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Background Tocopherol is known to have an anti-inflammatory effect, thereby reducing erythema, edema, and skin irritation, which are the main pathologies observed in diaper dermatitis. Objective To compare the effect of local application of a combination of 10% zinc oxide and tocopherol in the treatment of infant diaper dermatitis with plain 10% zinc oxide. Methods A single-centric, prospective interventional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital for 18 months where all children aged

Abstract Background Heat stress has severe negative consequences on performance and health of pigs, leading to significant economic losses. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemental vitamin E and a botanical extract in feed or drinking water on growth performance, intestinal health, and oxidative and immune status in growing pigs housed under heat stress conditions. Methods Duplicate experiments were conducted, each using 64 crossbred pigs with an initial body weight of 50.7 ± 3.8 and 43.9 ± 3.6 kg and age of 13-week and 12-week, respectively. Pigs (n = 128) were housed individually and assigned within weight blocks and sex to a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement consisting of 2 environments (thermo-neutral (21.2 °C) or heat-stressed (30.9 °C)) and 4 supplementation treatments (control diet; control + 100 IU/L of D-α-tocopherol in water; control + 200 IU/kg of DL-α-tocopheryl-acetate in feed; or control + 400 mg/kg of a botanical extract in feed). Results Heat stress for 28 d reduced (P ≤ 0.001) final body weight, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake (−7.4 kg, −26.7%, and −25.4%, respectively) but no effects of supplementation were detected (P > 0.05). Serum vitamin E increased (P

Objective This study was realized to evaluate the effects of supplementation with blends of water and fat-soluble vitamins on animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls. Methods Forty-three Nellore bulls, with an initial weight of 261±27.3 kg and a mean age of 8±1.0 months, were used. Five animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment (reference group), to determine the initial empty body weight of the bulls that remained in the experiment. The remaining 38 bulls were fed ad libitum and distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2×2 factorial scheme, with or without supplementation of water-soluble (B-blend+ or B-blend−) and fat-soluble (ADE+ or ADE−) vitamin blends. Diets were isonitrogenous (120 g of crude protein/kg dry matter [DM] of total mixed ration) and consisted of a roughage:concentrate rate of 30:70 based on total DM of diet. The experiment lasted 170 days, with 30 days of adaptation and 140 days for data collection. At the beginning and end of the experimental period, the bulls were weighed to determine the average daily gain. To estimate the apparent digestibility of nutrients and microbial efficiency, spot collections of feces and urine were performed for five consecutive days. Results DM, ashes, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, neutral detergent fiber corrected for residual ash and residual nitrogenous, and N intake and apparent digestibility were not influenced by vitamin supplementation, but total digestible nutrients intake and non-fibrous carbohydrates digestibility were influenced by B complex vitamin supplementation. Nitrogen balance, microbial efficiency, and performance data were not influenced (p>0.05) by vitamin supplementation. Conclusion Vitamin supplementation (a blend of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins or their combinations) does not influence the animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls.

Retinaldehyde (RAL), or retinal, is a vitamin A derivative that is widely used for several skin conditions. However, it is light sensitive and has low water solubility, limiting its efficiency in transdermal delivery. This study developed a novel delivery system for retinal (RAL) using flexible liposomes (FLPs) infused with α-tocopherol succinate (α-TS) to improve stability, and enhance skin permeability. The RAL-FLPs were embedded in pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) hydrogels, creating a delivery platform that supports prolonged skin residence and efficient permeation of RAL. The stability and skin permeation as well as human skin irritation and adhesion capabilities were assessed to determine the formulation’s safety and efficacy. Our findings suggested that the addition of α-TS could improve liposomal stability and RAL chemical stability. Moreover, the skin permeation and fluorescence microscopic-based studies suggested that the addition of α-TS could enhance skin permeability of RAL through hair follicles. The RAL-FLP was embedded in PSA hydrogels fabricated from 25% GantrezTM S-97 (GT) and 1% hyaluronic acid (Hya) with aluminum as a crosslinker. The PSA hydrogel exhibited desirable peeling and tacking strengths. The developed hydrogels also demonstrated greater skin deposition of RAL compared with its aqueous formulation. Additionally, the RAL-FLP-embedded PSA hydrogels showed no skin irritation and maintained better adhesion for up to 24 h compared to commercial patches. Hence, the developed hydrogels could serve as a beneficial platform for delivering RAL in treating skin conditions.

Planar catechin (PCat), a natural antioxidant with a fixed 3D catechin structure on a plane, exhibits radical-scavenging activity approximately five times stronger than the conventional catechin. We synthesized a compound, PCat-TrOH, by binding Trolox (TrOH), an α-tocopherol analog, to PCat to enhance its antioxidant effect against oxidative stress, such as lipid peroxidation. TrOH shows radical-scavenging activity about 6.5 times greater than PCat, and PCat-TrOH exhibited a similar level of radical-scavenging activity to TrOH. Additionally, PCat-TrOH demonstrated twice the radical-scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species compared to PCat or TrOH. This compound is also expected to exhibit an excellent antioxidant effect against lipid peroxidation caused by radical chain reactions, through interactions with vitamin C, similar to that in the case of α-tocopherol.

