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Botanical analyses of samples taken from four coffin burials dated to the 17th and 18th centuries, located inside the Basilica of the Holy Trinity, at the Norbertine convent in Strzelno, in Kuyavia, revealed presence of thirteen plant taxa and numerous remains of Fannia canicularis pupae found among the plant remains. The practical and decorative properties of these plants,as well as their traditional symbolic meaning and application in the burial customs, have been discussed. The study provided new information on local funeral customs and allowed for the indication of the approximate timing of each of the examined burials, significantly enriching the data obtained by archaeologists.

Ryszard Ćwirlej: sociologist, journalist, and writer; former Polish Television reporter and editor-in-chief of the newscast Telekurier. A lecturer at the Faculty of Political Science and Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. An author of numerous detective novels and an inventor of Polish “neo-militia literature”, a literary genre depicting the everyday life of the militiamen in the PRL (The Polish People’s Republic).

The article performs an analysis of 46th USA President’s inaugural speech in the spirit of Neo-Aristotelian concepts. The article also contains an analysis of inaugural speech genre, matching Joe Biden’s case as a hybrid, and analyses elocutio and the way the speaker claims the space of communication. The article also refers to Aristotle’s concept of ethos.

Athenian funeral oration (epitaphios logos) belongs to the epideictic rhetoric. But according to Aristotle the topics used in epideictic oratory could be applied in the deliberative kind, after some modification in the matters of language. In this article I consider the means proposed in the narrative part of the composition, which can be used instead of argumentation in epideictic oratory, i.e. amplification, metaphors and actualization (putting things before the eyes, gr. energeia, lat. evidentia). My purpose is to answer the question who was/is the recipient of Athenian funeral oration. In my opinion there are three kinds of primary recipients: the dead soldiers in the battle, the listeners present at the celebration (Athenians and foreigners) and the Idea of Democracy itself. I also try to find the so-called secondary recipient of Athenian funeral oration. I treat Athenian funeral oration as a hybrid genre of Greek rhetoric.

(1) Background: The study was aimed at a better understanding of the factors determining making a decision to become a potential bone marrow donor, in a Polish research sample; (2) Methods: The data was collected using a self-report questionnaire among persons who voluntarily participated in the study concerning donation, conducted on a sample of the Polish population via Internet. The study included 533 respondents (345 females and 188 males), aged 18–49. Relationships between the decision about registration as potential bone marrow donor and psycho-socio-demographic factors were estimated using the machine learning methods (binary logistic regression and classification & regression tree); (3) Results. The applied methods coherently emphasized the crucial role of personal experiences in making the decision about willingness for potential donation, f.e. familiarity with the potential donor. They also indicated religious issues and negative health state assessment as main decision-making destimulators; (4) Conclusions. The results of the study may contribute to an increase in the effectiveness of recruitment actions by more precise personalization of popularizing-recruitment actions addressed to the potential donors. It was found that selected machine learning methods are interesting set of analyses, increasing the prognostic accuracy and quality of the proposed model.

Until recently, it could be said that the discourse related to lettering did not go beyond the narrow framework of the theory of graphic design. It was reserved for experts in typography and rather unavailable to regular “letter users.” However, in recent years we have witnessed a phenomenon that could be called a typographic turn. It may be assumed that the typographic turn essentially manifests itself in two ways: the first is the popularization of knowledge concerning typography on the Internet, while the second is the transfer of discussion about letters from the hermetic circle of typography to other domains, such as sociology or cultural history. Thus, the question arises: who has the tools to speak competently about letters? As researchers of culture, we can easily see a design of various objects or its elements: packaging, streets, advertisements, applications or interfaces, depending on the medium we are particularly interested in. If we are specialists in the field of literature, we may notice book design, and in exceptional cases also its impact on the reception of literature (futurism in its various variants, or even more broadly understood avant-garde, concrete poetry and last but not least, liberature). But who among the researchers of culture, literature, language can notice the design of letters? The essay presents this problem from a broad perspective. The author refers to works on graphic design theory and confronts them with studies on culture and literature. This juxtaposition reveals some common ground, but also irreconcilable differences between the two discourses.

