of the nanoparticles on the power density in the laser spot was analyzed. The influence of the heating temperature of the carbon nanomaterial on its structure and morphology was assessed.

Results of studying the structural defects in MgAl and NiAl layered double hydroxides and in the products of their thermal decomposition to 1000°C, obtained over the last 10 years at the Laboratory of Analytical and Physicochemical Methods of Research, Institute of Hydrocarbons Processing, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, were reviewed. These studies were performed using the method of simulation of X-ray diffraction patterns for one-dimensionally (1D) disordered crystals. Changes in the type of the structural defects depending on the calcination temperature were revealed, in particular, via in situ X-ray diffraction. A structural mechanism of the formation of the dehydrated phase at T = 200°C was proposed. New models of the MgAl and NiAl oxide structures were presented. The structures of the phases contained in the products of hydration of the oxides were established. The difference in the behavior of the oxides during hydration was explained.

BACKGROUND: High prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its input to the increase of mortality indicate that social and economic value of this disease and financial burden are great. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) enhances the effectiveness of T2DM treatment. A research was conducted to assess if Androgel therapy in diabetic men is cost-effective. OBJECTIVES: Defining of economic benefit of adding Androgel to the T2DM treatment in men with testosterone deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Economic modeling and results of other clinical studies were used in the analysis. A guildeline of The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) was used for clinical study selection, development of economic modelling and study design, assessment of study quality. The study analyzed clinical effects (fasting morning glycemia, glycosylated hemoglobin, HOMA index) and mortality reduce. RESULTS: It was shown that TRT can help to reduce costs of glycemic control, to increase efficiency in terms of cost-effectiveness analysis. Target HbA1c value can be reached by additional cost of 569.39 roubles for every patient. There is a possible additional income from 454.100 to 8.896.186 rubles though reduced mortality. CONCLUSION: Thus, testosterone replacement therapy was shown as cost effective due to reduced costs. The analysis demonstrated HbA1c target achievement and, as a result, reduction of the T2DM outcomes and reduced mortality. There is a possible additional income from 454.100 to 8.896.186 rubles per year.

Machines for producing flax fibre as automatic control objects are described in this article. Versions of control of drying machine by control of amount of supplied heat, intensity of replacement of spent drying agent with fresh one, change of drying agent speed in drying region, change of material movement speed in drying space are considered. It is shown that what is the most rational way of controlling the moisture of retted straw is the way that uses a closed control system with negative feedback. The block diagram of the automatic drying control system that acts on the control object, in this case on the dryer, through the actuator, in order to reduce the amount of humidity deviation depending on the amount and the sign of deviation, is developed.

A method for introducing small amounts of betulin (up to 1 wt %) into a mesoporous carbon material with a preset specific surface area of 300–310 m2/g, total specific pore volume of 0.35–0.40 cm3/g, and average pore diameter of 5.2–5.5 nm has been proposed and studied. The betulin content in the solid carbon matrix and in the used organic solvents has been determined by means of a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry technique. By means of scanning electron microscopy together with X-ray microanalysis and IR Fourier spectroscopy, the state of betulin on the outer and inner surfaces of carbon granules of different fractional composition, as well as in thin carbon layers, has been studied. It has been found that the main fraction of betulin is predominantly deposited on the outer surface of the globular particles of a porous carbon material. The properties of betulin impregnated into a carbon sorbent and the process of its dynamic desorption under the conditions simulating the biological environment of the gastrointestinal tract are studied.

The preparation of a titanium composite powder containing high-melting TiN nanoparticles using an electric-arc plasma torch is studied. Using an Evo MA15 electron microscope (Carl Zeiss) and a DRON-4.0 diffractometer, both the surface morphology and the internal structure of powder particles are investigated, an X-ray phase analysis of these particles is performed, and a distribution map of the elements both over the surface of the obtained composite particle and over its volume is constructed. It is shown that the nanoparticles are uniformly distributed over the entire volume of titanium particles and are completely clad with Ti. The nanostructured powders obtained in this way and used as nanomodifying additives increase the homogeneity of the distribution of the high-melting elements introduced into the melt, protect the nanoparticles from the direct interaction with ambient medium, increase their wettability, and prolong their shelf life. These factors improve the efficiency of metal and alloy nanomodification.