This study investigated whether pre-treating sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds with a combination of acid-soaking and microwave-heating could significantly enhance the quality of the resulting sesame oil, particularly by increasing its content of functional compounds such as lignans, tocopherol, phytosterol, and squalene. The study revealed that soaking the sesame seeds in a solution of HCl and citric acid, along with microwave-heating, significantly increased the content of these compounds. The detected ranges were sesamin (1365–6927 µg g−1), sesamolin (605–3493 µg g−1), tocopherol (69.31–282.76 µg g−1), asarinin (ND–383.52 µg g−1), sesamol (ND–49.59 µg g−1), phytosterol (3690–6201 µg g−1), and squalene (532−1628 µg g−1). Additionally, the study found that the pre-treatment of sesame seeds had a minimal effect on the fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity (92.94–95.08% DPPH scavenging activity), and oxidative stability (2.13–2.90 mg MDA kg−1 oil). This is the first study to demonstrate that using acid-soaking and microwave-heating to prepare sesame seeds can produce sesame oil enriched with functional compounds, potentially benefiting cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and health applications.

Background: Heat stress has severe negative consequences on performance and health of pigs, leading to significant economic losses. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemental vitamin E and a botanical extract in feed or drinking water on growth performance, intestinal health, and oxidative and immune status in growing pigs housed under heat stress conditions. Methods: Duplicate experiments were conducted, each using 64 crossbred pigs with an initial body weight of 50.7 ± 3.8 and 43.9 ± 3.6 kg and age of 13-week and 12-week, respectively. Pigs (n = 128) were housed individually and assigned within weight blocks and sex to a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement consisting of 2 environments (thermo-neutral (21.2 °C) or heat-stressed (30.9 °C)) and 4 supplementation treatments (control diet; control + 100 IU/L of D-α-tocopherol in water; control + 200 IU/kg of DL-α-tocopheryl-acetate in feed; or control + 400 mg/kg of a botanical extract in feed). Results: Heat stress for 28 d reduced (P ≤ 0.001) final body weight, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake (−7.4 kg, −26.7%, and −25.4%, respectively) but no effects of supplementation were detected (P > 0.05). Serum vitamin E increased (P < 0.001) with vitamin E supplementation in water and in feed (1.64 vs. 3.59 and 1.64 vs. 3.24), but not for the botanical extract (1.64 vs. 1.67 mg/kg) and was greater when supplemented in water vs. feed (P = 0.002). Liver vitamin E increased (P < 0.001) with vitamin E supplementations in water (3.9 vs. 31.8) and feed (3.9 vs. 18.0), but not with the botanical extract (3.9 vs. 4.9 mg/kg). Serum malondialdehyde was reduced with heat stress on d 2, but increased on d 28 (interaction, P < 0.001), and was greater (P < 0.05) for antioxidant supplementation compared to control. Cellular proliferation was reduced (P = 0.037) in the jejunum under heat stress, but increased in the ileum when vitamin E was supplemented in feed and water under heat stress (interaction, P = 0.04). Tumor necrosis factor-α in jejunum and ileum mucosa decreased by heat stress (P < 0.05) and was reduced by vitamin E supplementations under heat stress (interaction, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The addition of the antioxidants in feed or in drinking water did not alleviate the negative impact of heat stress on feed intake and growth rate of growing pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical components in the hexane‐extract mixture from Phalaenopsis leaves were isolated and identified during the spike induction process. Several lipophilic components in the hexane‐extract mixture were isolated and identified as oleic acid, 1,2‐O‐dilinolenoyl‐MGDG, 1‐O‐linolenoyl‐2‐O‐linoleoyl‐MGDG, and α‐tocopherol by HPLC and NMR techniques. It is noteworthy that only one isomer of α‐tocopherol was isolated from Phalaenopsis leaves based on NMR spectra analysis. MGDG have a great potential to be a control factor in the regulation of spike process of Phalaenopsis. It is the first time to identify the chemical MGDG related to temperature‐controlled process of Phalaenopsis. These components have hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties in the same molecule to act as potential amphiphiles. The use of the entire mixed hexane extract to form liposomes containing the dmbpyPtCl2 complex greatly enhanced the reactivity of the complex for inhibiting E. coli growth compared with the use of a single amphiphile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT), a key gene in the vitamin E biosynthesis pathway, significantly influences the accumulation of tocochromanols, thereby determining rice nutritional quality. In our study, we analyzed the γ-TMT gene in 475 Korean rice accessions, uncovering 177 genetic variants, including 138 SNPs and 39 InDels. Notably, two functional SNPs, tmt-E2-28,895,665-G/A and tmt-E4-28,896,689-A/G, were identified, causing substitutions from valine to isoleucine and arginine to glycine, respectively, across 93 accessions. A positive Tajima's D value in the indica group suggests a signature of balancing selection. Haplotype analysis revealed 27 haplotypes, with two shared between cultivated and wild accessions, seven specific to cultivated accessions, and 18 unique to wild types. Further, profiling of vitamin E isomers in 240 accessions and their association with haplotypes revealed that Hap_2, distinguished by an SNP in the 3′ UTR (tmt-3UTR-28,897,360-T/A) exhibited significantly lower α-tocopherol (AT), α-tocotrienol (AT3), total tocopherol, and total tocotrienol, but higher γ-tocopherol (GT) in the japonica group. Additionally, in the indica group, Hap_2 showed significantly higher AT, AT3, and total tocopherol, along with lower GT and γ-tocotrienol, compared to Hap_19, Hap_20, and Hap_21. Overall, this study highlights the genetic landscape of γ-TMT and provides a valuable genetic resource for haplotype-based breeding programs aimed at enhancing nutritional profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmorejo, a Mediterranean tomato-oil puree, is considered a dietary source of antioxidant vitamins C and E and carotenoids lycopene and β-carotene, the latter endowed with provitamin A activity. However, these antioxidants can be degraded in oxidation reactions catalysed or not by enzymes during pasteurisation and storage treatments used to stabilise the salmorejo before consumption. Due to its better penetration, the use of dielectric heating by radiofrequency (RF) may improve results of pasteurisation in this product. The objective was to assess the effects of pasteurisation temperature (70–100 °C, at 5 °C intervals) and storage time (0–5 months, at one-month intervals) on levels of ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and carotenoids and antioxidant capacity (AC) in salmorejo pasteurised (over 10 s) by conventional (CH) or RF continuous heating. Two successive experiments were conducted to select an adequate pasteurisation temperature for use in the shelf-life study. Pasteurisation upon tested conditions allows a good retention of salmorejo antioxidants. Either CH or RF pasteurisers can be used with similar results. Vitamin C (L-ascorbic + dehydroascorbic acids) was more abundant (15–19 mg 100 g−1) than carotenoids (0.9–2.6 mg 100 g−1) (all-trans + cis lycopene and β-carotene) and α-tocopherol (0.8–1.2 mg 100 g−1) in the pasteurised product. Using excessively low temperatures (70 °C) resulted in partial losses of the three antioxidants, possibly due to oxidase residual activities. Intensifying thermal treatment improved this issue with minor losses of the thermolabile vitamin C and increased carotenoid content. Using a suitable temperature (80 °C) did not prevent most vitamin C from being degraded by the first month, while α-tocopherol, and, to a lesser extent, carotenoids, showed good retention levels during shelf life under refrigeration. Vitamins C and E and carotenoids, either by degradation, regeneration or releasing, likely contribute to the AC in salmorejo. Phenolic antioxidant response, radical-scavenging activities and redox potential values confirmed this finding. The pasteurised-chilled salmorejo shows good antioxidant properties with potential health implications, a positive nutritional aspect for consumers of this tomato-oil homogenate. The losses of antioxidants and AC due to pasteurization would be of little relevance compared to the losses accumulated during shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The aim: to assess the level of retinol, and tocopherol in the oral fluid of children with progressive myopia. Materials and methods. We examined 34 children (68 eyes) with mild myopia included in group I. It was divided into two subgroups: Ia — 16 children (32 eyes) with a progressive course of myopia, and Ib — 18 children (36 eyes) with a stable course of myopia. The control group consisted of 18 conditionally healthy children (36 eyes). A standard eye examination was carried out: visometry, autorefractokeratometry before and after cycloplegia, biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy. The level of retinol, and tocopherol in the oral fluid was determined by the enzyme immunoassay. Results. In children with a progressive course of myopia, the retinol indicator is on average 1.2 times lower than in those with a stable course of myopia (p < 0.05), and also on average 2.3 times lower than in controls (р < 0.05). At the same time, in children with a progressive course, the level of tocopherol was 1.3 times lower than in patients with a stable myopia (p < 0.05). In the subgroup with a progressive course, this indicator was 3 times lower than in children without ophthalmic pathology (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed a moderate reliable inverse relationship between the level of retinol and the progression of myopia (r= –0.43; p < 0.05). A moderate reliable inverse relationship was found between the level of tocopherol and the progression of myopia (r = –0.47; p < 0.05). Correlation analysis demonstrated a reliable direct relationship