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This paper addresses the phenomenon of overtourism in Budapest from multiple perspectives, starting with an overview that uses information collected from news, media, and academic tourism literature. Further, the phenomenon of overtourism is addressed quantitatively using different indicators, including tourism density and intensity. According to these indicators, the center of Budapest (formed by districts I, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX) has been strongly affected by the presence of tourists, while districts physically far from the center have been less affected. This fact suggests the heterogeneity of the city in terms of overtourism. The number one catalyst of the negative impacts of foreign visitors’ behavior is party tourism (‘ruin pub’ tourism), which involves an unconventional use of the Hungarian capital. Finally, using an unconventional optimization method called fuzzy linear programming, we attempt to explore the challenging problem of identifying the optimal number of tourists for the city. The results of the study have important theoretical, methodological, and practical implications. On the theoretical side, we offer a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of overtourism in Budapest. Methodologically, the integrated approach in terms of data gathering and unconventional analytical methodologies (comprised of a case study analysis, the assessment of effective indicators for measuring the discussed phenomenon, and the demonstration of the sustainable number of visitors) represents a novel perspective about the extent of overtourism in Budapest. On the practical side, our findings provide valuable guidance for policymakers to help mitigate the problem of overtourism in the city. With regard to future research, we suggest extending and updating the results presented in this study to develop more sustainable tourism strategies.

The large increase in the number of tourists brings challenges to the tourist carrying capacity of tourist destinations. By constructing a tourism carrying capacity indicator system and a coupling coordination model, we calculate and compare the development of tourism carrying capacity and the coupling coordination between all first-class indicators of tourism carrying capacity for provinces and cities in China. We find that the tourism carrying capacity and the coupling coordination between all first-class indicators of tourism carrying capacity for provinces and cities in China both showed an upward trend from 2008 to 2017, but the development was not balanced. In coastal provinces, their development level was high although lately showing a downward trend. In the provinces of the northwest China, their development level is low, and their development speed is relatively slow. The provinces and cities in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the southwest China recorded the fastest growth rate. In addition, we found that the development of tourism carrying capacity is closely related to coupling coordination between all first-class indicators of tourism carrying capacity.

Aims & Backgrounds: Today, the concept of capacity utilizing the maximum number of users who use a natural or recreational area at a given time without changing disturbance in the environment is widely used in urban management and planning. The purpose of this study is to determine the recreational range and tourism capacity in Mashhad area. Methodology: The research is of a practical nature and data is collected through library and field studies. Initially, 7475 hectares of the area were selected as useful and usable areas for users through the registration of ground points and the preparation of a land use map using the GIS tool. In the next step, through computational formulas, three types of physical, actual and effective physical capacity were estimated. Five limiting factors were used as coefficients in calculating the actual carrying capacity of the study site and to calculate the effective carrying capacity, managerial parameters were used. researcher-made questionnaire (Likert spectrum) was also provided to users with a record (384 people) in order to score the site management capability parameters. Findings: Among the managerial factors, the highest points belonged to grocery stores (4.8) and the lowest points belonged to the regional relief system (1.2). Finally, the carrying capacity of physical, actual, and effective related to the study area was estimated to be 89700000, 1829880, and 969836, person per day respectively which shows a physical carrying capacity was much more than actual carrying capacity. Conclusion: In general, the area accepts a significant number of users for recreational and sports activities. On the other hand, the area has considerable spaces suitable for the design and deployment of sports and leisure facilities. However, environmental and safety priorities must also be taken into account.