The surface of a carbon sorbent modified with poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The modification involves polymerization of N-vinylpyrrolidone on the carbon sorbent surface to form poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone. The elemental composition of the carbon sorbent surface before and after modification was determined by XPS. The electronic state of atoms of the identified elements on the surface was evaluated. The contact of the modified carbon sorbent with normal saline simulating the biological medium leads to partial removal (desorption) of the polymer from the granulated sample.

Within a dynamical approach, the average spins of fission fragments originating from the 12C + 235,236U and 13C + 235U complete fusion reactions at c.m. energies in the range of Ec.m. = (55–75) MeV are analyzed as a function of energy. Particular attention is given to the process of formation of initial distributions for the components of the total angular momentum of compound nuclei. It is shown that substantial distinctions in the behavior of average spins of fission fragments for different fusion reaction channels are expected to be observed in the range of subbarrier energies.

A method for synthesis of carbide containing composites by mechanical activation has been developed. A mixture of molybdenum oxide, carbon black and Al or Zn metal reductant have been treated for 15 min in air followed by a subsequent calcination in argon atmosphere at 800 °C. The elemental and phase composition, structure, texture and particle morphology of these composites were studied. Mechanically activated and calcined samples were found to contain 6.5 and 5.9% of the molybdenum carbide phase, respectively.

Commercial carbon black (CB) was mechanically activated in air for 5–60 min and 100 g acceleration of milling bodies, which were represented by steel balls with the diameter of 2, 5 and 8 mm. Changes in the composition and structure of the tested objects, including their surface layers, were considered. IR spectroscopy and acid-base titration showed that mechanical activation (MA) of CB results in the formation of oxygen-containing surface functional groups in the amount of 0.21–0.34 mEq/g. The analysis of the pore texture of mechanically activated CB samples revealed that an increase in MA intensity increases the specific surface area and decreases the total pore volume. The high intensity of MA leads to the formation of the pore system in CB that differs from the initial system and consists of 10–100 nm pores and thin pores with the size of 3–5 nm. A TEM study on the morphology of mechanically activated CB samples demonstrated that activation at the high intensity results in the partial destruction of globules and the appearance of small particles with the size of 2–5 nm. A structural study showed that mechanical activation at the high intensity may lead to rearrangement of graphene layers in globules.

This paper presents the results of an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and thermal analysis (TGA, DTA) study of a series of bifunctional NiMo/WO3–Al2O3 catalysts containing 0 to 30 wt % WO3 modifier before and after testing them in the process of hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oil. The dependence of the content of carbonaceous deposits in the spent samples (according to EPR and TGA) on the concentration of acid sites as determined by EPR of perylene probe molecules in the initial catalysts is determined. Deactivation is explained by the participation of medium- and weak-strength Bronsted acid sites in the condensation of the initial unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules and their intermediates leading to the formation of various forms of coke precursors.

В обзоре систематизированы работы, посвящённые применению метода спектроскопии ЭПР в варианте ароматических молекул-зондов для исследования гетерогенных алюмооксидных катализаторов, а также дополнены новыми результатами исследований, проведённых в ИППУ СО РАН. Рассмотрены перспективы метода и представления о механизме взаимодействия молекул-зондов с активными центрами поверхности и их природе. Отмечено наличие противоречий во взглядах на механизмы, а также что современная точка зрения склоняется к участию БКЦ в ионизации ароматических молекул-зондов.

