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In this study, both current and transimpedance mode instrumentation amplification operations are met through a new active building block proposal, namely Current DifferencingTransresistance Amplifier block, CDTRA. In order to regard CDTRA as an instrumentation amplifier (IA), two grounded passive resistors are needed. Passive resistors together with electronically tunable transresistance parameter of active block, rm, set versatility over gain tunability for instrumentation amplifier. Proposed active block is current input, current/voltage output design. It has low impedance input, high impedance for current output, and low impedance for voltage output respectively. Since this particular IA is based on CDTRA, then it inherits these electrical characteristics fully. Numerous SPICE simulations are performed through the paper to verify validity of the study. TSMC 0.18 µm CMOS technology parameters are utilized through simulations. Experimental work is performed for the proposed IA circuit.

In this article, a new active building component with electronically tunable transresistive block, voltage difference transresistance amplifier, and its floating frequency dependent negative resist...

Minaei, Shahram (Dogus Author) In this paper, new analog memristor emulator circuits based on current backward transconductance amplifier (CBTA) and passive elements are proposed. They emulate both types of memristor (incremental and decremental) just by interchanging the CBTA output terminals. It uses only one CBTA, two resistors, one capacitor and one multiplier emulating grounded memristor. They consist of less CMOS transistors and have wider output ranges compared to other designed emulator circuits. The CMOS implementation of the CBTA using 0.18 ttm level-7 TSMC CMOS technology parameters is also proposed. It uses 23 CMOS transistors operating with the +/- 0.9 V DC supply voltage. Theoretical derivations and related results are validated using SPICE simulations.

Myelin sheath, wrapped around axons, allows rapid neural signal transmission, and degeneration of myelin causes various neurodegenerative diseases, such as, Multiple Sclerosis (MS). For candidate drug discovery, it is essential to quantify myelin. This requires tedious expert labor comprising myelin labelling on microscopic fluorescence images, usually acquired by confocal microscopes. In this study, semantic segmentation based automatic myelin segmentation on fluorescence microscopy images was introduced. Three-channel and three-dimensional fluorescence images of mouse stem cell derived neuron and oligodendrocyte co-cultures were labeled by an expert. The images were divided into patches for training and the labels corresponded to each patch were acquired. A data set of 11552 patches was used for training to identify myelin and non-myelin regions. In the data set, myelin detection performances of semantic segmentation technique were evaluated using 3 different learning algorithms. The highest accuracy value of 97.32 percent was achieved by using “RMSprop” learning algorithm with a group size of 8 and after 250 epochs. Results suggested that the proposed myelin segmentation method was suitable for detecting myelin. Thus, the outlined myelin segmentation method has the potential to be incorporated into remyelination drug screens.

This study presents a novel ultrathin dual-band frequency selective surface (FSS) for X-band applications. The proposed single-layer FSS operates as a band reject filter at 8.47 and 10.45 GHz. The ratio of these two operating bands has small value such as 1.23, and it points out that the proposed FSS has closely spaced characteristic. In addition, the designed dual-band single-layer FSS has an ultrathin thickness of 0.021* ${{\boldsymbol{\lambda }}_{\boldsymbol{l}}}$ , where ${{\boldsymbol{\lambda }}_{\boldsymbol{l}}}$ is the wavelength of the lower operational frequency. The stable frequency responses are sufficiently achieved for the transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarizations by using the proposed FSS. The validity of FSS is obtained by comparing measurements and simulations.

In this work, a CBTA-based universal mutator circuit is proposed for the realization of memcapacitor and meminductor elements. Proposed mutator circuit contains only one CBTA element, one memristor and one capacitor. It is suitable to transform a grounded memristor to a floating memcapacitor or meminductor. SPICE simulation by using a CBTA designed with 0.18 μm level-7 TSMC CMOS transistors was performed to show the accuracy of the proposed circuit and as a result, frequency dependent hysteresis loops are obtained.

