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All primary (name-bearing) types of Haematopota Meigen, 1803, deposited in the KwaZulu-Natal Museum (NMSA) are documented - Haematopota anomala Travassos Dias, 1956 (Mpumalanga, South Africa); Haematopota diasi Travassos Dias, 1956 (Gauteng, South Africa); Haematopota megaera Usher, 1965 (Eastern Cape, South Africa); Haematopota mephista Usher, 1965 (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa); Haematopota montisdraconis Usher, 1965 (Eastern Cape, South Africa); Haematopota ovazzai Travassos Dias, 1956 (Eastern Cape, South Africa); Haematopota quathlambia Usher, 1965 (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa); Haematopota spectabilis Oldroyd, 1952 (Northern Cape, South Africa); Haematopota tropai Travassos Dias, 1956 (Reunion). The reference to the original publication, including the original name, the type locality and the collector, is provided for each species. In addition, brief remarks and colour photographs are provided. This is the first in a series of publications on the primary types of the Tabanidae of the KwaZulu-Natal Museum.

Sackdilling Cave is a karst fissure filled with a fossiliferous breccia including abundant fossil remains, mostly snails and small mammals. The taxonomic status of mustelid remains from this cave was previously regarded as controversial and, consequently, different authors listed different species from the locality. A detailed revision of the material shows the presence of five mustelid species: Meles sp., Martes vetus, Mustela strandi, Mustela palerminea, and Mustela praenivalis. Among them, especially noteworthy is the presence of the type specimen of Martes vetus. The Sackdilling holotype resembles Martes foina and differs from that of Martes martes in a short and broad viscerocranium; wide and less extended forward incisor row; compressed, short and wide temporal region; large, strongly inflated and convex tympanic bullae; and narrow P3 with weak lingual bulge. Some dental characters are specific for Martes vetus and show some intermediate values between Martes foina than Martes martes. Among them are the P4 protocone length and the M1 trigon length. The revised material from Sackdilling Cave of Mustela palerminea and Mustela praenivalis was compared with that from other Early and early Middle Pleistocene sites of Europe and showed the presence of intermediate characters. Subsequently, based on the entire mustelid assemblage and other faunal elements (mainly rodents), the age of this fauna was estimated as ca. 0.9–0.7 Ma.

The type specimen and date of publication of the basionym for each of Neomyrtus pedunculata (Hook.f.) Allan and its synonym Neomyrtus vitis-idaea (Raoul) Burret are clarified to establish that the ...

The Chinese species of Larnaca are reviewed. A new species, Larnaca (Larnaca) walle sp. nov. is described from China. Female of Larnaca (Larnaca) emarginata Bian, Guo & Shi, 2015 is described for the first time. The type specimen is deposited in Museum of Biology, East China Normal University.

A partial rbcL sequence of the lectotype specimen of Corallina berteroi shows that it is the earliest available name for C. ferreyrae. Multilocus species delimitation analyses (ABGD, SPN, GMYC, bPTP, and BPP) using independent or concatenated COI, psbA, and rbcL sequences recognized one, two, or three species in this complex, but only with weak support for each species hypothesis. Conservatively, we recognize a single worldwide species in this complex of what appears to be multiple, evolving populations. Included in this species, besides C. ferreyrae, are C. caespitosa, the morphologically distinct C. melobesioides, and, based on a partial rbcL sequence of the holotype specimen, C. pinnatifolia. Corallina berteroi, not C. officinalis, is the cosmopolitan temperate species found thus far in the NE Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, warm temperate NW Atlantic and NE Pacific, cold temperate SW Atlantic (Falkland Islands), cold and warm temperate SE Pacific, NW Pacific and southern Australia. Also proposed is C. yendoi sp. nov. from Hokkaido, Japan, which was recognized as distinct by 10 of the 13 species discrimination analyses, including the multilocus BPP.

The genus Waigara Zhang & Webb (Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) is reported for the first time from Korea based on a new species, Waigara planstyla sp. nov.. Morphological information including diagnosis of the genus, descriptions of genitalia and illustrations of the new species, and a key to the species of the genus and type specimen’s habitus and genital photograph with redescription are provided.