The objective of this study was to determine the tourism carrying capacity on hiking trails in the Szczeliniec Wielki and Błędne Skały. Those attractions are located in the Stołowe Mts. National Park of the Sudetes in the South-Western part of Poland along the border with the Czech Republic. The total area of the Stołowe Mts. NP is 6,340 ha and it contains around 100 km of marked hiking trails. Tourist traffic in the Szczeliniec Wielki and Błędne Skały has its peaks during weekends and holiday periods reaching mass tourism scales. For this reason it is important to establish a clear tourism carrying capacity and to ensure this capacity is not exceeded. In this study, tourism carrying capacity was estimated based on trail width measurements and observations on the visitors’ behavior on trails. As a result an optimal distance between the visitors on a hiking trail was determined to be 4 meters of trail length per person. Whether the tourist carrying capacity was exceeded, was determined by calculating an index based on visitor data collected through the Monitoring System of tourist traffic (MStt). The MStt system consists of 38 infrared traffic counters (pyro-electric sensors) installed at the tourist trail entrances within the Stołowe Mts. National Park borders. Visitor data were aggregated into daily, monthly and annual reports, taking into account the direction of the visitors traffic on the studied hiking trails, i.e., entries only (IN), exits only (OUT) and total passings (IN+OUT). The tourist flow in Stołowe Mts. NP was characterized by its strong fluctuations over time with the carrying capacity index being exceeded only during long weekends and holiday periods. Additionally, the peak in traffic occurred around midday in spring and summer months. During those periods, the average traffic exceeded the hourly tourism carrying capacity by ca. 30%. Significant differences in tourist traffic were due the variability in visitor numbers, time of peak traffic and the dynamics of visitor numbers.

As required by Art. 29 of the Grant Agreement, each beneficiary must – as soon as possible – disseminate its results by disclosing them to the public by appropriate means (other than those resulting from protecting or exploiting the results), including in scientific publications (in any medium). As part of this obligation, within the SmartCulTour-project, multiple deliverables have been foreseen across work packages, to focus on an open access publication strategy. This deliverable provides metadata and abstracts of the publications residing under Work Package 4: “Assessing the impacts of cultural tourism”. Deliverable 4.3 aimed to provide “A minimum of 3 academic papers on sustainable cultural tourism, resilience, and the TALC model” and therefore focuses on sustainable cultural tourism indicators, the link between cultural tourism development, sustainability and resilience, and the integration of cultural tourism, sustainability/resilience, and the tourism area life cycle. The full papers are available in open access and can be found by following the DOI links provided. The deliverable is a living document that, after initial submission, can be updated in case of additional scientific publications within the scope of Work Package 4.

The emergence of Airbnb along with an increase in urban tourism has intensified the pressure on urban areas while adding a new dimension in the dynamics of the housing distribution especially in historic cities. These dynamics affect both local economies and alter significantly the characteristics of urban space arising the necessity to create not only policies that foster sustainable tourism development but also to advance urban models that explore the relation between Airbnb and the traditional rental and accommodation sector. Through the case of Venice, the present study sheds light on the potential evolution of Airbnb housing in comparison to the traditional rental and homeowner market. In particular, it seeks to understand whether a potential equilibrium between these uses exists and if so, at which point in regards to this equilibrium the historic center of Venice is now. To tackle this question, methods deriving from the field of game theory and specifically evolutionary game theory are used. With the agents (players) being the housing units, the designed theoretical model explores the population dynamics of the housing units in Venice given the three options of homeownership or long-term rental (residential), short term rental over Airbnb (airbnb) or no use (vacant). The findings of our theoretical population game model are validated and discussed against a dataset describing the use patterns in the city of Venice during the past 20 years. A verification of the outcome through further case studies could eventually provide insights on future behavior of tourism pressure in historic urban areas.

Sea level rise due to climate change affects beaches, which are a source of high recreational value in the economy. The tourism carrying capacity (TCC) assessment is one of the tools to determine the management capacity of a beach. Pattaya beach represents the character of well-known beaches in Thailand, while Chalatat beach represents the character of beaches that are the focus of domestic tourism. To evaluate beach area this study detected the shoreline position using Google Earth images with tidal correction. The Bruun rule was used for shoreline projection. TCC was calculated by using the beach area, correction factors, and management capacity. The results find that the current effective carrying capacity is approximately 200,000 for Pattaya beach and 49,000 for Chalatat beach. Although the Chalatat beach areas are larger than Pattaya, the effective carrying capacity of Pattaya beach is larger than the effective carrying capacity of Chalatat beach for all situations because TCC is affected by beach areas, correction factors, and management capacity. Because beach areas experience the effects of sea-level rise, protection against future beach loss should be considered for coastal management.