In this paper, a smart sensor system design for home appliances, such as refrigerator, is introduced. The proposed smart sensor system is designed to collect inner temperature and relative humidity level of the appliance along with condition of whether appliance’s door is open or closed. A current sensor is also used to measure the current drawn by the appliance. To control appliance’s connection to the grid a relay is attached to the system. Afterwards all sensor data is sent to a platform on which user can observe sensor values and control relay.

In this paper we present a modular integrated electrical control system hardware for small scale underwater vehicles to implement underwater researches and substitute human roles in the hard environments. This system is fully compatible to implement new designs with not much change in the whole system. We also introduce a new bus system for this kind of vehicles that is eligible to perform all the needed necessities. Additionally, the paper proposes an algorithm and an operation chart on a proper microcontroller controlled Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) motion.

In this paper, a new realization of a current-mode first-order all-pass filter (APF) using a single active building block (ABB) and one grounded capacitor is presented. As the ABB, the current backward transconductance amplifier (CBTA) is used, which is one of the most recently reported active elements in the literature. The theoretical results are in detail verified by numerous SPICE simulations using a new low-voltage implementation of CBTA. In the design, the PTM 90 nm level-7 CMOS process BSIM3v3 parameters with ±0.45 V supply voltages were used. The proposed resistorless CBTA-C APF provides easy electronic tuning of the pole frequency in frequency range from 763 kHz to 17.6 MHz, which is more than one decade. Maximum power dissipation of the circuit is 828 W at bias current 233 A. Non-ideal, parasitic effects, sensitivity analyses, temperature and noise variation, current swing capability, and Monte Carlo analysis results are also provided. Compared to prior state-of-the-art works, the proposed CBTA-C APF has achieved the highest Figure of Merit value, which proves its superior performance. In this paper, a new realization of a current-mode first-order all-pass filter (APF) using a single active building block (ABB) and one grounded capacitor is presented. As the ABB, the current backward transconductance amplifier (CBTA) is used, which is one of the most recently reported active elements in the literature. The theoretical results are in detail verified by numerous SPICE simulations using a new low-voltage implementation of CBTA. In the design, the PTM 90 nm level-7 CMOS process BSIM3v3 parameters with ±0.45 V supply voltages were used. The proposed resistorless CBTA-C APF provides easy electronic tuning of the pole frequency in frequency range from 763 kHz to 17.6 MHz, which is more than one decade. Maximum power dissipation of the circuit is 828 W at bias current 233 A. Non-ideal, parasitic effects, sensitivity analyses, temperature and noise variation, current swing capability, and Monte Carlo analysis results are also provided. Compared to prior state-of-the-art works, the proposed CBTA-C APF has achieved the highest Figure of Merit value, which proves its superior performance.

Oligodendrocytes wrap around the axons and form the myelin. Myelin facilitates rapid neural signal transmission. Any damage to myelin disrupts neuronal communication leading to neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). There is no cure for MS. This is, in part, due to lack of an efficient method for myelin quantification during drug screening. In this study, an image analysis based myelin sheath detection method, DeepMQ, is developed. The method consists of a feature extraction step followed by a deep learning based binary classification module. The images, which were acquired on a confocal microscope contain three channels and multiple z-sections. Each channel represents either oligodendroyctes, neurons, or nuclei. During feature extraction, 26-neighbours of each voxel is mapped onto a 2D feature image. This image is, then, fed to the deep learning classifier, in order to detect myelin. Results indicate that 93.38% accuracy is achieved in a set of fluorescence microscope images of mouse stem cell-derived oligodendroyctes and neurons. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first study utilizing image analysis along with machine learning techniques to quantify myelination. 316S026 European Association for Signal Processing IEEE Signal Processing Society MathWorks Amazon Devices

Minaei, Shahram (Dogus Author) A new voltage-mode (VM) proportional integral derivative (PID) controller employing only a single active component named Current Feedback Operational Amplifier (CFOA), two resistors and two grounded capacitors is proposed. The proposed PID controller employs a canonical number of only grounded capacitors without requiring any critical passive component matching conditions and cancellation constraints. It has high input and low output impedances; thus, it can be easily cascaded with other VM structures. It can be easily constructed by a single commercially available active element. Frequency-dependent non-ideal gain and parasitic impedance effects on the performance of the proposed PID controller are investigated. The performance of the proposed PID controller circuit is demonstrated by using PSPICE circuit simulation program and an experiment. Also, 0.18 μm CMOS TSMC technology parameters with ±2 V supply voltages are used. Total power dissipation of the proposed PID controller is 1.64 mW.

