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Livestock production in the basins of the northern macro-region of Peru has as its primary source pastures of Lolium multiflorum L. 'Cajamarquino ecotype' (ryegrass CE) in monoculture, or in association with white clover Ladino variety, for feeding. The objective of this research work was the morphological characterisation, yield evaluation, and cutting time evaluation of two local genotypes (LM-58 and LM-43) of Lolium multiflorum L. in six locations. An ANOVA was performed to compare fixed effects and interaction. It was determined that the LM-58 genotype is intermediate, growing semi-erect, with a dark green colouring and 0.8 cm broadleaf, and can reach an average stem length of 46 cm, up to 1.6 cm. day -1 , achieving fourth-leaf growth at 28 days under appropriate management conditions. Despite the differentiated characteristics, according to BLASTn evaluation, the ITS1 sequences showed a greater than 99.9% similar identification to Lolium multiflorum L., characterising it as such. It was determined that the LM-58 genotype outperforms LM-43, achieving a forage yield of 4.49 Mg. ha -1 , a seed production of 259.23 kg. ha -1 , and an average of 13.48% crude protein (CP). The best biomass yield (49.10 Mg. ha -1 .yr -1 ) is reached at 60 days; however, at 30 days, there is a high level of CP (14.84%) and there are no differences in the annual protein production at the cutting age of 60 and 45 days. With the results of the present study, LM-58 from a selection and crossbreeding of 680 ryegrass EC accessions emerges as an elite genotype adapted to the conditions of the northern high Andean zone of Peru.

The constant monitoring and control of various health, infrastructure, and natural factors have led to the design and development of technological devices in a wide range of fields. This has resulted in the creation of different types of sensors that can be used to monitor and control different environments, such as fire, water, temperature, and movement, among others. These sensors detect anomalies in the input data to the system, allowing alerts to be generated for early risk detection. The advancement of artificial intelligence has led to improved sensor systems and networks, resulting in devices with better performance and more precise results by incorporating various features. The aim of this work is to conduct a bibliometric analysis using the PRISMA 2020 set to identify research trends in the development of machine learning applications in fiber optic sensors. This methodology facilitates the analysis of a dataset comprised of documents obtained from Scopus and Web of Science databases. It enables the evaluation of both the quantity and quality of publications in the study area based on specific criteria, such as trends, key concepts, and advances in concepts over time. The study found that deep learning techniques and fiber Bragg gratings have been extensively researched in infrastructure, with a focus on using fiber optic sensors for structural health monitoring in future research. One of the main limitations is the lack of research on the use of novel materials, such as graphite, for designing fiber optic sensors. One of the main limitations is the lack of research on the use of novel materials, such as graphite, for designing fiber optic sensors. This presents an opportunity for future studies.

Despite the fact that several cases of unsafe pesticide use among farmers in different parts of Africa have been documented, there is limited evidence regarding which specific interventions are effective in reducing pesticide exposure and associated risks to human health and ecology. The overall goal of the African Pesticide Intervention Project (APsent) study is to better understand ongoing research and public health activities related to interventions in Africa through the implementation of suitable target-specific situations or use contexts. A systematic review of the scientific literature on pesticide intervention studies with a focus on Africa was conducted. This was followed by a qualitative survey among stakeholders involved in pesticide research or management in the African region to learn about barriers to and promoters of successful interventions. The project was concluded with an international workshop in November 2021, where a broad range of topics relevant to occupational and environmental health risks were discussed such as acute poisoning, street pesticides, switching to alternatives, or disposal of empty pesticide containers. Key areas of improvement identified were training on pesticide usage techniques, research on the effectiveness of interventions targeted at exposure reduction and/or behavioral changes, awareness raising, implementation of adequate policies, and enforcement of regulations and processes.