В данной статье представлен обзор результатов исследования дефектов структуры MgAl и NiAl слоистых двойных гидроксидов и продуктов их терморазложения до 1000 °С, полученных за последние 10 лет в лаборатории аналитических и физико-химических методов исследования ИППУ СО РАН. Представленные результаты выполнены с использованием метода моделирования рентгенограмм для одномерно (1D) разупорядоченных кристаллов. Установлены изменения типа дефектов структуры в зависимости от температуры прокаливания, в том числе в условиях in situ рентгенографии. Предложен структурный механизм образования дегидратированной фазы при Т=200 °С. Представлены новые модели структур MgAl и NiAl оксидов. Установлены структуры фаз, входящих в состав продуктов гидратации оксидов. Объяснено различие в поведении оксидов при гидратации.

Abandoning the assumption of nested magnetic surfaces in tokamak plasma expands the field of research and opens up new approaches for both theoretical and experimental plasma physics. The computer code KINX for calculations of the ideal MHD stability was developed for studies of doublet plasmas with two magnetic axes and using block-structured grids in each subdomain with nested magnetic surfaces. Then, the MHD_NX code on unstructured grids was developed to calculate the stability of two-dimensional equilibria with an arbitrary topology of magnetic surfaces. The study of equilibrium and stability of equilibrium configurations with toroidal current density reversal and axisymmetric n = 0 islands, which are associated with internal transport barrier and low current density at the magnetic axis, as well as with the operation of tokamaks in the alternating current regime, leads to more general issues of MHD stability of two-dimensional solutions of the Grad−Shafranov equations with islands under other types of symmetry—chain of islands in helical symmetry and cylindrically symmetric m = 0 islands in configurations with the longitudinal field reversal. New ideal MHD unstable modes have been discovered for various types of two-dimensional island configurations. The energy principle with MHD-compatible boundary conditions at open magnetic field lines is necessary for the self-consistent stability analysis of divertor configurations in tokamaks with a finite current density at the separatrix, taking into account the plasma outside the separatrix. Several codes have been developed for calculations of plasma equilibrium and stability, taking into account the influence of currents outside the separatrix, which are ready for integration with other codes for edge plasma modeling.

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the influence of modifying nanoadditives on the structure and mechanical properties of multilayer coatings obtained by the laser surfacing of a composite powder with a strengthening phase. The powder of a nickel-based Ni–Cr–B–Si–Fe self-fluxing alloy with a strengthening phase of tungsten carbide was used as the surfacing material; and a mixture of nanosized refractory powders of titanium nitride and yttrium oxide clad with iron and chromium was used as the modifying additive. It has been established that the surfaced coating represents a complex system of phases formed in the process of melting and interaction of chemical elements of the substrate and of the surfaced powder mixture. The main component of the coating is the compound of nickel with iron of an Ni3(Fe, Cr) type. A partial dissolution of the strengthening phase occurs in the melting process depending on the concentration of the nanomodifier. In the case under consideration, the optimal amount of the modifying additive, which provides a maximum increase in the hardness and wear resistance of the composite coatings of the Ni–Cr–B–Si–Fe/WC system, is 0.1 wt % refractory TiN + Y2O3 nanopowders in the composite material.

Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive microanalysis have been used to study structural and chemical transformations occurring in polyvinyl chloride films containing embedded nanoglobular carbon particles after intense laser irradiation. It was established that irradiation led to the conversion of nanoglobular carbon into carbon nanocapsules with sizes of 5–10 nm. The chemical composition of the composite film samples changed after laser irradiation. Thus, the average concentration of chlorine decreased from 35 to 3 wt %, and the carbon content increased by 20–30 wt %. The possibility of obtaining carbon–carbon nanocomposite film materials with carbon nanocapsules embedded in an amorphous carbon matrix was demonstrated.