In this paper, design of a real-time video frame buffer with an external memory interface is proposed. In addition, simulation and implementation processes of the design is described. The mentioned system is able to buffer video signals up to 1920×1080 full-HD resolution at 60 Hz frame rate. The memory interface is designed based on an external SDRAM memory and supports burst read/write operations. Input video resolution, video buffer size on memory and burst size of the memory interface are user defined and can be configured. Publisher's Version

In this study, patient monitoring system whichenables instant recording the data from biomedical sensor (ECG, heart rate,temperature, movement, etc.) is developed. The main structures of the proposedsystem consist of biomedical sensors, ATmega microcontroller and IEEE 802.11Wi-Fi module. The signals, obtained from the biomedical sensors, converted todigital data and transferred to the server by the Wi-Fi module. In this way,the biomedical data’s are delivered to the medical staffs that are connected tothe system with mobile and desktop devices. Moreover, in case of emergency thesystem could alert the relevant departments with embedded systems and serversoftware., Bu çalışmada, biyomedikal sensörlerden (EKG,nabız, sıcaklık, hareket vb.) alınan verilerin anlık bir şekilde kaydedilmesinisağlayan hasta takip sistemi geliştirilmiştir. Sistem, biyomedikal sensörlerile birlikte Atmega mikro denetleyici ve IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi modülyapılarından oluşmaktadır. Biyomedikal sensörlerden alınan sinyaller, sayısalverilere dönüştürülerek Wi-Fi modül ile sunucuya aktarılmaktadır. Bu sayedebiyomedikal veriler, mobil ve masaüstü cihazlarda çalışan sisteme bağlanansağlık personeline ulaştırılmaktadır. Ayrıca bu sistem acil durumlarda gömülüsistem ve sunucu yazılımı ile ilgili birimleri uyarabilmektedir. Giyilebilirolarak tasarlanan bu sistem ile hastaların günlük aktivitelerini engellemedengünün her saati uzaktan takip edilmeleri amaçlanmıştır.

Accurately and fast detection of weight of objects has an important place for lots of academic and industrial application at the present time. In this work, it was aimed to estimate weight of eggs in a distance independent manner using image processing and artificial neural networks (ANN). The constituted system consists of a camera, artificial lighting system, reflector and reference image. Object weight was estimated by processing the acquired image. Feed forward multilayer perceptron (MLP) was preferred as artificial neural network. 250 samples which consist of 4 different brands and 4 different classes (x-large, large, medium, and small) were used for testing and training the system. It was tried to be obtained optimum system by using different feature vectors, different images and different artificial neural network parameters. As accurate classification rate was %47 according to defined by Turkish food codex egg communique and classification values write on the egg cartoon, this rate was increased to %90.5 as a result of this work. All processes were realized by using MATLAB program and toolboxes.

In this work, a high-performance voltage and current output instrumentation amplifier circuit is proposed. The proposed circuit also has voltage-mode (VM) and transadmittance-mode (TAM) outputs at a time. It employs a single current backward transconductance amplifier (CBTA) and a grounded resistor. It has the advantage of having low input and high output impedances which makes it easy for cascadability. The presented circuit has electronically tunable property due to the bias current of the CBTA. The validity of the proposed circuit is demonstrated by PSPICE simulations using a 0.18[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m CMOS process with [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]V supply voltage. Simulation results show that the proposed circuit has a high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), wide bandwidth, low offset and high gain properties.