Tourism is the leading industry of island cities and the tourism carrying capacity is of great significance to the sustainable development of cities. This paper adopts the state-space model to construct an early warning indicator system for tourism carrying capacity from three aspects: nature, economy, and society, explores the early warning status, and spatial and temporal differences of tourism carrying capacity in Chinese island cities, and makes use of the BP(Back Propagation) neural network model to predict the development trend of early warnings. The results show that (1) from 2012 to 2018, the early warning status of China&rsquo, s island cities&rsquo, tourism carrying capacity is generally on the rise, the natural carrying capacity system&rsquo, s early warning situation has deteriorated, which is in a state of severe warning interval. The economic carrying capacity and social carrying capacity are on the rise, and the warning degree is from the super warning interval to the severe warning interval and then to the moderate warning degree. The forecast of the overall tourism carrying capacity early warning index from 2019 to 2021 presents an upward trend and is in the moderate warning interval. (2) The tourism carrying capacity early warning in China&rsquo, s island cities shows a large spatial and temporal difference and the early warning values of each island city are different. The early warning value of Putuo tourism carrying capacity always ranks first, and Changdao has the worst performance. (3) In accordance with the contribution status of the subsystem to the total system, the Chinese island cities show regional differences in the northern, central, and southern area, showing two forms of pressure cities and pressure-carrying cities. The government can adopt different policies and measures in accordance with different characteristics of human environmental activities.

As one of the most important areas in the Palace Museum, Beijing, China, the Hall of Mental Cultivation had suffered from overcrowding of visitors before it was closed in 2016 for conservation. Preparing for the reopening in 2020, the Palace Museum decided to take the chance and initiate finer-grained tourism management in the Hall. This research intends to provide an audio-guided touring program by dynamically evaluating the Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) with the highlight spots in the Hall, to operate the touring program spatiotemporally. Framing an optimization problem for the touring program, an agent-based simulator, Thunderhead Pathfinder, originally developed for evacuation in the emergency, is utilized to verify the performance of the touring system. The simulation shows that the proposed touring program could precisely fit all the key requirements to improve the visitors' experience, to guarantee heritage safety, and to ensure more efficient management.

In order to design effective responses to the complex phenomenon of overtourism, the tourism carrying capacity (TCC) of a destination is an essential reference point. This paper provides in-depth analysis of this correlation through the case study of Dubrovnik. The study applies a TCC calcula- tion model that is able to quantitatively include the main effects of overtourism. The paper illustrates how these results can be used to automate specific decongestion policies by concep- tualising a digital response system for real-time intervention to mitigate the undesirable effects of overtourism. ispartof: Journal Of Travel & Tourism Marketing vol:37 issue:8-9 pages:887-901 status: published

