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Purpose: Nipple retraction is difficult to diagnose radiologically and extremely worrisome for patients. It occurs most commonly due to pathologies such as previous mastitis or an infiltrative malignancy. With this in mind, the goal of this study was to differentiate benign from malignant lesions of nipple retraction, using the differential characteristics of retroareolar area stiffness, observed by means of the new technological modality of ultrasound elastography (USE)., Materials and Methods: Nineteen unilateral nipple retraction cases, including five cases of mammary ductal carcinoma posteriorly infiltrated the areola, two cases of Paget disease, and 12 cases of mastitis, were investigated. Imaging findings [gray-scale ultrasound (US) and USE analyses of the breasts' nipple-areolar complex], pathological evaluation, and the results of 4 years of follow-up treatment were obtained. The recorded images were evaluated by two different radiologists, and all data were analyzed statistically., Results: Statistical analysis showed that there was a strong correlation between the two radiologists' evaluations. The US images were not diagnostic for either the malignant or benign conditions. The correlation between the diagnosis using US and the final diagnosis was calculated as 0.436 (p = 0.006). However, the USE images were more informative since the correlation ratio between the USE results and the final diagnosis was found to be 0.723 (p < 0.001). While the area under the concentration curve (AUC) values that were used for the diagnostic determination of the US results were inconclusive at 0.274 (p < 0.021), the AUC values for USE were significant, with a diagnostic value of 0.866 for all cases (p < 0.01)., Conclusion: The USE modality, which is not commonly used in routine practice, has the potential to solve the problem of differentiation of nipple retraction etiologies in the near future.

Objectives: Atherosclerosis is well recognized in Takayasu arteritis (TAK) and the associated plaques tend to be more common in areas of arteritis. We now report arterial wall calcification in a large group of TAK patients and controls. We hypothesized that the degree of coronary artery calcification would point to a systemic effect of inflammation while that in the thoracic aorta more of local inflammation., Methods: A total of 47 patients with TAK, 43 patients with SLE and 70 healthy controls (HC) were studied. The presence of coronary artery and thoracic aorta calcifications (ToAC) was investigated by multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). Atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries were screened using B mode ultrasound., Results: The frequency of coronary artery calcification was significantly increased among patients with SLE as compared to the healthy controls while the increase in TAK did not reach statistical significance. There were more TAK patients with ToAC among the TAK as compared to the SLE patients [21/47 (45%) vs 10/43 (23%), P = 0.033]. In addition, a circumferential type of calcification, vs a punctuate or linear type, was the more common type in 67% of patients with TAK whereas only the linear or punctuate type was seen in SLE patients and HC. SLE and TAK patients were found to have increased risk for carotid artery plaques. Among TAK patients, coronary artery calcification, ToAC and carotid artery plaques tend to be at sites of primary vasculitic involvement., Conclusions: There is increased atherosclerosis in TAK and SLE. Vessel wall inflammation seems to be also important in the atherosclerosis associated with TAK., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Extravasation of contrast agents is a possible complication of imaging studies. Although extravasations typically cause minimal swelling or erythema, they can lead to compartment syndrome when the volume of extravasation is high. In this article, we will present an exceptional case where an insignificant amount of contrast agent extravasation led to a forearm compartment syndrome in a newborn, who was treated with an extended fasciotomy. We would like to emphasize the preventive techniques and treatment options of this iatrogenic complication in newborns. Close followup of the patient by the nurses, awareness of the parents and the personnel in the radiology department are the most important preventive measures in this extremity-threatening complication. Forearm compartment syndrome due to contrast agent extravasation may progress more rapidly in newborns even with smaller amounts of extravasation and prompt recognition of the pathology and immediate intervention are unevitable.

Swyer-James-Macleod syndrome (SJMS) is a rare, complex disease characterised by unilateral hyperlucent lung or lobe owing to loss of pulmonary vasculature and alveolar hyperdistention. Patients with SJMS may be asymptomatic at diagnosis, but its differential diagnosis with asthma is difficult. Almost all the reported cases of SJMS were managed by conservative therapy, comprising prevention and treatment of recurrent pulmonary infections.

Bifid mandibular condyle (BMC) is a rare asymptomatic morphological alteration with no predilection for age group or gender. Its morphology varies from a shallow groove to two condylar heads with separate necks, oriented mediolaterally or anteroposteriorly. This report describes an unusual case of bilateral mediolateral bifid condyle in a 24-year-old female patient with the main complaint of mouth-opening limitation. MRI and CT findings revealed bilateral bifid condyle.

Reports on citrullinemia usually describe the imaging findings in the adult form of the disease. However, neuroimaging findings of neonatal cases are seldom reported. We report on the diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of a one-year old infant with neonatal citrullinemia during an acute episode and discuss possible underlying mechanisms for abnormal diffusion findings.