Measuring the spin structure of protons and neutrons tests our understanding of how they arise from quarks and gluons, the fundamental building blocks of nuclear matter. At long distances the coupling constant of the strong interaction becomes large, requiring non-perturbative methods to calculate quantum chromodynamics processes, such as lattice gauge theory or effective field theories. Here we report proton spin structure measurements from scattering a polarized electron beam off polarized protons. The spin-dependent cross-sections were measured at large distances, corresponding to the region of low momentum transfer squared between 0.012 and 1.0 GeV$^2$. This kinematic range provides unique tests of chiral effective field theory predictions. Our results show that a complete description of the nucleon spin remains elusive, and call for further theoretical works, e.g. in lattice quantum chromodynamics. Finally, our data extrapolated to the photon point agree with the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum rule, a fundamental prediction of quantum field theory that relates the anomalous magnetic moment of the proton to its integrated spin-dependent cross-sections., Published version. 10 pages, 5 figures. 20 pages of supplementary material (data tables and a figure)

One of the serious problems during the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) is the developing of adverse drug events during therapy. Nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the first drugs with the high incidence and severity of adverse events. This article describes OA treatment strategies approaches for OA are presented using the complex drug Alflutop, which has a composition similar to the human hyaline cartilage. The drug has anti - inflammatory and analgesic effects, normalizes the function of the affected joints, improves the quality of patients' life, also has a structure - modifying effect. Such therapy is safe, well tolerable for patients, and can be used used as a starting complex OA treatment.Одной из серьезных проблем лечения остеоартрита (ОА) является развитие нежелательных явлений при назначении медикаментозной терапии, и первое место по частоте и тяжести нежелательных лекарственных реакций принадлежит нестероидным противовоспалительным препаратам (НПВП). В статье представлены подходы к лечению ОА с использованием комплексного препарата Алфлутоп, который имеет состав, аналогичный матриксу гиалинового хряща. Препарат обладает противовоспалительным и обезболивающим действием, нормализует функцию пораженных суставов, улучшает качество жизни пациентов, а также обладает структурно - модифицирующим эффектом. Такая терапия является безопасной, хорошо переносится пациентами и снижает ежедневную потребность в НПВП и может быть использована в стартовой комплексной терапии ОА.

The article analyzes the effectiveness of the most studied probiotic strains that are used for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes. The requirements for probiotic microorganisms are described, depending on the form in which they are used. However, their scope most often covers both prevention and treatment of various functional disorders and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. At the same time, a lot of data has been accumulated on the effectiveness of probiotics for the treatment and prevention of diseases of other organs and organism systems. Most strains are successfully used as dietary supplements, and some of them have found their application in food industry.

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the processes of obtaining a permanent connection of porous stainless steel using laser welding and some technological methods (intermediate inserts of monolithic metal, nanomodifying additives). It was established that in order to obtain a durable defect-free joint, it is necessary to use an intermediate insert made of compact metal of the same composition as the welded parts, placed between the ends of the butt-welded parts. The use of modifying additives based on refractory joints increases the dispersion and uniformity of the weld structure, which positively affects the mechanical characteristics of the welded joint.

Hydrodeoxygenation of sunflower oil on M/WO3−Al2O3 (M = NiMo, Pt, Pd, Ni) catalysts prepared by incipient wetness impregnation was investigated. The metal deposited on WO3-Al2O3 affects the main directions of the conversion of raw materials, and, consequently, the yield and composition of the products. The low dispersion of monometallic catalysts and high Bronsted acidity promote oxygen removal along the direct hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) route. Unlike monometallic systems, triglyceride hydrocracking on NiMoS/WO3-Al2O3 catalysts proceeds with the formation of propane as the main by-product. The high activity of the NiMoS/WO3-Al2O3 catalyst in hydrogenation and decarbonylation/decarboxylation (deCOx) reactions results in lower yields of liquid hydrocarbon product.

