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This paper examines the distribution of students in tertiary education across six broad cognate areas of study. Using data collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics since 1999, it suggests that there is neither uniformity across countries, nor obvious signs of convergence toward uniformity, either globally or regionally. This empirical evidence is placed in a context that views institutions as complex, self-organising systems, capable of selecting those external stimuli that will affect their development, and ignoring those that will not. This view of organisations emphasises the importance of their histories in shaping what they are likely to do in the future, with national systems of higher education, for example, showing strong tendencies to continue past patterns into the future. These observations have important implications for how educational institutions are managed, and how policy is developed.

The authors theorize what we call managerialist subterfuge, drawing on distinct ethnographic studies to examine how adult "partners" leverage the language and strategies of corporate managerialism to undermine youths' radical visions of change. Critical analysis of patterns in interview and participant observation data across two youth participatory action research projects revealed the ways in which adult interventions functioned to co-opt youths' activist agendas; following the rationale that youth who are presumed to be in need of adult management are "out of their depth" when it comes to civic matters. The authors assert that managerialist subterfuge functions as a mechanism to further bureaucratize youth activism and absolve state actors of accountability for harm that Black youth and youth of color experience.

The ability to synthetically tune the ligand frameworks of redox-active molecules is of critical importance to the economy of solar fuels because manipulating their redox properties can afford control over the operating potentials of sustained electrocatalytic or photoelectrocatalytic processes. The electronic and steric properties of 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (Terpy) ligand frameworks can be tuned by functional group substitution on ligand backbones, and these correlate strongly to their Hammett parameters. The synthesis of a new series of tridentate meridional ligands of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyridines that engineers the ability to finely tune the redox potentials of cobalt complexes to more positive potentials than that of their Terpy analogs is achieved by aryl-functionalizing at the four-position and by including isoquinoline at the two- and six-positions of pyridine (Aryl-DiQ). Their cobalt complex syntheses, their electronic properties, and their catalytic activity for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction are reported and compared to their Terpy analogs. The cobalt derivatives generally experience a positive shift in their redox features relative to the Terpy-based analogs, covering a complementary potential range. Although those evaluated fail to produce any quantifiable products for the reduction of CO2 and suffer from long-term instability, these results suggest possible alternate strategies for stabilizing these compounds during catalysis. We speculate that lower equilibrium association constants to the cobalt center are intrinsic to these ligands, which originate from a steric interaction between protons on the pyridine and isoquinoline moieties. Nevertheless, the new Aryl-DiQ ligand framework has been engineered to selectively tune homoleptic cobalt complexes' redox potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth Organizing as a tool for social change has helped to not only change material conditions in some respects, but it has also equipped youth with the critical tools needed to engage in long term social movement building. As a result, youth activists and organizers have been able to increase investments in the highest needs communities, gain access to college, and even defund and abolish school police. In the political moment of COVID-19 and the global fight to address anti-Black racism, how have Black boys and young men engaged in the fight for their own lives? Building upon critical frameworks in education, I chronicle how Black boys and young men engage in Black Transformative Agency, which I define as an axis of processes that Black boys and young men adopt to both politicize their peers and transform anti-Black racism in their communities. For educational practitioners, youth workers, and the like, Black Transformative Agency can be a useful framework for engaging politically activated Black youth in their schools and their communities.

This study examines the language practices in educational settings in Pakistan, taking the multilingual groupings in society into account. In Pakistan, each province is linked to the single or multiple identities of its people and the languages spoken by the majority. The national language Urdu is limited to educational settings and its function as a lingua franca. English serves people in authority, in offices, and in educational settings. Through discourse-ethnographic analysis, this study examines the individual and joint actions of policymakers and teachers to understand the role of language in educational policy and its practice in educational settings. The interview data identified issues regarding the relationship between language, identity, nation, region, religion, power, and personal attainment in regional, national, and international settings. Moreover, the power of national education policy to produce adequate results is limited by the regional discourses that policymakers ignore. This study concludes by arguing that policy practices for language-in-education in multilingual societies require thoughtful planning which should be informed by local conditions and requirements for its better implementation.