As one of the most important areas in the Palace Museum, Beijing, China, the Hall of Mental Cultivation had suffered from overcrowding of visitors before it was closed in 2016 for conservation. Preparing for the reopening in 2020, the Palace Museum decided to take the chance and initiate finer-grained tourism management in the Hall. This research intends to provide an audio-guided touring program by dynamically evaluating the Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) with the highlight spots in the Hall, to operate the touring program spatiotemporally. Framing an optimization problem for the touring program, an agent-based simulator, Thunderhead Pathfinder, originally developed for evacuation in the emergency, is utilized to verify the performance of the touring system. The simulation shows that the proposed touring program could precisely fit all the key requirements to improve the visitors' experience, to guarantee heritage safety, and to ensure more efficient management.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Tourism is a complex industry involving numerous types of activities that can have adverse environmental impacts and, over time, gradually change the way tourists experience tourist destinations and their choice of particular tourist destinations. The overall aim of this study is to examine the impact of tourism destination exploitation upon the perceived attractiveness of a particular destination to different types of visitors using the Purism Scale coupled to the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC). The study uses the system dynamics Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) approach, to analyse feedback loop behaviour and causal loop impacts over time. The results show that the different visitors’ types, as defined by the Purist Scale, affect the attractiveness of the tourist destination in different ways over time. The results further show that different visitors’ types cannot exist at their own optimum level at the same time in a destination. The concept tourism carrying capacity should thus be defined through the maximum site attractiveness,-based upon the optimum size of infrastructure that ensures low visual effect, low crowding effect, and low environmental impact. This enables better understanding of the different evolution phases of the tourist site during its push for infrastructure development., This study was supported by the Icelandic Tourist Board.

In the recent years, deserts of Iran have been experiencing an ongoing boost of demand on the part of tourists. Given the sensitivity and fragility of these environments, accompanying the nonexistence of a comprehensive tourism development plan, the necessity for awareness and special attention to these areas has become highlighted. The present research based on tourism sustainability approach, tries to calculate the tourism carrying capacity of three desert destinations: Shahdad, Maranjab-Band e Rig, and Mesr-Farahzad. For this purpose, first by reviewing the literature and asking professionals’ opinions, the influencing indices on tourism carrying capacity of the regions were identified; afterwards, the ‘physical’, ‘real’, and ‘efficient’ carrying capacities were calculated for both extensive and intensive tourism zones. Results indicate that Maranjab-Band e Rig, and Shahdad have higher tourism carrying capacity in comparison with Mesr-Farahzad area. Also findings show that these areas can improve their tourism carrying capacities by developing their infrastructures and services. Furthermore, the current ‘real’ carrying capacities of these areas were found to be over-loaded in the intensive tourism zones.

U radu se prikazuje sustavni prikaz razvoja koncepta nosivosti, dosadašnja znanstvena istraživanja te istaknuta metodološka stajališta u smislu definiranja i ocjenjivanja nosivosti - sve u svrhu određivanja odnosa između koncepta nosivosti i prostornog planiranja. Postavlja se teza turističke nosivosti (jedne od tematskih razvojnih grana nosivosti) kao aktivne prostornoplanerske metode za planiranje, kontrolu i ocjenjivanje turističke aktivnosti., The aim of this paper is to set up a systematic review of the development of the concept of carrying capacity, to elucidate the methodological point of view in terms of the definition and evaluation of carrying capacity, and to determine the relation between tourism carrying capacity concept and spatial planning. A tourism carrying capacity thesis is also presented as an active method for planning, control and evaluation of tourism activity.

This article describes how the concept of Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) has shifted from a uni-dimensional approach to incorporating environmental, social and political aspects. This shift is demonstrated by a study of a large, internationally popular protected area used by trekkers, the Mt. Everest Region, where qualitative data collected from visitors was combined with environmental modeling using a participatory framework. Tourist satisfaction showed positive margins for further tourist industry expansion, but current environmental conditions limit growth and further development. Space and time dimensions were also considered. We observed that the limits on growth and further development can be manipulated, with a certain degree of flexibility, through investments and regulatory measures. We hypothesized that TCC can play an important role in the management of protected areas only if it is viewed as a systematic, strategic policy tool within a planning process rather than as a unique, intrinsic number that is not modifiable. We conclude that to translate the strategy into action using standard measures, further investigation is needed to balance the various TCC components as a part of a decision-making framework that includes the integration of different cultural approaches and policy needs.