between the level of retinol and tocopherol (r = 0.89; p < 0.05). The optimal value of the cut-off threshold, which provides the maximum sensitivity and specificity, is ≤ 99.602 ng/ml (р < 0.05) for the indicator of retinol in the oral fluid of children with progressive myopia. Conclusions. In pediatric patients with a progressive course of myopia, the level of retinol in the oral fluid is on average 2.3 times lower and the level of tocopherol is 3 times lower than that of children without ophthalmic pathology (p < 0.05). An inverse correlation was found between the levels of retinol and tocopherol and the progressive course of myopia. It was revealed that determining the level of retinol and tocopherol in the oral fluid allows diagnosing the progressive course of myopia, with retinol levels ≤ 99.602 ng/ml, tocopherol ≤ 5.129 ng/ml (p < 0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of metabolic changes including hypertriglyceridemia, elevated glucose tolerance and fatty liver. The aim of this research was to study the bioactivity of petroleum ether extracts prepared from quinoa 1 and Hualhuas quinoa in a MS rat model. Fatty acids and a-tocopherol were assessed in the extracts. MS was induced by feeding a high fructose-high fat diet (HFFD). Four groups of rats were assigned: the control group, fed a balanced diet; the control group, fed a HFFD diet; and two test groups, fed on a HFFD diet and treated by either quinoa 1 or hualhuas extract. The Glucose tolerance, plasma lipids, oxidative stress biomarkers, liver lipids and histopathology of the liver and heart were assessed. The results showed that extracts from both quinoa varieties had the potential to prevent MS; although quinoa 1 was more effective. In both varieties, the major fatty acid was linoleic. Hualhuas showed a higher percentage of linolenic acid than quinoa 1; while more alpha-tocopherol was present in quinoa1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adulteration of camellia oils from the same source should be avoided. Hence, using chromatographic techniques, this study aimed to analyze and select components (fatty acids, squalene, tocopherols, and volatile substances) as variables for the precise characterization and discrimination of seven camellia oil varieties (Camellia gigantocarpa, Camellia vietnamensis, Camellia osmantha, Camellia nanyongensis, Camellia oleifera, Camellia semiserrata, and Camellia amplexicaulis). The principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses were performed to identify camellia seed oils, and their identification ability for different components was compared. All the components, except fatty acids, could clearly distinguish camellia oil varieties. However, when the fatty acids were combined with either squalene or tocopherol, the identification ability significantly improved. Identifying different varieties of camellia oils according to the abovementioned components provides a solid foundation for the fine processing of camellia oils, and the corresponding products should be developed according to these characteristics to enhance their value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable oil deodorizer distillates (VODDs), which are the main source of natural tocopherol, are easily contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pose health threats to human beings. To remove 16 priority-control PAHs in VODD, three graphene (GR) composites, including TiO2-GR, sepiolite-GR and Fe3O4-GR, were prepared. PAH concentrations and removal rates were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GC-MS). Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) calculation was conducted to simulate and illustrate PAH adsorption on GR composites. The results indicated that the highest BaP removal rate was given to TiO2-GR with 90.37 ± 3.23 % after 2 h in standard solution. The adsorption followed the pseudo-first order kinetic, with the constant of -0.0141. In contrast, 61.62 ± 7.88 % total PAHs were removed in VODD using TIO2-GR. Moreover, DFT calculation verified that the strongest adsorption effect occurred between TIO2-GR and PAHs, with the adsorption energy of -2.69 eV. Additionally, GR composite morphology would be changed when LP AH concentrations are higher than 30 µg kg-1. The results also indicated the retention rates tocopherol ranged from 91.91 ± 1.92 % to 99.22 ± 0.88 %. This study firstly provides a useful tool for PAH removal in VODDs while retaining tocopherol. Moreover, it will increase the understanding of adsorption process between PAHs and GR composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we discuss the cases of 62- and 71-year-old patients with osteonecrosis of the mandible, which had been treated for multiple myeloma (MM). The best-understood complications of MM are changes in the skeletal system, the nervous system, and the kidneys. Major symptoms affecting the bones are osteolysis and hypercalcemia. To reduce excessive bone turnover, patients receive bisphosphonate group drugs. The study aims to present cases of pharmacological treatment with pentoxylin and tocopherol (PENTO method) in patients with MRONJ during bisphosphonate treatment. The applied PENTO therapy caused the resolution of inflammatory symptoms and reduced pain and discomfort resulting from purulent extra-oral and intra-oral fistulas. All the actions undertaken helped avoid mutilating surgical procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choosing the right packaging material is of great importance as it has a great impact on the shelf life of foods. This study was carried out to determine the lipid characteristics, oil oxidation level and bioactive properties of hazelnut varieties (Tombul, Kara) stored for 1 year with jute (JP) and poly-propylene fabric weaving (PP) packaging materials under ambient conditions (average temperature, humidity; 16.7 °C, 74.4%). We observed a proportional decrease in oil content due to the increase in humidity during storage. Oleic, palmitic, saturated-fatty acids (SFA) and mono-unsaturated fatty acids decreased while linoleic acid and polyunsaturated-fatty acids (PUFA) increased. Over time, the amount of β-sitosterol, campesterol, total-sterol, α-tocopherol, total-tocopherol, carotenoid decreased due to oxidation. On the other hand, shortening of shelf life can be expected due to the increase in water activity, peroxide value, free-fatty acidity, unsaturated-fatty acids/SFA, PUFA/SFA, iodine value, decrease in oleic/linoleic and stability index. A common model could not be found because the packaging material effect behaves differently according to the varieties. However, PP maintained total phenolic better by 15.78% and 7.79% in Tombul and Kara, respectively. In general, it was determined that the storage time affected the investigated parameters, and it was observed that PP, whose use has increased in recent years, and JP, which is the traditional packaging materials, provide similar protection. As a result, in terms of the parameters examined, it was determined that it would be appropriate to use both packaging materials for the storage of hazelnuts for 1 year under the manufacturer's conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was realized to evaluate the effects of supplementation with blends of water and fat-soluble vitamins on animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls. Methods: Forty-three Nellore bulls, with an initial weight of 261±27.3 kg and a mean age of 8±1.0 months, were used. Five animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment (reference group), to determine the initial empty body weight of the bulls that remained in the experiment. The remaining 38 bulls were fed ad libitum and distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2×2 factorial scheme, with or without supplementation of water-soluble (B-blend+ or B-blend-) and fat-soluble (ADE+ or ADE-) vitamin blends. Diets were isonitrogenous (120 g of crude protein/kg dry matter [DM] of total mixed ration) and consisted of a roughage:concentrate rate of 30:70 based on total DM of diet. The experiment lasted 170 days, with 30 days of adaptation and 140 days for data collection. At the beginning and end of the experimental period, the bulls were weighed to determine the average daily gain. To estimate the apparent digestibility of nutrients and microbial efficiency, spot collections of feces and urine were performed for five consecutive days. Results: DM, ashes, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, neutral detergent fiber corrected for residual ash and residual nitrogenous, and N intake and apparent digestibility were not influenced by vitamin supplementation, but total digestible nutrients intake and non-fibrous carbohydrates digestibility were influenced by B complex vitamin supplementation. Nitrogen balance, microbial efficiency, and performance data were not influenced (p>0.05) by vitamin supplementation. Conclusion: Vitamin supplementation (a blend of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins or their combinations) does not influence the animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple varieties of flaxseeds have been identified in the world, yet the relationship between these varieties, their agronomic traits, and their seeds' quality remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the level of lignan, vitamins and carotenoids in 40 selected flaxseed varieties, and the relationship between varieties, agronomic traits, and seed quality was investigated. In this study, notably, fiber flax variety No. 225 exhibited the highest lignan content among all tested seeds. Additionally, oil variety No. 167 demonstrated the highest level of α-tocotrienol (α-T3), β-tocopherol (β-T), γ-tocotrienol (γ-T3), and β-carotene (β-Car.). Conversely, intermediate flax variety No. 16 displayed the highest content of α-tocopherol (α-T), but lowest content of lutein (Lut.), zeaxanthin (Zea.), β-carotene (β-Car.), and total carotenoids (Total Car.). Furthermore, a correlation was observed between petal color with the lignan, while a strong correlation has been explored in seed yield, seed type, plant natural height, and fiber content in straw. Nevertheless, further investigation is required to elucidate the internal relationship between varieties with compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