Minaei, Shahram (Dogus Author) The aim of this paper is proposing an alternative method to Gorski-Popiel Technique in realization of synthetic transformers. A new synthetic floating transformer (FT) circuit is also given. The proposed synthetic transformer circuit uses two current backward transconductance amplifiers (CBTAs), three resistors, and two grounded capacitors. The primary selfinductance, the secondary self-inductance, and the mutual inductance can be independently controlled and can be tuned electronically by changing the biasing current of the employed CBTAs. It has a good sensitivity performance with respect to tracking errors. A band-pass filter is also realized to test the performance of the proposed synthetic transformer circuit. The validity of the proposed synthetic transformer circuit is demonstrated by PSPICE simulations and experimental results.

The voltage differencing current conveyor (VDCC) based lossless/lossy inductance simulator with the advantage of extended (i.e. dual-controlled) range of equivalent inductance value and possibility of reconfiguration of polarity is presented in this study. These unconventional features are available because of newly designed CMOS structure of VDCC element. VDCC was fabricated lately in I2T100 0.7 um technology. Relevant VDCC-based inductance simulators are compared briefly with attention to controllability of inductance value especially. Theoretical expectations are compared with experimental results of an inductance simulator prototype obtained in laboratory measurements of proposed circuit based mainly on VDCC chip and its unique features are provided.

In this study, a low-voltage design of a new general floating element simulator circuit for realizing floating frequency dependent negative resistor (FDNR), floating inductor (FI), floating capacitor (FC), and floating resistor (FR) simulator, depending on the selection of passive circuit elements, is described. The circuit employs two voltage differencing current conveyors (VDCCs) at low voltage levels (±0.45 V) and three passive components. It does not require any passive element matching. Moreover, the new general floating element simulator can be electronically controllable by changing the bias currents of the VDCCs or can be controlled through the grounded resistor or capacitors. Finally, using one of the described floating element simulator, i.e. FDNR, a fourth-order Butterworth characteristic band-pass filter is simulated via PSPICE using 90 nm, level 7 PTM CMOS technology parameters. The simulations agree with the theoretical analysis.

In this work, a current-mode (CM) full-wave rectifier circuits using only one current differencing buffered amplifier (CDBA) and two diodes are presented. These circuits use only active components which are more suitable for integrated circuit fabrication and posses low input and high output impedances which make it ideal for current-mode systems. The behaviours of the proposed structures are tested by PSPICE simulations for two different types of the CDBA implementation. It is tested by using PSPICE simulations based on the 0.25 μm TSMC level-7 CMOS technology parameters.

In this work, a novel voltage-mode (VM) single-input four-output universal filter topology is presented. The proposed structure uses two resistors, two capacitors and only one voltage differencing current conveyor (VDCC) and generates all biquadratic filtering functions namely: low-pass (LP), band-pass (BP), high-pass (HP) and band-reject (BR). The quality factor and natural frequency of the filter can be adjusted electronically without changing the values of the passive components. Moreover, the circuit does not require any condition of component matching and has a good sensitivity performance with respect to tracking errors of passive components and the active parameter. PSpice simulation results confirm the results of the theoretical analysis.

WOS: 000298836500016, …

In this paper, a low voltage modified current backward transconductance amplifier (MCBTA) and a novel first-order current-mode (CM) all-pass filter are presented. The MCBTA can operate with +/- 0.9 V supply voltage and the total power consumption of MCBTA is 1.27 mW. The presented all-pass filter employs single MCBTA, a grounded resistor and a grounded capacitor. The circuit possesses low input and high output impedances which make it ideal for current-mode systems. The presented all-pass filter circuit can be made electronically tunable due to the bias current of the MCBTA. Non-ideal study along with simulation results are given for validation purpose. Further, an nth-order cascadable all-pass filter is also presented. It uses n MCBTAs, n grounded resistors and n grounded capacitors. The performance of the proposed circuits is demonstrated by using PSPICE simulations based on the 0.18 mu m TSMC level-7 CMOS technology parameters.

A proportional integral derivative (PID) controller employing only a single commercially available active component, two resistors and two capacitors is presented. The PID controller circuit has low impedance voltage output which can be easily cascaded with other voltage-mode (VM) structures. The effects caused by the non-ideality of the current feedback operational amplifier (CFOA) are analyzed. The performance of the proposed circuit is demonstrated by using PSPICE simulations.