The information given here is provided by the IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification for comparative purposes and as a service to mineralogists working on new species. Each mineral is described in the following format: mineral name, if the authors agree on its release prior to the full description appearing in press; chemical formula; type locality; full authorship of proposal; e-mail address of the corresponding author; relationship with other minerals; crystal system, space group, structure determined, yes or no; unit-cell parameters; strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern; type specimen repository and specimen number; citation details for the mineral prior to publication of the full description. Citation details concern the fact that this information will be published in the European Journal of Mineralogy on a routine basis as well as being added month by month to the commission's website. It is still a requirement for the authors to publish a full description of the new mineral. No other information will be released by the commission.

A cordycipitoid fungus infecting Hepialidae sp. in Nepal was supposed to be identical to Cordyceps liangshanensis, originally described from southwestern China, and thus, transferred to the genus Metacordyceps or Papiliomyces in previous studies. However, our multi-gene (nrSSU-nrLSU-tef-1α-rpb1-rpb2) phylogenetic and morphological studies based on the type specimen and additional collections of C. liangshanensis revealed that the fungus belongs to the genus Ophiocordyceps (Ophiocordycipitaceae). Therefore, a new combination O. liangshanensis was made, and a detailed description of this species was provided.

The taxonomy of the South American genus Exomegas Gill 1883 has been unstable owing to the unknown status of the type specimen of its type species, Petromyzon macrostomus Burmeister 1868. Here the authors announce the finding of the holotype in the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" ichthyology collection. Whereas Exomegas type species is recognized based on its holotype, Exomegas gallegensis (Smitt 1901) new status is proposed. These preliminary results resolve a century-long taxonomic uncertainty and foster a nomenclatural arrangement for a Southern Hemisphere lamprey genus.

Seven species and two varieties belonging to the genus Boehmeria Jacq. (Urticaceae) are known to be distributed in Korea. Among them, B. spicata, B. tricuspis, and B. tricuspis var. unicuspis were subjected to an external morphological study. Among the individuals believed to exhibit variations in the leaf shape, B. gracilis and B. silvestrii were newly recognized. Unlike related taxa, B. gracilis has middle leaves with an elliptic, broadly elliptic, ovate, or broadly depressed ovate shape, a regular and serrulate-dentate margin, and an unlobed and short caudate or cuspidate apex. Boehmeria silvestrii has middle leaves with 5-angled ovate, orbicular ovate or broadly ovate shapes, and 3- or 5-lobed and caudate apices. Therefore, we assigned the corresponding names ‘Top-geo-buk-kko-ri’ and ‘Cham-geo-buk-kko-ri’. Meanwhile, the B. spicata complex (B. gracilis, B. silvestrii, B. spicata, and B. tricuspis var. unicuspis) is very closely related in terms of the morphological characters, whereas B. tricuspis exhibits no relationship. Furthermore, because the scientific name and type specimen of B. tricuspis var. unicuspis (Pul-geo-buk-kko-ri) are problematic, the correct name B. paraspicata Nakai and corresponding holotype are presented. Additionally, lectotypes of B. gracilis and B. silvestrii are newly designated here. A taxonomic treatment, descriptions, a key, photographs, type specimens, and leaf variation images of the B. spicata complex are provided in this study.

Species of Ulva Linnaeus are nearly impossible to identify using morpho-anatomy due to their simple thallus structure and phenotypic plasticity. The current solution to this problem is to sequence ...

Most species of Candolleomyces have brown or dark brown spores. Although pale-spored members are rare in the genus we frequently collected two such species from many Provinces during our investigations in subtropical China from 2016–2020. As revealed by morphological characterisation and multigene phylogenetic analyses (ITS LSU β-tub and tef-1α) these species which we have named C. subcacao and C. subminutisporus are unique and distinct from known taxa. In addition a new combination C. cladii-marisci is proposed on the basis of ITS sequence analysis of the type specimen. Detailed descriptions colour photos illustrations and a key to related species are presented.