旨在为大豆油的精准适度加工以保留微量营养成分提供参考，对巴西和美国大豆原油、中和油、脱色油、脱臭油、脱臭馏出物的生育酚含量及其异构体占比进行了分析，探讨和研究生育酚在精炼各工段的变化及生育酚异构体的占比规律。结果表明：大豆油中生育酚在精炼各工段均有损失，脱臭工段损失最多,生育酚和α-、γ-、δ-生育酚异构体损失率分别为11.68%~19.37%、6.10%~1764%、11.56%~19.68%、17.29%~25.51%，在脱臭和整个精炼过程中3种生育酚异构体的损失率均表现为δ-生育酚>γ-生育酚>α-生育酚；与原油相比较，精炼后大豆油中α-、γ-生育酚占比分别增加了0.4~2.1百分点和0.1~1.2百分点，δ-生育酚占比减少了1.3~2.7百分点，说明大豆油中的δ-生育酚更容易被高温分解或挥发而被汽提蒸汽夹带进脱臭馏出物中；美国大豆原油酸值（KOH）在1.5 mg/g以下，其脱臭馏出物中生育酚含量在97 419~109 123 mg/kg，为原油的80~89倍，巴西大豆原油酸值（KOH）在1.5 ~3.3 mg/g，其脱臭馏出物中生育酚含量在34 678~83 803 mg/kg，为原油的59~84倍，美国和巴西的大豆油脱臭馏出物中α-、γ-、δ-生育酚占比分别为6.5%~9.3%、61.0%~62.4%、26.7%~31.4%和8.4%~9.9%，58.0~61.8%，28.0%~304%，与对应脱臭油相比较，美国和巴西的大豆油脱臭馏出物中α-、γ-生育酚占比分别减少了0.1~2.5百分点、4.5~6.7百分点和0.5~2.9百分点、2.9~69百分点，δ-生育酚占比分别增加了5.5~8.2百分点和5.6~7.8百分点，说明脱臭工段生育酚因挥发而被汽提蒸汽夹带的速率大小为δ-生育酚>α-生育酚>γ-生育酚。因此,应该优化脱臭工段的工艺条件，以最大程度避免生育酚的过度损失。Aiming to provide a reference for accurate and moderate processing of soybean oil to retain micronutrients, the content of tocopherol and its isomers proportion in crude oil, neutralized oil, decolorized oil, deodorized oil, and deodorized distillate processed with the soybean from Brazil and the United States was determined to study the changes rule of tocopherol in various refining stages and the proportion rule of tocopherols isomers. The results showed that tocopherol was lost in all refining stages, and the loss in deodorization stage was the largest with the loss rates of tocopherol and α-, γ-,δ- tocopherol were 11.68%-19.37%, 610%-1764%, 11.56%-19.68%, and 17.29%-2551%, respectively, and 3 isomers in deodorization stage and the whole refining both showed the following loss rates: δ- tocopherol>γ- tocopherol>α- tocopherol. Compared with crude oil, the proportion of α-,γ-tocopherol in refined soybean oil increased by 0.4-2.1 percentage points and 0.1-1.2 percentage points, respectively, and the proportion of δ-tocopherol decreased by 1.3-2.7 percentage points, indicating that δ- tocopherol was more easily decomposed or volatilized at high temperatures, and was carried into the deodorized distillate by the stripping steam. The acid value of US crude soybean oil was below 1.5 mgKOH/g, and the content of tocopherol in deodorized distillate was 97 419-109 123 mg/kg, which was 80-89 times that of crude oil. The acid value of Brazilian crude soybean oil was 1.5-3.3 mgKOH/g, and the content of tocopherol in deodorized distillate was 34 678-83 803 mg/kg, which was 59-84 times that of crude oil. The proportion of α-,γ-,δ- tocopherol in US and Brazilian deodorized distillate were 6.5%-9.3%,61.0%-62.4%,26.7%-31.4% and 84%-9.9%，58.0-61.8%，28.0%-30.4%, respectively. Compared with the corresponding deodorized oil, the proportion of α- tocopherol and γ-tocopherol decreased by 0.1-2.5 percentage points，4.5-6.7 percentage points and 05-2.9 percentage points，2.9-6.9 percentage points, respectively, and the proportion of δ- tocopherol increased by 5.5-8.2 percentage points and 5.6-78 percentage points,indicating that the rate of tocopherol trapped by stripping vapor was δ -tocopherol> α -tocopherol> γ -tocopherol. Therefore, the process conditions of the deodorization stage should be optimized to avoid excessive loss of tocopherol to the greatest extent possible.