Currently, a very important thread of research on COVID-19 is to determine the dimension of the psychopathological emotional reactions induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. A non-experimental online research project was designed to determine the predictors of the severity of psychopathological symptoms, such as depression and PTSD symptoms, and the nature of the feedback mechanism between them in groups of men, remaining in hospital isolation due to infection and at-home isolation during the COVID-19 epidemic. The presence of symptoms of depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a sense of threat due to the pandemic were assessed using the following screening tests: IES-R by Weiss and Marmar, PHQ-9 by Spitzer et al., and a self-constructed sliding scale for assessing COVID-19 anxiety. The study was carried out on a group of 57 firefighting cadets, hospitalized in a COVID-19 isolation room (Mage = 23.01), staying in isolation due to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and a control group of 57 healthy men (Mage = 41.38) staying at home during quarantine and national lockdown. COVID-19 pandemic causes many psychopathological reactions. The predictive models revealed that the predictors of symptoms of PTSD in isolated patients included depression and the experienced sense of COVID-19 threat resulting from the disease, while in the control group the symptoms of depression were the only predictor of PTSD. PTSD experiences are usually associated with depression. It may also be a form of the re-experiencing process or the effect of high affectivity, indirectly confirmed by the participation of hyperarousal in the feedback loop. Our findings highlight the importance of mental health aspects in patients treated during the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic requires social distancing, quarantine and isolation, which may cause psychopathological symptoms not only in affected people, but also in the general population. Moreover, the need for greater psychological support can be emphasized for both: the sick and the general population.

Praca dofinansowana ze środków finansowych Ministra Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego pochodzących z Funduszu Promocji Kultury. Wydanie publikacji dofinansowano ze środków Wydziału Nauk Historycznych Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. Publikacja została wydana nakładem Towarzystwa Miłośników Torunia. „Nie ma wątpliwości, że książka Krystyny Sulkowskiej-Tuszyńskiej przynosi bardzo dużo nowej wiedzy na temat prezbiterium kościoła św. Jakuba w Toruniu i otaczającego tę świątynię cmentarza. Autorka starała się przedstawić dzieje tego toruńskiego kościoła (choć nie całego) w długim czasie (XIII–XIX w.) przede wszystkim na podstawie przeprowadzonych przez siebie (i swój zespół), w ostatnich latach, badań archeologicznych. Przeważająca część monografii jest poświęcona przykościelnemu cmentarzowi w okresie między XIII a XIX wiekiem. Nowatorska jest podjęta przez autorkę próba odtworzenia najstarszych dziejów prezbiterium toruńskiego kościoła św. Jakuba (I faza – 2. połowa XIII w.; II faza – po 1309 r.)”. [Z recenzji prof. dr. hab. Sławomira Jóźwiaka] Rozpoczęte w 2008 roku badania archeologiczno-architektoniczne otworzyły nowy horyzont poznania toruńskiego kościoła św. Jakuba. Po kilkunastu latach prac terenowych i gabinetowych w prezentowanej monografii przedstawiono ich rezultaty w bardzo nowoczesny sposób […]. Otrzymaliśmy bardzo ważną monografię – źródłowe opracowanie, które pozwala spojrzeć na „ów” tajemniczy obiekt sakralny w zupełnie nowy sposób. Umiejętnie zostały tu połączone różne kategorie informacji źródłowych - historyczne, archeologiczne i architektoniczne, dodatkowo poparte szczegółowymi badaniami specjalistycznymi, aby w jak najbardziej wiarygodny sposób zrekonstruować dzieje badanego obiektu. Bardzo ważna jest też szata ilustracyjna, która może stanowić samodzielny zespół źródłowy do dalszych analiz. Jest to praca naukowa o bardzo wielkich walorach poznawczych, zawierająca znakomity materiał źródłowy i pogłębioną analizę badanego i prezentowanego w monografii kościoła św. Jakuba”. [Z recenzji prof. dr. hab. Andrzeja M. Wyrwy]