In this work, coefficients of a high-pass analog filter transfer function are optimized with evolutionary algorithms. The aim is to approximate transfer characteristic obtained with coefficients optimized with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithms to ideal high-pass fitler characteristic. Simulation results show that approximation errors obtained with evolutionary methods in short computation time is less than traditional methods.

WOS: 000306287700007, A new circuit configuration for the realisation of an electronically tunable sinusoidal oscillator is presented. The proposed circuit uses only one current backward transconductance amplifier (CBTA), two grounded capacitors and one resistor. Using current controlled CBTA (CC-CBTA) instead of the CBTA, the resistor can be completely removed. It has also current-mode (CM) and voltage-mode (VM) outputs, simultaneously. The workability of the proposed structure has been demonstrated by both simulation and experimental results.

35th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP) -- JUL 03-04, 2012 -- Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC, WOS: 000308143100081, A voltage-mode multiphase sinusoidal oscillator (MSO) structure using current backward transconductance amplifier (CBTA) is presented. The oscillator can generate n voltage signals (n being even or odd) equally spaced in phase. n+1 CBTAs, n grounded capacitor and a grounded resistor are used for nth-state oscillator. The oscillation frequency can be independently controlled through transconductance (g(m)) of the CBTAs which are adjustable via bias currents. The effects caused by the non-ideality of the CBTA on the oscillation frequency and condition have been analyzed. The performance of the proposed circuit is demonstrated on a third-stage MSO by using PSPICE simulations based on the 0.25 mu m TSMC level-7 CMOS technology parameters., Brno Univ Technol, Dept Telecommun, Budapest Univ Technol & Econom, Dept Telecommun & Media Informat, Karadeniz Tech Univ, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, W Pomeranian Univ Technol, Fac Elect Engn, VSB - Tech Univ Ostrava, Dept Telecommun, Slovak Univ Technol, Inst Telecommun, Univ Ljubljana, Lab Telecommun, Czech Tech Univ Prague, Dept Telecommun Engn, ProfiNET Test s r o, NextiraOne Czech s r o, IEEE, Czechoslovakia Sect, Investment & Business Dev Agcy Czech Republ (CzechInvest), IEEE, [P102/11/P489]; [P102/09/1681], The research described in the paper was supported by projects: GACR P102/11/P489 and P102/09/1681.

21st International Conference on Radioelektronika -- APR 19-20, 2011 -- Brno, CZECH REPUBLIC, WOS: 000393151800008, In this paper, a new compact realization of sinusoidal oscillator using modified current backward transconductance amplifier (MCBTA) is reported. The proposed circuit employs a single MCBTA and four passive components including two grounded capacitors. The circuit provides completely de-coupled condition of oscillation (CO) of the frequency of oscillation (FO), i.e. no term in the CO is present in the FO and vice versa. Both the CO and FO are independently tunable by two different grounded resistors. The FO is also tunable by means of the transconductance and thereby is electronically tunable. SPICE simulation results have confirmed the workability of the proposed circuit., Brno Univ Technol, Dept Radio Elect, H TEST a s, Rohde&Schwarz, Freescale semiconductor, HUMUSOFT, Kuiper Forens, MECAS ESI s r o, Natl Instruments, ON Semiconductor, STAR 21 Networks a s, Telemeter Elect s r o, T&m Direct s r o, T-Mobile Czech Republ a s, TransTech Electl s r o, TR instruments spol s r o, [MSM 0021630513]; [GACR P102/09/1681]; [GACR 102/10/P561]; [GACR P102/11/P489], The paper has been supported by projects: MSM 0021630513, GACR P102/09/1681, GACR 102/10/P561, and GACR P102/11/P489.