Cholesterol analysis by derivatization technique is a time consuming, costly, and complex process while analyzing cholesterol without derivation is a simple, and quick method.Researchers analyzed cholesterol using both derivatization and non-derivatization techniques successfully. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of derivatization in cholesterol analysis particularly on bakery goods.The retention time of non-derivatized cholesterol (11.62 min) and non-derivatized α-tocopherol standard (11.60 min) was very close in HP-5 capillary GC column andthey eluted together while injected as mixed standard. As a result, cholesterol content determined by non-derivatized technique could be overestimated due to the presence of α-tocopherol inbakery products. The peak resolution (Rs) between derivatized cholesterol and derivatized α-tocopherol standard using the appliedgradient GC condition was 3.1 which is well separated (>1.5) based on AOAC guidelines. The derivatized gas chromatographic cholesterol analysis method was verified by limit of detection (LOD; 0.03 mg/100 g), limit of quantification (LOQ; 0.08 mg/100 g), linearity (R2; 0.999),precision (repeatability: relative standard deviation (RSD) 1.5 %; reproducibility: RSD 1.9 %), and accuracy (102.1 % recovery). The verified cholesterol analysis method was subsequently applied to determine cholesterol content in selected bakery items, yielding a range of 2.76 ± 0.06 mg/100 g (chrysanthemum bread) to 114.26 ± 4.72 mg/100 g (castella).