Tourism and environmental preservation are often conflicting activities, mainly in areas such as coastal lagoons, where seaside mass-tourism comes into contact with a very sensitive ecological system. In this paper we deal with a classical problem of both environmental and tourism economics, the internalization of environmental costs of tourism, focusing on the nautical fruition of the Lagoon of Marano and Grado (North-Eastern Italy, Friuli Venezia Giulia Region). Using different instruments, both theoretical (Carrying Capacity framework, Polluter-Payer principle, Coase compensation) and empirical (Cluster analysis, Log-log regression, Forecasting model, cost and benefit calculation through actual market values), we get the result that a standard Coasian equilibrium (unit external cost equal to unit private benefit) doesn’t hold, and a higher coverage of the local berths endowment (i. e. a higher vessels transit in the Lagoon) is more effective for nature conservation than a tempered fruition. Another interesting result is that the best available solution to internalize environmental externality is a mixed one, comprehensive of a command and control rule (a speed-limit prescription), and a compensation scheme.

El concepto de capacidad de carga turística ha sido ampliamente difundido en la literatura científica desde su acuñación en la década de los años sesenta del siglo XX. Sin embargo, su aplicación en recursos y destinos turísticos de dominante patrimonial presenta un menor desarrollo. En este artículo se recoge la evolución científica de los planteamientos con que se ha abordado su estudio prestando especial atención a los enfoques que han guiado el posicionamiento de organismos internacionales que sientan doctrina en el ámbito de la gestión turística del patrimonio (ICOMOS, el Centro del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO y la Organización Mundial del Turismo). Se presenta así mismo una propuesta metodológica para la elaboración de estudios de capacidad de carga en grandes recursos turístico-patrimoniales y se muestra su aplicación en dos grandes referentes patrimoniales de España: la Catedral de Santiago de Compostela y la Real Colegiata de San Isidoro de León. The concept of tourism carrying capacity has been widely reported in the literature since the early sixties of the twentieth century. However, its application in cultural resources and destinations has lower asset development. This article presents the development of scientific approaches to study tourism carrying capacity, focusing on approaches that have guided the positioning of international agencies feel doctrine in the field of heritage tourism management (ICOMOS, the World Heritage Centre of UNESCO and the World Tourism Organization). Presents itself a methodology for the preparation of studies of carrying capacity in cultural tourist resources, and shows its application in two great monuments of Spain: the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela and the Royal Collegiate Church of San Isidoro of Leon. Le concept de capacité de charge touristique a été largement rapporté dans la littérature scientifique depuis les années soixante du XXe siècle. Cependant, son application dans les ressources et les principaux destinations touristiques du patrimoine a eu moins de développement. Cet article présente le développement d’approches scientifiques pour étudier la capacité de charge, en se concentrant sur les approches qui ont guidé la mise en place d’organismes internationaux reconnus dans le domaine de la gestion touristique du patrimoine (l’ICOMOS, le Centre du Patrimoine Mondial de l’UNESCO et l’Organisation Mondiale du Tourisme). Se présente aussi une méthodologie pour la préparation des études de capacité de charge dans les ressources touristiques du patrimoine et montre son application dans deux grands monuments de l’Espagne: la Cathédrale de Santiago de Compostela et l’Eglise Royale de San Isidoro de León.