ProfiNET Test, s. r. o.;T-Mobile Czech Republic a.s., 2011 34th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing, TSP 2011 -- 18 August 2011 through 20 August 2011 -- Budapest -- 87221, In this study novel floating frequency dependent negative resistor (FDNR), floating inductor (FI), floating capacitor and floating resistor simulator circuit employing two CBTAs and three passive components is proposed. The presented circuit can realize floating FDNR, inductor, capacitor or resistor depending on the passive component selection. Since the passive elements are all grounded, this circuit is suitable for fully integrated circuit design. The circuit does not require any component matching conditions, and it has a good sensitivity performance with respect to tracking errors. Moreover, the proposed FDNR, inductance, capacitor and resistor simulator can be tuned electronically by changing the biasing current of the CBTA or can be controlled through the grounded resistor or capacitor. The proposed floating FDNR simulator circuit is demonstrated by using a PSPICE simulation for 0.25 µm TSMC CMOS technology. © 2011 IEEE.

WOS: 000277662900002, In this paper, a new multi-terminal active component, namely current backward transconductance amplifier (CBTA) is proposed. The design procedure for the systematic realization of current-mode ladder filters using proposed active component is also presented. In order to demonstrate that the CBTA considerably simplifies the leapfrog structure of the current-mode ladder filters, a fifth-order Butterworth low-pass filter that requires a minimum of active components is presented. The theoretical results are demonstrated by using PSPICE simulation. (C) 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000266329400012, In this letter, a new floating inductance simulator circuit is presented. The proposed structure consists of only one grounded capacitor without any external resistors and two different active elements. The active elements are dual-output current-controlled current conveyor (DO-CCCII) and operational transconductance amplifier (OTA). The proposed inductance simulator can be tuned electronically by changing the biasing current of the DO-CCCIIs or by changing the current of the OTA. Moreover, the circuit does not require any conditions of component matching. It has a good sensitivity performance with respect to tracking errors. As an application, the proposed inductance simulator is used to construct a fourth-order resistively terminated LC band-pass filter. The theoretical analysis is verified by the SPICE simulation results. (C) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000262504400004, A new floating immittance function simulator circuit is proposed using two different active elements, a dual-output second generation current conveyor (DO-CCII) and an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA). The presented circuit can realize a positive and negative floating inductor, capacitor and resistor depending on the passive component selection. Since the passive elements are all grounded, this circuit is suitable for fully integrated circuit design. The circuit does not require any component matching conditions, and it has a good sensitivity performance with respect to tracking errors. Moreover, the proposed positive and negative inductance, capacitor and resistor simulator can be tuned electronically by changing the biasing current of the OTA or can be controlled through the grounded resistor or capacitor. The proposed floating inductor simulator circuit is demonstrated by using a SPICE simulation for 0.35 mu m TSMC CMOS technology. The proposed circuit consumes an average power of 1 mW using +/- 1.5 V supply voltages.

WOS: 000303135200003, In this study, a novel floating frequency dependent negative resistor (FDNR), floating inductor, floating capacitor and floating resistor simulator circuit employing two CBTAs and three passive components is proposed. The presented circuit can realize floating FDNR, inductor; capacitor or resistor depending on the passive component selection. Since the passive elements are all grounded, this circuit is suitable for fully integrated circuit design. The circuit does not require any component matching conditions, and it has a good sensitivity performance with respect to tracking errors. Moreover, the proposed FDNR, inductance, capacitor and resistor simulator can be tuned electronically by changing the biasing current of the CBTA or can be controlled through the grounded resistor or capacitor. The high-order frequency dependent element simulator circuit is also presented. Depending on the passive component selection, it realizes high-order floating circuit defining as V(s) = s(n)AI(s) or V(s) = s(-n)BI(s). The proposed floating FDNR simulator circuit and floating high-order frequency dependent element simulator circuit are demonstrated by using SPICE simulation for 0.25 mu m, level 7, TSMC CMOS technology parameters., Czech Ministry of Education [MSM 0021630513]; Czech Science Foundation [GACR P102/09/1681, GACR 102/10/P561, GACR 102/11/P489]; BUT [FEKT-S-11-15], The research described in the paper was supported by the Czech Ministry of Education under research program MSM 0021630513 and Czech Science Foundation projects under No. GACR P102/09/1681, GACR 102/10/P561, GACR 102/11/P489, and BUT grant no. FEKT-S-11-15.