Background: Dengue, Zika and chikungunya are arboviruses of significant public health importance that are transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. In Colombia, where dengue is hyperendemic, and where chikungunya and Zika were introduced in the last decade, more than half of the population lives in areas at risk. The objective of this study was to characterize Aedes spp. vectors and study their natural infection with dengue, Zika and chikungunya in Ibagué, a Colombian city and capital of the department of Tolima, with case reports of simultaneous circulation of these three arboviruses., Methods: Mosquito collections were carried out monthly between June 2018 and May 2019 in neighborhoods with different levels of socioeconomic status. We used the non-parametric Friedman, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests to compare mosquito density distributions. We applied logistic regression analyses to identify associations between mosquito density and absence/presence of breeding sites, and the Spearman correlation coefficient to analyze the possible relationship between climatic variables and mosquito density., Results: We collected Ae. aegypti in all sampled neighborhoods and found for the first time Ae. albopictus in the city of Ibagué. A greater abundance of mosquitoes was collected in neighborhoods displaying low compared to high socioeconomic status as well as in the intradomicile compared to the peridomestic space. Female mosquitoes predominated over males, and most of the test females had fed on human blood. In total, four Ae. aegypti pools (3%) were positive for dengue virus (serotype 1) and one pool for chikungunya virus (0.8%). Interestingly, infected females were only collected in neighborhoods of low socioeconomic status, and mostly in the intradomicile space., Conclusions: We confirmed the co-circulation of dengue (serotype 1) and chikungunya viruses in the Ae. aegypti population in Ibagué. However, Zika virus was not detected in any mosquito sample, 3 years after its introduction into the country. The positivity for dengue and chikungunya viruses, predominance of mosquitoes in the intradomicile space and the high proportion of females fed on humans highlight the high risk for arbovirus transmission in Ibagué, but may also provide an opportunity for establishing effective control strategies., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Mitochondrial DNA variations of Peruvian honey bee populations were surveyed by using the tRNA leu -cox2 intergenic region. Only two studies have characterized these populations, indicating the presence of Africanized honey bee colonies in different regions of Peru and varied levels of Africanization, but the current status of its genetic diversity is unknown. A total of 512 honey bee colonies were sampled from three regions to characterize them. Our results revealed the presence of European and African haplotypes: the African haplotypes identified belong to sub-lineage A I (13) and sub-lineage A III (03), and the European haplotypes to lineages C (06) and M (02). Of 24 haplotypes identified, 15 new sequences are reported here (11 sub-lineage A I , 2 sub-lineage A III , and 2 lineage M). Peruvian honey bee populations presented a higher proportion from African than European haplotypes. High proportions of African haplotype were reported for Piura and Junín, unlike Lima, which showed more European haplotypes from lineage C. Few colonies belonging to lineage M would represent accidental purchase or traces of the introduction into Peru in the 19th century.

Background: Epidemiological evidence associates chronic exposure to particulate matter (PM) with respiratory damage and lung cancer. Inhaled PM may induce systemic effects including inflammation and metastasis. This study evaluated whether PM induces expression of adhesion molecules in lung cancer cells promoting interaction with monocytes., Methods: The expression of early and late adhesion molecules and their receptors was evaluated in A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma) cells using a wide range of concentrations of PM 2.5 and PM 10 . Then we evaluated cellular adhesion between A549 cells and U937 (human monocytes) cells after PM exposure., Results: We found higher expression of both early and late adhesion molecules and their ligands in lung adenocarcinoma cells exposed to PM 2.5 and PM 10 particles present in the air pollution at Mexico City from 0.03 μg/cm 2 with a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05). PM 10 had stronger effect than PM 2.5 . Both PM also stimulated cellular adhesion between tumor cells and monocytes., Conclusions: This study reveals a comprehensive expression profile of adhesion molecules and their ligands upregulated by PM 2.5 and PM 10 in A549 cells. Additionally these particles induced cellular adhesion of lung cancer cells to monocytes. This highlights possible implications of PM in two cancer hallmarks i.e. inflammation and metastasis, underlying the high cancer mortality associated with air pollution., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Children with perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can present early or late clinical disease. HIV-associated lymphoma is a later manifestation that is associated with advanced immunosuppression (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome -AIDS). This is a case of a 9-year-old boy with recent diagnosis of HIV with Burkitt's lymphoma as first clinical manifestation. In children, the frequency of this association is very low and there are few cases reported.

This article describes the concept of global health security and its development over time. It emphasizes the need to control challenges against global health such as those produced by biologic agents both natural and intentional. It presents world initiatives that have developed during the last two decades and the contribution of Peru to the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) and the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework. In order to accelerate the implementation of the International Health Regulations Peru has played an important role to accelerate the implementation of International Health Regulations (IHR), participating with a group of countries, World Health Organization (WHO), and GHSA in the creation of the Joint External Evaluation Tool (JEE).