Tocopherols are fat soluble substances with antioxidant properties. The α-Tocopherol (T) is the major form of Tocopherols and can decrease the risk of cancer. F127-based and Lignin-based oil-in-water microemulsions seem to increase the bioavailability of T and cause better release of this therapeutic agent. Thus, T-loaded microemulsions were designed by means of density functional theory (DFT) and semi-empirical methods. Atoms in molecules (AIM), natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses, localized molecular orbital energy decomposition analysis (LMO-EDA), and density of states plots were employed to explore the effective factors on the strength of the interactions between surfactants and T. Results indicate that F127-T complexes are more stable than Lignin-T ones. Furthermore, the stable release of T in microemulsions is due to the electrostatic interactions between surfactants and T. Formation of hydrogen bond (HB) interactions between surfactants and T stabilizes the microemulsion system. These interplays are suggested to take part in the better function of T in microemulsions compared to free T. The semi-empirical study reveals that the heats of formation (ΔHf values) of the F127-T complexes are less negative than those for the Lignin-T ones.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of metabolic changes including hypertriglyceridemia, elevated glucose tolerance and fatty liver. The aim of this research was to study the bioactivity of petroleum ether extracts prepared from quinoa 1 and Hualhuas quinoa in a MS rat model. Fatty acids and α-tocopherol were assessed in the extracts. MS was induced by feeding a high fructose-high fat diet (HFFD). Four groups of rats were assigned: the control group, fed a balanced diet; the control group, fed a HFFD diet; and two test groups, fed on a HFFD diet and treated by either quinoa 1 or hualhuas extract. The Glucose tolerance, plasma lipids, oxidative stress biomarkers, liver lipids and histopathology of the liver and heart were assessed. The results showed that extracts from both quinoa varieties had the potential to prevent MS; although quinoa 1 was more effective. In both varieties, the major fatty acid was linoleic. Hualhuas showed a higher percentage of linolenic acid than quinoa 1; while more alpha-tocopherol was present in quinoa1.

Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) is an essential nutrient that functions as a major lipid-soluble antioxidant in humans. The alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) binds α-tocopherol with high affinity and selectivity and regulates whole-body distribution of the vitamin. Heritable mutations in the TTPA gene result in familial vitamin E deficiency, elevated indices of oxidative stress, and progressive neurodegeneration that manifest primarily in spinocerebellar ataxia. Although the essential role of vitamin E in neurological health has been recognized for over 50 years, the mechanisms by which this essential nutrient is transported in the central nervous system are poorly understood. Here we found that, in the murine cerebellum, TTP is selectively expressed in glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes, where it facilitates efflux of vitamin E to neighboring neurons. We also show that induction of oxidative stress enhances the transcription of the TtpA gene in cultured cerebellar astrocytes. Furthermore, secretion of vitamin E from astrocytes is mediated by an ABC-type transporter, and uptake of the vitamin into neurons involves the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1. Taken together, our data indicate that TTP-expressing astrocytes control the delivery of vitamin E from astrocytes to neurons, and that this process is homeostatically responsive to oxidative stress. These are the first observations that address the detailed molecular mechanisms of vitamin E transport in the central nervous system, and these results have important implications for understanding the molecular underpinnings of oxidative stress-related neurodegenerative diseases.