Type specimens are valuable resources for investigating and exploring biodiversity on Earth, which has high academic and conservation value. Hemipteran insects are one of the most important and diverse groups in Insecta, and their type specimens have important reference value for many research fields. So far, the data on the type specimens of the Hemiptera in China have not been fully collated.Through extensive literature review, we have constructed a dataset of type specimens for the new species of hemipteran insects in China published from 1950 to 2017, which includes the data such as collection time, species author, specimen gender, preservation institution and geographical distribution. A total of 6583 type specimen records were collected, covering 3783 new species belonging to 1299 genera and 88 families. This dataset can provide help to the international community for conducting researches on taxonomy, biodiversity patterns, biota evolution, and pest management.

Several specimens of putative Lentinus pilososquamulosus (including the type specimen) and Le. martianoffianus from Siberia and the Russian Far East associated with different hosts and collected during the past two decades were studied. Morphological examination of the studied specimens showed a close similarity to specimens of Lignomyces vetlinianus, a species originally described from Central Europe, but later discovered in European Russia, the Caucasus (Abkhazia), and the Urals. Cultures of Li. vetlinianus were characterized by growth and morphology, and their adaptation to various temperatures was evaluated. Growth rate of the strains at 25 °C varied between 1.2 and 3.1 mm/day; the majority of them could survive freezing at −20 °C and grew at temperature ranging from 5 to 35 °C. Comparative culture characters, mating compatibility, and ITS sequencing revealed that the specimens earlier identified as Le. pilososquamulosus or Far East Russian Le. martianoffianus (misapplied name) were identical to Li. vetlinianus. It was shown that the distribution area of Li. vetlinianus extends from Central Europe to the South (Caucasus) and through Western Siberia to the Russian Far East. Since several attempts of Le. pilososquamulosus holotype sequencing were unsuccessful, an epitype of this taxon, represented by a successfully sequenced old topotype specimen, was proposed. Le. pilososquamulosus is considered as synonym of Li. vetlinianus, following the principle of priority. A molecular study of true Le. martianoffianus (type specimen) supported its conspecificity with Panus lecomtei.

A collection of a volvarioid species with whitish, medium-sized basidiomes and distinctive grooved stipe was found in sandy soil in the Sonoran Desert, northwest of Mexico. After a morphological comparison with the type specimen of Volvariopsis canalipes from Florida, USA, we found that both materials share a similar set of taxonomic characters that supports considering them to be conspecific. Some species formerly placed in Volvariella but characterized by a gelatinous pileipellis and large basidiospores (such as V. canalipes) are currently recognized in Volvopluteus. A phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and LSU sequences obtained from the Sonoran material, inferred its position in Volvopluteus and sister to Vp. gloiocephallus. Based on morphological and molecular information, the new combination Volvopluteus canalipes is proposed. This corresponds to the second record of this species after its original publication. A description of the Mexican collection accompanied with photographs and line drawings is included and complemented with a taxonomic discussion.

Gloeocantharellus andasibensis sp. nov. is recognized by orange-red basidiomata with a convex to plane, innately fibrillose and viscid pileus, ellipsoid to amygdaliform, small, verrucose basidiospores, and a distinct nrITS sequence. This is the first record of the genus from Madagascar. To improve the understanding of the nomenclature of the genus, the type specimen of G. okapaensis and specimens of G. lateritius and G. corneri accessioned in the fungarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew were also sequenced.

Two new species of yellow Cantharellus and a new record of Cantharellus tabernensis associated with tropical species of Quercus are presented, based on the taxonomic study of fresh specimens and in a phylogenetic analysis of transcription elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1α) and the large subunit of the ribosome (nLSU) sequences. One of the new species proposed here, corresponds to a choice edible mushroom, which, in our molecular phylogeny, resulted in it being related to the group of species around C. lateritius and sister with Craterellus confluens type specimen. This latter is here formally transferred to Cantharellus and consequently a new name, Cantharellus furcatus, is proposed to replace the homonym Cantharellus confluens (Schwein.) Schwein. 1834 a later synonym of Byssomerulius corium. Detailed macroscopic and microscopic descriptions accompanied with illustrations and a taxonomic discussion are presented for each species.

Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) is one of the most famous, most polyphagous and most widely distributed tachinid flies (Diptera, Tachinidae) in the world. This species is well known as a biocontrol agent of some injurious pests of cultural and wild plants and has been introduced from Europe to the United States to control mainly the gypsy moth. Recently we found three new species very closely resembling C. concinnata from Southeast and East Asia: C. lobata sp. nov. (Japan and Thailand), C. malayana sp. nov. (Malaysia) and C. pauciseta sp. nov. (Japan and Taiwan). Additionally, C. samoaensis Malloch is treated as a junior synonym of C. concinnata based on the examination of the type specimen. The genetic differences in the mitochondrial COI gene data are examined to assess the accuracy of species delimitation of Compsilura. The male postabdominal characters of these species are illustrated. The piercing female postabdomen of C. concinnata is illustrated and compared to those of other members belonging to the Blondelia group including Blondelia Robineau-Desvoidy, Celatoria Coquillett, Eucelatoria Townsend and Vibrissina Rondani.

Background Taxonomy and diversity of Evaniidae from India have not been studied in depth and hosts of many species are unknown. Out of 31 world genera, only five genera ( Evania Fab., Prosevania Kieffer, Szepligetella Bradley, Vernevania Huben & Deans and Zeuxevania Kieffer) are reported from India. Based on the collection deposited in the Hymenoptera section of Zoological Survey of India (National Zoological Collection), here we are describing a new species of the genus Zeuxevania . New information A new evaniid species Zeuxevania hubeni sp. nov. is described, based on a female specimen collected from Kadaludi Bird Sanctuary, Kerala, India. The new species is compared with Z. curvicarinata (Cameron), as well as Z. kasauliensis (Muzaffer) and a key to Indian species, based on females, is provided. The type specimen is deposited in the National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India.

Apostolepis is a diverse Dipsadid snake genus, with 35 known species, inhabiting most of South America at east of the Andes. In this study, we redescribe Apostolepis assimilis Reinhardt, 1861, and evaluate the taxonomic status of a controversial taxon, Apostolepis tertulianobeui, described based on a single specimen from an unknown locality of Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil. A careful reanalysis of the type specimen and additional material provides compelling evidence for the synonymy of A. tertulianobeui with A. assimilis. We also provide comments on the taxonomy of Apostolepis, osteological and hemipenial descriptions, and a species distribution modelling for A. assimilis.

Our examination of the type specimen of Blumea hunanensis shows that its phylliaries are not imbricate nor in 3–4 series, demonstrating that it may not belong to Blumea. Further examination of more specimens and in vivo observations show that B. hunanensis is conspecific with Synotis nagensium in all fundamental characters and thus is here treated as a synonym of the latter.

Poria eichelbaumii, a long-forgotten name, is transferred to Haploporus based on studies of the type specimen, comparison with new collections, and evidences from both morphology and phylogeny. The species is redescribed and illustrated. Haploporus grandisporus is described as new, on the basis of concordant morphological and phylogenetic species concepts. These two species form two very closely related clades within the Haploporus lineage in [28S-ITS]-based phylogenetic inferences. Haploporus eichelbaumii and H. grandisporus are distinguished by the size of their basidiospores (11.5–14.5 × 5.0–6.0 μm, average = 12.7 × 5.8 μm, vs 14–17.5 × 6.0–7.3 μm, average 15.4 × 6.6 μm), the size of their pores (2.5–3.5 / mm, vs 1.5–2.5 / mm), and, likely, divergent autecologies. Although both species occur in montane ecosystems of the eastern African rift, the data so far available suggest they occupy different habitats. Haploporus eichelbaumii has wider distribution, spanning over both branches of the eastern rift, at elevation ~ 1500–2500 masl, in various vegetation types, mostly on small-sized dead branches or twigs, and dead bamboo culms. It is known so far from Kenya, Tanzania, and Malawi to the East, and western Burundi, western Uganda, and Eastern Congo (DRC) in the Albertine mountain ranges. Haploporus grandisporus is known, hitherto, only from the Eastern slopes of Mount Elgon in Kenya, at the timberline, 2900–3200 masl, mostly on dead heather branches (Erica arborea, Ericaceae) in heather thickets. Haploporus nanosporus is currently the third known Haploporus species from tropical Africa, known from the western edge of the Guineo-Congolian rain forest in Gabon and Cameroon. This species is also redescribed and illustrated.