The Industrial Revolution traditionally has been seen in Disability Studies as marking a decisive shift in the lives of disabled people. It is argued that the rise of mechanisation, time discipline and standardisation made the industrial workplace a hostile environment for people with non-standard bodies. According to this view, increasing demands to work outside the home also meant that families were less capable of caring for older and disabled members, leading to greater institutionalisation. This view of increasing segregation of disabled people from home and work has dominated understanding of disability in the British Industrial Revolution, but it does not reflect the variability of disabled people's experiences at the time. Drawing on official enquiries, fictional literature, journalism and social commentary from the 1830s and 1840s – a time when the impact of industrialisation on the bodies and family relationships of workers became matters of public, political concern – this article shows the continuing importance of family in the lives of disabled people. The legal duty of families to care for sick and disabled relatives was an enduring social principle throughout this period. Interpersonal relations were tested and sometimes re-drawn by disability, forcing a change in traditional familial roles and expectations. For working people and their families, the potentials for poverty resulting from disability could be great. However, disabled people continued to play significant roles in the lives of their families, and where possible continued to contribute to the domestic economy. Taking a disability perspective on the history of the family highlights the interdependence between family members in industrialising Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV-STM) was used to investigate two related molecules pulse-deposited onto Au(111) surfaces: indoline-2-carboxylic acid and proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid). Indoline-2-carboxylic acid and proline form both dimers and C5-symmetric "pinwheel" pentamers. Enantiomerically pure S-(−)-indoline-2-carboxylic acid and S-proline were used, and the pentamer structures observed for both were chiral. However, the presence of apparently equal numbers of 'right-' and 'left-handed' pinwheels is contrary to the general understanding that the chirality of the molecule dictates supramolecular chirality. A variety of computational methods were used to elucidate pentamer geometry for S-proline. Straightforward geometry optimization proved difficult, as the size of the cluster and the number of possible intermolecular interactions produced an interaction potential with multiple local minima. Instead, the Amber force field was used to exhaustively search all of phase space for chemically reasonable pentamer structures, producing a limited number of candidate structures that were then optimized as gas-phase clusters using density functional theory (DFT). The binding energies of the two lowest-energy pentamers on the Au(111) surface were then calculated by plane-wave DFT using the VASP software, and STM images predicted. These calculations indicate that the right- and left-handed pentamers are instead two different polymorphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As offshore wind energy development accelerates in the United States, it is important to assess the accuracy of hub‐height wind forecasts from numerical weather prediction models over the ocean. Leveraging approximately 2 years of Doppler lidar observations from buoys in the New York Bight, we evaluate 80‐m wind speed forecasts from two weather models: the High‐Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) atmospheric model and the Global Forecast System (GFS) coupled atmosphere‐ocean model. These models have different horizontal grid spacing, vertical layering, initialization methods, and parameterizations of boundary layer mixing and surface–atmosphere interactions. Despite these differences, the models demonstrate similar and highly skillful short‐term forecasts at three measurement sites. At the Hudson Southwest location that provides a full year of data, their performance is statistically indistinguishable: root mean square error (RMSE) = 2.1 m/s and the Pearson correlation coefficient r=0.89$$ r=0.89 $$ for 24‐h forecasts of both models, and RMSE = 2.6 m/s and r≥$$ r\ge $$ 0.83 for 48‐h forecasts. Twenty‐four‐hour forecasts also exhibit skill in predicting quiescent winds and winds associated with maximum turbine power. By Day 10, GFS forecasts on average have almost no skill. The short‐term forecast skill by the HRRR and GFS does not strongly depend on season or time of day, yet we find some dependence of the models' performance on near‐surface stability. Additionally, 4‐ to 14‐day forecasts by the GFS exhibit lower RMSE during summer relative to other seasons. The high skill of the HRRR and GFS short‐term forecasts establishes confidence in their utility for offshore wind energy maintenance and operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of pyridyl-coupled 3-pyrrolyl BODIPY fluoroprobes were synthesized by varying the position of the pyridyl/N-methylated pyridyl group at the α-/meso-position of the 3-pyrrolyl BODIPY scaffold and thoroughly characterized by HRMS and 1D/2D NMR techniques. Our studies indicated that only the water-soluble N-methylated p-pyridyl 3-pyrrolyl BODIPY among various pyridyl-coupled 3-pyrrolyl BODIPYs synthesized here showed an effective and exclusive sensing for picric acid (HPA). The N-methylated p-pyridyl 3-pyrrolyl BODIPY rapidly detects HPA in an aqueous medium with exceptional selectivity, sensitivity (LOD = 7.90 pM), and high binding affinity (Ka = 4.94×108 M-1) through both chromogenic and fluorogenic signalling modes. Our studies support the formation of a charge transfer complex between cationic N-methylated p-pyridyl 3-pyrrolyl BODIPY and picrate as verified by absorption, fluorescence, electrochemical, and NMR techniques. DFT and TD-DFT studies further support the structural and experimental observations, including the sensing mechanism of HPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflorescence architecture underpins sexual reproduction in wild Musa species and productivity in edible banana cultivars. In a functional analysis, we identified the apical inflorescence and lateral 'cushion' meristems and the change in flower type as the three primary components that generate inflorescence architecture. Five genotypes of two clone sets of edible plantains (Musa AAB) were grown for four generations along an elevation gradient (1100–2200 m, 16°C–24°C) straddling the equator in the humid highlands of East Africa. The data consisted of reproductive peduncle length at harvest (Pr), fruit per hand (Fh) and hands per bunch (Hb). The activity of the apical inflorescence meristem drives peduncle length and generates lateral 'cushion' meristems which determine Fh. However, Hb is determined by a change in flower type—from fruit forming to non‐fruit forming. Site temperature affected Hb more than Fh, while the development of the genet (rhizome) changed the allocation of resources between Hb and Fh, independently of the effect of site temperature. Clone sets differed in their response to genet development. Cooler temperatures reduced the number of fruit‐forming flowers in an inflorescence and changed the balance away from female towards male flowers. In banana breeding schemes, manipulating inflorescence components independently raises options for producing genotypes better suited to markets, environments and cultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the rare meteorological phenomena that exist are long-lived spheroidal air plasmas. Of these, lightning balls are best characterized. Closely related are earth-lights, tornadic lights and Unpredictable Flying Objects (UFOs). Early physicists took all such phenomena to be plasmas and would refer to them as electric fire or fireballs. Many physicists today do not accept that these light emitting objects are plasmas because they neglect a variety of influences that result from chemical change. Stability results mainly from entropy production as an ionized, metastable form of nitrous acid, produced at an air plasma surface, refrigerates the surface through its conversion to the stable acid. It is then oxidized to nitric acid in an aerosol form, which restricts the inflow of air to the plasma surface. This can explain the "surface tension" of lightning balls early, as hypothesized by Stakhanov (1979). Studies of earth-lights (Teodorani, 2004) imply that these are plasma balls held together by the same forces as those providing mechanical stability to lightning balls. Studies of flame balls in space support this view. UFOs and earth-lights are structured similarly but the plasma components of UFOs can be held together by far stronger forces. Potentially, air plasmas have important technological implications since they are all powered by extracting and using chemical energy from the air. Crucially, this energy can only be extracted from air whose temperature is below 150 C. If air plasmas could be prepared artificially, they would prove invaluable in supplying ample carbon-free electrical energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competency-based medical education (CBME) focuses on preparing physicians to improve the health of patients and populations. In the context of ongoing health disparities worldwide, medical educators must implement CBME in ways that advance social justice and anti-oppression. In this article, authors describe how CBME can be implemented to promote equity pedagogy, an approach to education in which curricular design, teaching, assessment strategies, and learning environments support learners from diverse groups to be successful. The five core components of CBME programs – outcomes competency framework, progressive sequencing of competencies, learning experiences tailored to learners' needs, teaching focused on competencies, and programmatic assessment – enable individualization of learning experiences and teaching and encourage learners to partner with their teachers in driving their learning. These educational approaches appreciate each learner's background, experiences, and strengths. Using an exemplar case study, the authors illustrate how CBME can afford opportunities to enhance anti-oppression and social justice in medical education and promote each learner's success in meeting the expected outcomes of training. The authors provide recommendations for individuals and institutions implementing CBME to enact equity pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Institute of International and Comparative Education, Beijing Normal University has offered a Masters Program in Educational Leadership and Policy (Comparative Education) for the last four years and it attracts students from around the world, with substantial support in terms of scholarships, from the Chinese government. Beijing Normal University introduced a PhD programme in the same discipline in 2013. The programme is intended to train talented individuals from all over the world, and to provide them with theoretical understanding and skills that will prepare them to take positions of leadership. The programme benefits from the high calibre of students that it attracts, and a multi-national multi-cultural student body is an important educational resource. The authors have worked in the programme, with other colleagues, since its inception, and describe some of the unique features of the programme, as well as some of the challenges.