Current evidence suggests that dietary vitamin E (as α-tocopherol) intake has a beneficial role in preventing certain chronic diseases. In contrast, there is no clear evidence for the benefit of α-tocopherol supplements in a generally healthy population. Deficiency symptoms are rare and mainly occur due to genetic or other factors affecting α-tocopherol absorption and/or metabolism, rather than a low α-tocopherol intake. No qualified systematic review was identified by the NNR2023 project for updating the dietary reference values (DRV).

The aim was to apply a cassava starch/carboxymethyl cellulose blend-based edible coating added to a tocopherol mix to Brazil nuts and evaluate oxidative levels during storage. The edible coatings were prepared from a cassava starch/carboxymethyl cellulose blend and identified as control B (no soy lecithin and no tocopherol mix), L (with soy lecithin and no tocopherol mix), and LT and LT2 (with soy lecithin and tocopherol mix). In the forming solutions of the coatings, stability, viscosity, pH, and color were analyzed. The Brazil nuts were immersed in the solutions for 30 s, dried at 45 °C, and placed in an incubator at 25 °C. At 1, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 days of storage, mass loss, the browning index, conjugated dienes and trienes, the oxidative state by official methods, and the accelerated oxidation index were evaluated. The blend-forming solutions B, L, LT, and LT2 showed non-Newtonian and pseudoplastic behavior, excellent resistance to flow, and stability. The diene, triene, iodine value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, and total oxidation indices showed that the application of the cassava starch/carboxymethyl cellulose blend-based edible coating added tocopherol mix, LT, and LT2 preserved the Brazil nuts up to 90 days of storage at 25 °C. PCA shows that all coatings applied to Brazil nuts promoted oil preservation in some evaluation periods, especially those added with a tocopherol mix. It is concluded that cassava starch/CMC added tocopherol mix edible coatings have a potential application as active packaging for foods, especially nuts.

Brain alpha-tocopherol (αT) concentration was previously reported to be inversely associated with neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) counts in specific brain structures from centenarians. However, the contribution of natural or synthetic αT stereoisomers to this relationship is unknown. In this study, αT stereoisomers were quantified in the temporal cortex (TC) of 47 centenarians in the Georgia Centenarian Study (age: 102.2 ± 2.5 years, BMI: 22.1 ± 3.9 kg/m2) and then correlated with amyloid plaques (diffuse and neuritic plaques; DPs, NPs) and NFTs in seven brain regions. The natural stereoisomer, RRR-αT, was the primary stereoisomer in all subjects, accounting for >50% of total αT in all but five subjects. %RRR was inversely correlated with DPs in the frontal cortex (FC) (ρ = −0.35, p = 0.032) and TC (ρ = −0.34, p = 0.038). %RSS (a synthetic αT stereoisomer) was positively correlated with DPs in the TC (ρ = 0.39, p = 0.017) and with NFTs in the FC (ρ = 0.37, p = 0.024), TC (ρ = 0.42, p = 0.009), and amygdala (ρ = 0.43, p = 0.008) after controlling for covariates. Neither RRR- nor RSS-αT were associated with premortem global cognition. Even with the narrow and normal range of BMIs, BMI was correlated with %RRR-αT (ρ = 0.34, p = 0.021) and %RSS-αT (ρ = −0.45, p = 0.002). These results providing the first characterization of TC αT stereoisomer profiles in centenarians suggest that DP and NFT counts, but not premortem global cognition, are influenced by the brain accumulation of specific αT stereoisomers. Further study is needed to confirm these findings and to determine the potential role of BMI in mediating this relationship.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin with several forms. Among these, α-tocopherol (TOC) is preferentially absorbed and accumulated in humans. In the body, it acts as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from the damage caused by free radicals. It is an organic chemical compound that undergoes degradation upon irradiation with UV light. To protect this bioactive chemical compound from UV light degradation, encapsulation was carried out using zein as a shell material. Due to the unique phase diagram of TOC in aqueous ethanol, the encapsulation efficiency was >99%. The size of encapsulated particles was ~300 nm or smaller, and the thickness of the shell wall was ~30 nm. The presented procedure offers the most simple and efficient encapsulation process that yields edible products. The investigation of the irradiation effect of UV on TOC revealed that the encapsulation effectively blocks UV light and prevents TOC from being degraded. The presented procedure offers an instantaneous and highly efficient encapsulation process, which yields edible products.