W.C.Cheng did not clearly indicate the herbarium repository of the type specimen (Y.Tsiang 7712) when he described Tsuga longibracteata W.C.Cheng. Later, researchers suggested that the type is either in NAS or in PE. However, we found more than one duplicate of the type collection in both NAS and PE. Following the Shenzhen Code, we lectotypify the name T. longibracteata with Y.Tsiang 7712 (PE00003223) that bears a handwritten identification of W.C.Cheng.

Burmagrion azari sp. nov., sixth species of the small damselfly family Burmacoenagrionidae, is described and illustrated. This family is currently only recorded from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber and is possibly endemic to this isolated island of the Tethys Ocean at that time. The presence of slender, elongate legs with very long tarsi is a putative synapomorphy of the Burmacoenagrionidae, as present in Burmagrion and Burmacoenagrion. The type specimen of the new genus and species is dislocated together with several fragments of flies, suggesting that these fossils are possibly the result of a regurgitation by a small vertebrate passing aside the fresh resin. The female of Burmagrion azari sp. nov. was probably laying its eggs inside plant cuticles. Its ovipositor is described.

Ceratocystis accommodates many important pathogens of agricultural crops and woody plants. Ceratocystis fimbriata, the type species of the genus is based on a type that is unsuitable for a precise application and interpretation of the species. This is because no culture or DNA data exist for the type specimen. The aim of this study was to select a reference specimen that can serve to stabilize the name of this important fungus. We selected a strain, CBS 114723, isolated from sweet potato in North Carolina, USA, in 1998 for this purpose. The strain was selected based on the availability of a living culture in a public depository. A draft genome sequence is also available for this strain. Its morphological characteristics were studied and compared with the existing and unsuitable type specimen as well as with the original descriptions of C. fimbriata. The selected strain fits the existing concept of the species fully and we have consequently designated it as an epitype to serve as a reference specimen for C. fimbriata.

Inocybe similis, a very rare smooth-spored species originally described from Italy by Bresadola, is illustrated. Based on sequence generated from the type specimen, freshly collected specimens from five sites, Grado in north-east Italy, Tolmin in Slovenia, Forchach and Rieden in Austria and Füssen in Gemany could be asigned to I. similis and a more detailed description is provided here. The macro- and micromorphological features of I. similis suggest this species should be placed in Inocybe sect. Splendentes according to Singer´s classification. In contrast, our phylogenetic analyses support instead that I. similis belongs to Inocybe sect. Marginatae. From a morphological point of view, I. similis is close to I. vulpinella, but it is phylogenetically close to I. flavobrunnescens in sect. Marginatae.

Lecanographa farinosa was considered to be a lichen inhabiting coastal rocks of the Mediterranean region and to possess psoromic and conpsoromic acids as major secondary metabolites. A revision of its type specimen from Germany proved that the species has been misunderstood. In this paper, L. farinosa is shown to have a thallus containing confluentic and 2’-O-methylmicrophyllinic acids and to have a different ecology and distribution. A revision of previous reports of L. farinosa from continental Portugal and the study of recent specimens of Lecanographa cf. farinosa from the Azores, Canary Islands, Cape Verde and continental Portugal revealed a new species described as L. atlantica. Moreover, reports of L. dialeuca from France (Brittany) and of L. subgrumulosa from the Azores are considered misidentifications of L. atlantica. This latter has thus a widespread distribution ranging from the Azores to the Atlantic coast of the European continent where it inhabits volcanic rocks near the sea. Lecanographa atlantica is characterized by a whitish to cream coloured thallus, usually rounded or oblong to shortly lirelliform and white pruinose ascomata with a widely exposed hymenial disc and thin margin, (3–)5–7-septate ascospores of (16–)18.9–23(–26) × (3–)3.4–4(–4.5) µm, and a chemistry including at least 2’-O-methylperlatolic acid but lacking confluentic and 2’-O-methylmicrophyllinic acids. Psoromic acid is sometimes present in L. atlantica but its origin is unclear. Phylogenetic analyses using nuLSU sequences place L. atlantica as sister to L. hypothallina.