This article addresses the issue of paradoxical ecological behaviours noticed by students of early childhood pedagogy in the surrounding reality. The aim of the study was to diagnose the knowledge of female students of preschool and early school pedagogy about environmental problems. The research included 120 female students who, as future teachers, will create space for children to learn about the natural environment and its protection. On the basis of keywords, a categorisation key resulting from the material collected by the students was created based on the content analysis method. The analysis of the results showed that the university students notice paradoxical environmental behaviours in the areas of (1) waste management, (2) climate crisis, (3) environmental education, (4) consumer behaviour and health, and (5) educational policy, which are close to their everyday functioning, as well as observational and experiential possibilities. It is necessary to take care of the quality of higher education in the field of environmental education, which would broaden the pro-environmental horizons among future teachers as those who have the opportunity to co-construct the space for education towards a sustainable future taking care of the balance in the area of natural, social and economic environment., Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje problematykę paradoksalnych zachowań ekologicznych zauważanych przez studentów pedagogiki wczesnoszkolnej w otaczającej rzeczywistości. Celem badania była diagnoza znajomości problemów ochrony środowiska przez studentki pedagogiki przedszkolnej i wczesnoszkolnej. W badaniu wzięło udział 120 studentek, które jako przyszłe nauczycielki będą tworzyć dzieciom przestrzeń do poznania środowiska przyrodniczego i jego ochrony. Na podstawie słów kluczowych, bazując na metodzie analizy treści, stworzono klucz kategoryzacyjny wynikający z zebranego przez studentki materiału. Analiza wyników wykazała, że młodzież akademicka zauważa paradoksalne zachowania ekologiczne w obszarach: (1) gospodarki odpadami; (2) kryzysu klimatycznego; (3) edukacji ekologicznej; (4) zachowań konsumenckich i zdrowia; oraz (5) polityki edukacyjnej, które są bliskie jej codziennemu funkcjonowaniu i możliwościom obserwacyjnym i doświadczanym. Należy zadbać o jakość edukacji wyższej w zakresie edukacji ekologicznej, która poszerzałaby horyzonty prośrodowiskowe wśród przyszłych nauczycieli jako tych, którzy mają możliwość współkonstruowania przestrzeni do wychowania ku zrównoważonej przyszłości troszcząc się o zachowanie równowagi w obszarze środowiska naturalnego, społecznego i gospodarczego.

Background Identifying prognostic factors that are predictive of in-hospital mortality for patients in surgical units may help in identifying high-risk patients and developing an approach to reduce mortality. This study analyzed mortality predictors based on outcomes obtained from a national database of adult patients. Materials and methods This retrospective study design collected data obtained from the National Health Fund in Poland comprised of 2,800,069 hospitalizations of adult patients in surgical wards during one calendar year. Predictors of mortality which were analyzed included: the patient’s gender and age, diagnosis-related group category assigned to the hospitalization, length of the hospitalization, hospital type, admission type, and day of admission. Results The overall mortality rate was 0.8%, and the highest rate was seen in trauma admissions (24.5%). There was an exponential growth in mortality with respect to the patient’s age, and male gender was associated with a higher risk of death. Compared to elective admissions, the mortality was 6.9-fold and 15.69-fold greater for urgent and emergency admissions (p Conclusion Age, male gender, emergency admission, and admission on the weekend or a bank holiday are factors associated with greater mortality in surgical units.

