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R. Miron initiated the study of L-duality in Lagrange and Finsler spaces in 1987. The concrete L-duals of the Randers metric, Kropina metric, Matsumoto metric, exponential metric, as well as a few more unique (a, B)- metrics, are really just an of the remarkable results obtained. The importance of L-duality, however, is basically limited to finding the dual of a few key Finsler functions. In this paper, we find L- Dual of a Finsler space with a special (a, B)- metric F =, where a is a Riemannian metric and B is a differential one form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel synergistic botanical formulation comprising garlic oil and cashew nut shell liquid was developed using spontaneous emulsification methodology as a sustainable alternative for management of early blight disease. Based on the stability studies, GCNE (5%) comprising of garlic oil, surfactants, cashew nut shell liquid and water in ratio of 5:10:10:75 were optimum for developing stable nano-emulsion. The particle size of nanoemlusion with 5% cashew nut shell liquid was 25.15 nm, poly dispersity index (PDI) 0.238 and zeta potential 33.03 mV. The developed nano-emlusion GCNE (5%) was more effective in controlling Alterineriasolani, the causative agent of early blight of tomato under in-vitro and field conditions in comparison to bulk garlic oil, cashew nut shell liquid and garlic nano-emlusion. The formulation developed showed synergism and ready mix of developed nano-emlusion showed better synergism in comparison to tank mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1997, S. Basco and M. Matsumoto introduced the concepts of Douglas spaces with a generalization of the notion of Berwald spaces. Weakly-Berwald space is one of the generalizations of Berwald spaces. In the present paper, we considered a cubic (a, ß)-metric which is a special class of p-power Finsler metric and obtained the conditions under which the Finsler space with such special metric will be a Weakly-Berwald space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Igarashi introduce the concept of (α, β)-metric in Cartan space ln analogously to one in Finsler space and obtained the basic important geometric properties and also investigate the special class of the space with (α, β)-metric in ln in terms of 'invariants' . In the present paper, we determine the 'invariants' in two different cases of deformed infinite series metric, which characterize the special classes of Cartan spaces ln .Further, we investigate some classes of deformed infinite series spaces and obtain deformed infinite series class which will provide the example of Cartan spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) based technology is actively competing in the global photovoltaic market with high conversion efficiency. Commercial CIGS modules are anticipated to perform on rated output in the field condition for 20 years. Potential induced degradation (PID) is considered as one of the critical concerns among all the current reliability assessment issues. PID accelerated tests have been performed on pre‐commercial CIGS modules to investigate reduction in electrical performance. We report the severe reduction in electrical performance after PID is correlated to the microstructural and chemical properties of the constituent materials. Under extreme PID stress, the cell surface reveals various defects including crater formation. The aim of this article is to explore the consequences of PID induced craters on the efficiency of CIGS solar cells by investigating material degradation kinetics. In this perspective, we present the root cause of PID in CIGS thin‐film modules in relation to microstructural defects by detailed investigation using J‐V analysis, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Raman spectroscopy, X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). This analysis can provide more effective and sustainable research strategies to cultivate more efficient and reliable CIGS technologies in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of present paper to determine the Finsler spaces due to deformation of special Finsler (α, β)-metric. Consequently, we obtained the non-holonomic frame with the help of α² = aij(x)yiyj, one form metric β = bi(x)yi and infinite series of (α, β) metric such as the forms I: (***) + α² = F¹2 + F²2 i.e. sum of the square of infinite series of (_, β)-metric and square of Riemannian metric II: (***) + α² = F²1 + F²3 i.e. sum of the square of infinite series of (_, β)-metric and square of 1-form metric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to explore a special class of p-power Finsler metric called the cubic (α,β)-metric and to determine the circumstances under which the Finsler space containing such a special metric will be locally Minkowskian and Conformally at. Furthermore, we proved that under homothetic Conformal transformation, this metric is Conformally Minkowskian and Conformally Berwald. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of present paper to determine the Finsler spaces due to deformation of special Finsler (α, β)-metric. Consequently, we obtained the non-holonomic frame with the help of Riemannian metric α 2 = aij (x)yiyj, one form metric β = bi(x)y i and infinite series of (α, β) metric such as the forms I. ( β²/β−α )α = αβ²/β−α i.e. product of the infinite series of (α, β)-metric and Riemannian metric II. ( β²/β−α )β = β³/β−α i.e. product of the infinite series of (α, β)-metric and 1-form metric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper we have studied the Finslerian hypersurfaces of a Finsler space with the special form of exponential (α, β)- metric such as L (α, β) = αeβ/α + βe-β/α. We also examined the hypersurfaces of this special exponential metric as a hyperplane of first, second and third kinds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rationale of this paper is to study the Finslerian hypersurfaces of a Finsler space with the special deformed Berwald-Infinite series metric. Further examined under which condition, the Finslerian hypersurfaces of this special metric becomes a hyperplane of first, second and third kinds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, the two-step processing method represents an attractive route for the thin film formation of halide perovskites. However, a fundamental understanding of the film formation dynamics in the case of spin coating methylammonium iodide (MAI) on PbI2 has not been established yet. Here we apply in situ optical spectroscopy during the two-step film formation of the model halide perovskite MAPbI3via spin coating. We identify and analyze in detail the optical features that occur in the photoluminescence and the corresponding absorption spectra during processing. We find that the film formation takes place in five consecutive steps, including the formation of a MAPbI3 capping layer via an interface crystallization and the occurrence of an intense dissolution–recrystallization process. Consideration of confinement and self-absorption effects in the PL spectra, together with consideration of the corresponding absorption spectra allows quantification of the growth rate of the initial interface crystallization, which is found to be 11 nm s−1 under our processing conditions. We find that the main dissolution–recrystallization process happens at a rate of 445 nm s−1, emphasizing its importance to the overall processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]