The concept of tourism carrying capacity has been widely reported in the literature since the early sixties of the twentieth century. However, its application in cultural resources and destinations has lower asset development. This article presents the development of scientific approaches to study tourism carrying capacity, focusing on approaches that have guided the positioning of international agencies feel doctrine in the field of heritage tourism management (ICOMOS, the World Heritage Centre of UNESCO and the World Tourism Organization). Presents itself a methodology for the preparation of studies of carrying capacity in cultural tourist resources, and shows its application in two great monuments of Spain: the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela and the Royal Collegiate Church of San Isidoro of Leon. El concepto de capacidad de carga turística ha sido ampliamente difundido en la literatura científica desde su acuñación en la década de los años sesenta del siglo XX. Sin embargo, su aplicación en recursos y destinos turísticos de dominante patrimonial presenta un menor desarrollo. En este artículo se recoge la evolución científica de los planteamientos con que se ha abordado su estudio prestando especial atención a los enfoques que han guiado el posicionamiento de organismos internacionales que sientan doctrina en el ámbito de la gestión turística del patrimonio (ICOMOS, el Centro del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO y la Organización Mundial del Turismo). Se presenta así mismo una propuesta metodológica para la elaboración de estudios de capacidad de carga en grandes recursos turístico-patrimoniales y se muestra su aplicación en dos grandes referentes patrimoniales de España: la Catedral de Santiago de Compostela y la Real Colegiata de San Isidoro de León. Le concept de capacité de charge touristique a été largement rapporté dans la littérature scientifique depuis les années soixante du XXe siècle. Cependant, son application dans les ressources et les principaux destinations touristiques du patrimoine a eu moins de développement. Cet article présente le développement d’approches scientifiques pour étudier la capacité de charge, en se concentrant sur les approches qui ont guidé la mise en place d’organismes internationaux reconnus dans le domaine de la gestion touristique du patrimoine (l’ICOMOS, le Centre du Patrimoine Mondial de l’UNESCO et l’Organisation Mondiale du Tourisme). Se présente aussi une méthodologie pour la préparation des études de capacité de charge dans les ressources touristiques du patrimoine et montre son application dans deux grands monuments de l’Espagne: la Cathédrale de Santiago de Compostela et l’Eglise Royale de San Isidoro de León.

International audience; This paper focuses on coastal areas and aims at providing a first reflection on the potential role of the tourism carrying capacity approach (TCC) in the context of adaptation to climate change (ACC). Could TCC be seen as a pragmatic and already available tool for starting implementing ACC?

La sostenibilidad turística ha sido objeto de numerosos y complejos estudios. Sin embargo no se dispone de un sistema estandarizado que a modo de sistema de coordenadas sitúe cada destino turístico en un marco de referencia comparable y transparente. Idealmente dicho sistema debe ser manejable, simple, rápido y poco costoso. Esta investigación propone un avance de instrumento a tal fin, que es aplicado en el contexto andaluz. Finalmente se discuten los resultados obtenidos y esbozan posibles líneas de mejora. Sustainable tourism has been the subject of numerous and complex studies. However there is no standardized system (coordinate system) capable of positioning any destination in a transparent and comparable framework. Such a system should ideally be manageable, simple, fast and inexpensive. This research proposes a tool, applied in the context of Andalusia, which aims to meet those requirements. Finally the results are discussed and possible lines of improvement are outlined.

Congestion is an important management problem at mass tourist sites. This essay focuses on the social carrying capacity (SCC) of a tourist site as indicator of residents’ and visitors’ perception of crowding, intended as the maximum number of visitors (MNV) tolerated. In case of conflict between the residents’ MNV tolerated and the visitors’ MNV tolerated, the policy-maker has to mediate. We consider the case in which the residents’ SCC is lower than the visitors’ SCC, and the site SCC is the result of a compromise between these two aspects of the SCC. This can be measured by making reference to two criteria of choice: the utility maximisation criterion and the voting rule. The use of one method rather than the other depends on the data available about the individual preferences on crowding. Assuming that individual preferences are known, a maximisation model for the computation of the site SCC is conceived. It represents the case in which the residents’ SCC is the limiting factor. The site SCC is intended as the number of visitors which maximises the social welfare function. Because a local policy-maker maximises the welfare of residents, in this model visitors are represented by those residents whose welfare wholly depends on the tourism sector, while the social costs due to crowding are borne by those residents who are partially or totally independent from tourism. Nevertheless, in practice, the individual preferences about crowding are not always known. In this case, the MNV tolerated can be computed by applying the majority voting rule. It is shown that, under certain conditions, the optimum number of visitors, obtained through a maximisation model, is equal to the MNV tolerated by the majority of voters.