Specimens of Nectria spp. and Nectriella rufofusca were obtained from the fungarium of Pier Andrea Saccardo, and investigated via a morphological and molecular approach based on MiSeq technology. ITS1 and ITS2 sequences were successfully obtained from 24 specimens identified as ' Nectria ' sensu Saccardo (including 20 types) and from the type specimen of Nectriella rufofusca. For Nectria ambigua, N. radians and N. tjibodensis only the ITS1 sequence was recovered. On the basis of morphological and molecular analyses new nomenclatural combinations for Nectria albofimbriata, N. ambigua, N. ambigua var. pallens, N. granuligera, N. peziza subsp. reyesiana, N. radians, N. squamuligera, N. tjibodensis and new synonymies for N. congesta, N. flageoletiana, N. phyllostachydis, N. sordescens and N. tjibodensis var. crebrior are proposed. Furthermore, the current classification is confirmed for Nectria coronata, N. cyanostoma, N. dolichospora, N. illudens, N. leucotricha, N. mantuana, N. raripila and Nectriella rufofusca. This is the first time that these more than 100-yr-old specimens are subjected to molecular analysis, thereby providing important new DNA sequence data authentic for these names.

The taxonomic identity of recently described Alysicarpus pokleanus is resolved here as synonym of A. hamosus. The image of type specimen of A. hamosus and A. pokleanus along with colour photographs of fresh collection of A. hamosus from the type locality are also provided. Further, the inconsistencies in the protologue of A. pokleanus are discussed in the present paper.

International audience; This article proposes a revision of the best preserved fossil cervid recovered from the Upper Siwaliks, which, thus far, has been insufficiently described in the literature. The combination of antler and craniodental characters place the deer under study in the genus Metacervocerus, an extinct lineage with a vast Eurasian distribution and a sister phylogenetic relationship with the modern genus Axis. Metacervocerus is distinguished from Axis by its relatively longer upper premolar series and by the form of its second antler bifurcation which has a second tine that is inserted on the anterior side of the main beam. The new examination of the cranial and dental morphology of the specimen from the Siwaliks revealed peculiarities of its cranial and dental morphology that clearly distinguish Metacervocerus punjabiensis from M. shansius from the Late Tertiary of China. The article provides a taxonomic and evolutionary evaluation of craniodental characters of the type specimen of M. punjabiensis, and an analysis of the evolutionary significance of specific antler characteristics, as well as the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Metacervocerus.

Type specimen of Lachnum japonicum Syd. & P. Syd. was discovered in the National Museum of Nature and Science (TNS). Based on the morphological reexamination of it, the species was transferred to the genus Trichopezizella. Trichopezizella japonica comb. nov. was proposed and the specimen was designated as lectotype.

Understanding the composition of the type specimen of Pseudolaelia corcovadensis is very important for establishing its taxonomic circumscription. This specimen, originally collected on the Morro do Corcovado in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, within the Atlantic Forest biome, were mixed with those of another species of Pseudolaelia. A careful study of the specimens has made it possible to propose the lectotypification of P. corcovadensis and determine the identity of the mixed specimen, which corresponds to P. vellozicola, a similar species. The morphological description and geographical distribution, now more restricted, are presented for P. corcovadensis, and the range of P. vellozicola is established as more extensive than previously understood.