Autistic adults who have a history of committing crimes present a major problem for providers of services in terms of legal disposal options and possible interventions, and greater understanding of this group and their associated needs is required. For this reason, we aimed to investigate the face validity of a proposed sub-typology of autistic adults detained in secure psychiatric hospitals in the United Kingdom. Initially, a focus group was completed with psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, healthcare workers, family members and autistic adults who had been detained in hospital, leading to revisions of the sub-typology. Following this, a consensus rating exercise of 10 clinical vignettes based on this sub-typology with three rounds was completed with 15 psychiatrists and clinical psychologists; revisions to the vignettes to improve clarity were made following each round. The findings indicated that these subtypes possess face validity and raters were able to classify all 10 clinical case vignettes into the sub-typology, and percentage of agreement ranged from 96% to 100% for overall subtype classification. This study suggests that the further validity of the sub-typology should be investigated within a larger study, as these subtypes have the potential to directly inform the hospital care pathway such that length of stay can be minimised.

This article reports on findings from the application of BL to a school improvement project involving two K-12 international schools in Japan. These findings relate to six research questions concerning how involvement with this project impacted teachers' ICT confidence, how change management was perceived for the project, how this project sought to repurpose teaching and learning arrangements, how the project was aligned with the mission and goals of the schools' improvement agenda, how it affected student achievement and how it was contextualised as a particular response to the imperatives of the Knowledge Economy. The implications of these findings are that successful BL implementation requires an involved and consistent leadership team, specific teacher training to build confidence, a means of directing the repurposing elements of teaching and learning, being able to evaluate alignment between the implementation of BL and school improvement, dedicated achievement measures for student learning and some way of being able to position the purpose and function of applied BL in relation to the Knowledge Economy. A key recommendation of the report is that schools need to intentionally contextualise BL in order to maximise its success. Suggestions concerning how to do this are provided.