Spectrokinetic measurements have shown that in the reaction media benzene – decene-1 and toluene – decene- 1 at a temperature of 80 °C and helium pressures of 0.2-0.3 MPa, Al-Cu alloys activated with a liquid Ga-In eutectic at a temperature of 150 °C for 2 h in vacuum, 1.2 times more reactive with respect to a 4-fold molar excess of CCl4 than Al- Cu alloys activated with liquid Ga-In eutectic at a temperature of 24 °C for 36 h in air. Activated Al-Cu alloys are 1.4 times more reactive with respect to CCl4 in a toluene – decene-1 reaction medium than in a benzene – decene-1 reaction medium. A comparison of the catalytic studies with the structure of the metal chloride complexes formed in situ has been carried out. Using infrared spectroscopy and UV-visible spectrophotometry, it was found that benzene – decene-1 in the reaction medium at a temperature of 80 °C and helium pressures of 0.2-0.3 MPa from Al-Cu alloys activated by liquid Ga-In eutectic at a temperature of 24 °C for 36 h in air, and a 4-fold molar excess of CCl4, ionic complexes (C6H5)3C+ − [AlCl4]− are formed, which are predominantly active in the catalytic reaction of benzene alkylation with decene-1. Under identical conditions, molecular complexes of AlCl3 with organochlorine hydrocarbons, which are predominantly catalytically active in the decene-1 telomerization reaction, are formed from Al-Cu alloys activated with liquid Ga-In eutectic at a temperature of 150 °C for 2 h in vacuum, and a 4-fold molar excess of CCl4. The activity of ionic complexes is 2.1 times higher than that of molecular ones. In the reaction medium toluene – decene-1, regardless of the conditions of activation of Al-Cu alloys by liquid Ga-In eutectic, molecular complexes of Al2Cl6 with organochlorine hydrocarbons are formed in situ, which are catalytically active both in the telomerization reaction of decene-1 and in the alkylation of toluene with decene-1. The activity of the complexes obtained from Al-Cu alloys activated by liquid Ga-In eutectic at a temperature of 150 °C for 2 h in vacuum is 23.8 times higher.

Spectrokinetic measurements showed that activated Al-Ni alloy is 1.8 times more reactive with respect to a 4- fold molar excess of CCl4 in a benzene – ethylene reaction medium at a temperature of 80 °C and pressures of 0.2-0.3 MPa than activated aluminum. Metal chloride complexes Al(Ni)/Cl were formed in the benzene – ethylene reaction medium from the corresponding activated samples of the Al-Ni alloy in the presence of an excess of the chlorinating additive CCl4 at a temperature of 80 °C and pressures of 0.2-0.3 MPa. It has been shown by infrared spectroscopy and spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet and visible ranges that metal chloride complexes Al(Ni)/Cl are tetrahedral tetrachloroaluminate ions [AlCl4]– and octahedral hexachlorinickelate ions [NiCl6]4–, stabilized by triphenylmethyl cations (C6H5)3C+. It is shown that under the conditions of benzene alkylation with ethylene, metal chloride complexes Al(Ni)/Cl are 2 times more active and 5 times more selective than aluminum chloride complexes.

A series of propylene metathesis MoO3/Al2O3 catalysts (2–10 wt. % of MoO3) activated in Ar and under ex situ reaction conditions was studied by EPR spectroscopy. Similar EPR signals from surface molybdate clusters (Mo5+) were observed for each sample. The concentration of pentavalent molybdenum in paramagnetic form determined by EPR increases with an increase in the MoO3 content from 2 to 5 wt. %, then changes slightly. It was also found that the activity of the catalysts in the propylene metathesis reaction is proportional to the increment in the concentration of Mo5+ paramagnetic species determined after contact with propylene. This indicates that higher oxidation states of molybdenum form active paramagnetic complexes during the reaction with propylene.

Carbon sorbents modified with poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), betulin, and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) together with betulin have been synthesized. The synthesized samples have been studied by a complex of physicochemical methods (low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, thermal analysis, elemental analysis). Under model conditions, the antioxidant properties of the modified sorbents with respect to their ability to deactivate hydrogen peroxide have been studied. The effect of the carbon sorbents on the hydrogen peroxide decomposition rate has been determined by the gasometric method; the reaction rate constants have been calculated. Dependences of the hydrogen peroxide concentration on the time of contact with the test sorbents have been studied by the optical method using an LIR-2 interferometer.