Internationally, pharmaceutical products (FP) are authorized after their risk-benefit profile has been assessed, taking into account efficacy, safety and quality parameters. In 2009, it was established in Peru that all pharmaceutical products to be commercialized should show proof of their efficacy and safety. According to the new regulation, in effect as of 2012, the pharmaceutical specialties (FS) have been grouped into three categories: category 1, if included in the National List of Essential Medicines; category 2, if authorized in countries with high health surveillance; and category 3, if not included in categories 1 or 2. The scientific documentation to be submitted for the registration or re-registration of the product in the regulatory entity will depend on its FS category.

The effect of using mixed cultures of non-Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts in the physicochemical and sensory qualities of the wines were analyzed in this study. Based on growth curves, sugar consumption and glycerol production in synthetic must, Candida membranifaciens L1805 was selected from a group of four Candidas spp. isolates from Chile and Argentina. This yeast was subsequently used in combination with S. cerevisiae in Chardonnay must. A monoculture of S. cerevisiae was used as control. The wines fermented with mixed cultures had lower volatile acidity and ethanol concentration than the control. Furthermore, the chromatographic analysis showed that the wines from mixed cultures presented differences in the concentration of esters and propanol. These characteristics positively influenced the sensory qualities of the wines produced with mixed cultures, which was reflected in the preference for these wines by a panel of enologists. This study shows that the use of non-Saccharomyces yeasts could be a strategy to obtain distinctive wines using the native microorganisms from each winemaking area.

Under certain environmental conditions, several species of grasshoppers inhabiting rangeland areas (e.g., inter-valleys) of the Chilean transitional desert can irrupt demographically. One of them is Elasmoderus wagenknechti (Liebermann), an endemic species. We studied two outbreaks occurred in 1996 and 1999. The objectives of the research were to (i) estimate some demographic parameters associated with the aforementioned events, and (ii) compare between them the population parameters. The parameters we studied were density (ind/m(2)), sexual proportion, female fertility (i.e., eggs/female), and the relationship eggs/female versus female size. Density (ind/m(2)) ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 in 1996 and from 0.5 to 0.6 in 1999. ANOVA-tests registered differences in density among study sites and between years. In some of the study sites, females were more abundant than males (e.g., Lomas del Sauce). Females fertility ranged from 27 to 39 eggs per female, with significant differences among sites in 1996 but not in 1999. For females of 30-50 mm body size, a linear relationship was detected between egg number/female and body size. It is concluded that the E. wagenknechti outbreaks are site-specific in the study area and that the demographic parameters examined show a high variability among sites and between events.

Soil nutrients and density and biomass of annual plants underneath and outside the canopy of Porlieria chilensis shrubs were measured at the end of the growing season in a protected arid coastal site in Chile. Levels of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter were significantly higher underneath than outside the canopies of shrubs. Almost 4 times as many plants occurred outside than underneath shrubs, but no significant differences in total aboveground biomass were found. Several species had higher densities and/or biomass outside rather than underneath shrubs, whereas others showed the oppsite trend. Species richness was lower underneath P. chilensis canopy. The spatial microdistribution of ephemeral species may be explained by differential water and nutrient requirements. Comparison of the patterns observed in our protected site versus surrounding unprotected areas supports the generalization that man, by removing shrubs and trees, has changed a previous heterogeneous spatial distribution of nutrients to a more homogenous one.

Cytochrome P450 is known to cause carcinogen activation and correspondingly increased cancer risk in animal models. In order to determine whether P450 in the colon may be involved in cancer development in the human, the human colon cell line LS174T was examined for the presence of various cytochromes P450. Two isozymes of P450 were identified in the human cell line. Expression of P450IA1 or IA2 was increased by treatment of the cell line with benzanthracene; the induction was demonstrated by an increase in RNA hybridizing to a probe for P450IA1 and by ethoxyresorufin deethylation activity. Western analysis of microsomes isolated from human colon tissue also demonstrated the presence of P450IA1, as well as a form which cross-reacted to an antibody to human P450IIC9. Another isozyme, P450IIE1, was identified by polymerase chain reaction amplification of RNA from LS174T cells. These results underscore the presence of cytochromes P450 in colonic tissue and provide a basis for the involvement of isozyme-specific P450 mediated reactions in carcinogenesis of the colon.