Solar radiation plays an important role in many skin disorders pathomechanism. The group of diseases characterized by ultraviolet hypersensitivity is called photodermatoses. Most common acute reactions include photoallergic and phototoxic. Skin eruptions may have a variable clinical picture, however most often they are erythematous-papular or bullous. Skin lesions typically occur in areas exposed to ultraviolet radiation since they only develop if a topical or systemic exogenous chemical substance (medicine, cosmetics, etc) has been used. Five cases of patients with photosensitivity reactions have been presented.

Introduction and objective Using the concepts of Ulrich's theory of supportive design and Malkin's healing environment, an eye tracking experiment was designed in order to measure respondents' reactions while looking at visualisations of various interiors, with the aim of verifying whether certain parameters of an interior are related to emotional reactions in terms of positive stimulation, and the sense of security and comfort. Material and methods 12 boards were designed, incorporating standard features of an interior, i.e. (1) proportions, (2) lighting, (3) colour scheme of a room, as well as (4) the colours and spatial arrangement of furnishings. Respondents' reactions were recorded with an eye tracker Tobii TX300 and supplemented by self-descriptions of emotional reactions. Results The results showed that the varying spatial and colour arrangements presented in the interior visualisations provoked different emotional responses, confirmed by pupil reaction parameters, as measured by the eye tracking device. Conclusions Architectural space can have a diverse emotional significance and impact on an individual's emotional state. This is an important conclusion from the point of view of optimising and creating the so-called supportive and healing environment. The results have implications for the interpretation of the pupil diameter as an index of emotional reactions to different architectural space visualisations. Testing the eye tracker as a method helpful in diagnosing the emotional reactions to features of the interior is justified, and can provide an effective tool for early diagnosis of the impact of architectural space on the well-being of individuals. It can also be a good form of testing the emotional significance of architectural designs before they are implemented.

Based on the concepts of Pargament’s adaptational functions of religiosity, Huber’s centrality of religiosity, and Block’s conceptualisation of ego-resiliency as psychosocial resources, a nonexperimental, moderated mediation project was designed for a group of 175 women and 57 men who voluntarily participated in an online study to determine whether and to what extent religiosity mediated or moderated the relationship between ego-resiliency and the severity of PTSD and depression during the COVID-19 epidemic. The analyses carried out showed that the studied variables, ego-resiliency and centrality of religiosity, were predictors of the intensity of some psychopathological reactions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic but were not connected via a mediation relationship. Therefore, one question remains open: what is the role of ego-resiliency and the nature of the stated immunogenic effect of the centrality of religiosity in dealing with the critical threat to mental health that is the COVID-19 pandemic?

In the paper, an attempt has been made to describe the cultural and linguistic contacts between the local Maya civilization and the Spanish conquistadores. The consequences of that contact for the local culture and Mayan-Spanish interrelationships have been discussed. The authors emphasize that as a result of this intensive and long-time contact, the Spanish culture has not been completely imposed on the Maya culture, nor has Spanish language completely subjugated the Mayan language.

Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie zbieżności poglądów dwóch przedstawicieli modernizmu, Thomasa S. Eliota i Konstandinosa P. Kawafisa. Studium porównawcze poprzedza krótka charakterystyka epoki, pozwalająca wysunąć tezę badawczą: Kawafis mógł wyprzedzić o kilkanaście lat postulaty literackie Eliota. Tekst skupia się na podobieństwie postaw literackich obu autorów, dlatego podstawę analiz stanowi wybrana twórczość eseistyczno-krytyczna Eliota oraz Kanon i pisma teoretyczne Kawafisa. Tekst koncentruje się na następujących aspektach: zestawienie świata przedstawionego Kawafisa z klasycystycznymi poglądami Eliota, omówienie głębszej warstwy założeń literackich obu autorów (porównanie Ars Poetica Kawafisa z Theory of Impersonal Poetry Eliota), spojrzenie na styl Aleksandryjczyka przez pryzmat sądów estetycznych Eliota oraz kwestie związane z procesem twórczym i cechami artysty (dojrzałość i miejsce poety w spektrum homo vates – homo faber).