为了在脱酸的同时尽可能保留米糠油中的营养成分，采用乙醇萃取脱酸结合碱性微晶纤维素吸附脱酸的低温物理脱酸技术对米糠油进行脱酸。以乙醇萃取脱酸米糠油为原料，以脱酸率为考察指标，采用单因素实验和正交实验对米糠油的吸附脱酸工艺条件进行了优化，同时对比了碱炼脱酸与乙醇萃取脱酸结合吸附脱酸对米糠油品质的影响。结果表明：最佳吸附脱酸工艺条件为碱性微晶纤维素添加量3.0%、吸附时间2.0 h、吸附温度40 ℃，在此条件下米糠原油经乙醇萃取脱酸结合吸附脱酸处理后，酸值（KOH）由35.04 mg/g降到0.92 mg/g，谷维素的保留率为73.0%，总甾醇保留率为74.3%，总生育酚保留率为56.5%；而米糠原油经碱炼脱酸处理后，酸值（KOH）由35.04 mg/g降到1.16 mg/g，谷维素的保留率为60.1%，总甾醇保留率为65.6%，总生育酚保留率为44.6%。可见，与传统碱炼脱酸相比，萃取脱酸结合吸附脱酸的方法对米糠油中谷维素、甾醇、生育酚的保留率更高，对游离脂肪酸的脱除效果更好。In order to retain nutrients in rice bran oil as much as possible while deacidifying, a low-temperature physical deacidification technology of ethanol extraction deacidification combined with alkaline microcrystalline cellulose adsorption deacidification was used to the deacidification of rice bran oil. The rice bran oil deacidified with ethanol extraction method was used as material, and the deacidification process of alkaline microcrystalline cellulose adsorption method was optimized by single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment using deacidification rate as the index. At the same time, the effects of alkali refining and ethanol extraction combined with adsorption deacidification on the quality of rice bran oil were compared. The results showed that the optimal conditions for adsorption deacidification method were as follows: alkaline microcrystalline cellulose amount 3.0%, adsorption time 2.0 h, and adsorption temperature 40 ℃. Under the optimal conditions, the acid value of rice bran oil decreased from 35.04 mgKOH/g (crude oil) to 0.92 mgKOH/g, the retention rate of oryzanol was 73.0%, the total phytosterol retention rate was 74.3%, and the total tocopherol retention rate was 56.5%. The acid value of rice bran oil with alkali refining decreased from 35.04 mgKOH/g(crude oil) to 1.16 mgKOH/g, and the retention rates of oryzanol, total phytosterol and total tocopherol were 60.1%, 65.6% and 44.6%, respectively. In conclusion, compared with traditional alkali refining, extraction combined with adsorption deacidification method has higher retention rate of oryzanol, phytosterol and tocopherol in rice bran oil, and better removal effect of free fatty acids.

Camelina oil is highly unsaturated and is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids. Camelina oil contains high amounts of tocopherol which confers a reasonable shelf life without the need for special storage conditions. Generally crud oils contain many unwanted matters which must be removed to yield a stable product with a bland or pleasant taste. Chemical refining includes degumming, neutralization, bleaching and deodorization as separate process. In this study, the qualitative (FFA and PV) and compositional characteristics of camelina oil obtained from four regions of Ilam, Kermanshah, Hamedan and Fars were investigated after chemical refining operations. Changes in composional specifications were also evaluated before and after the final stage of refining, deodorization.Oils were extracted from camelina seeds from above region by soxhlet method, The extracted oils were refined. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), tocopherols FFA and PV were determined. Collected data was subjected to a one- way analysis of variance and Duncan's posthoc at the P

Samples of oils from seven types of Ficus carica L. fruits from Algeria were investigated through determinations of their chemical characteristics, quantifying sterols and tocopherols, and analysis of the fatty acids profiles using gas chromatography, and evaluation of antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and total antioxidant activity (TAA) using phosphomolybdenum methods. The results show that acid values ranged from 3.14 to 6.95 mg KOH/g indicating on the high amount of free fatty acids in the figs oils. Neutral lipids occupy a very important proportion of the crude figs oils (NL: 60.30–98.40%) compared to glycolipids (GL: 0.58–28.00%) and phospholipids (PL: 0.40-11.70%). Linoleic (11.70–34.74%) and linolenic (1.15–35.27%) were the major unsaturated fatty acids found in lipid fractions, while the main fraction of saturated fatty acid was palmitic. The tocopherols and sterols contents in fig oils ranged from 14.27 to 108.55 mg α-TE/g lipids and from 0.36 to 2.80 mg CE/g lipids respectively. The best inhibition concentration (IC50) of DPPH antioxidant activity was marked by GL (0.23–1.06 g/L) and PL (0.67–1.23 g/L). The strongest TAA was also marked by GL (IC50: 2.84 to 10.08 g/L) and PL (IC50: 3.73–11.30 g/L). This finding demonstrated for the first time that the studied figs oils possessed good antioxidant activity which may be associated with their alleged health benefits.

为提高牡丹籽油乳液的氧化稳定性，将叔丁基对苯二酚（TBHQ）与天然抗氧化剂（生育酚、抗坏血酸）进行复配，测定不同抗氧化剂对牡丹籽油乳液的抗氧化作用，并分析了不同复配抗氧化剂的相互作用机制。结果表明：在贮藏30 d时，添加和未添加抗氧化剂牡丹籽油乳液的粒径相较于0 d 均略有增加，200 mg/kg TBHQ与800 mg/kg抗坏血酸复配时乳液的Zeta电位绝对值最大，且抗氧化作用最强；TBHQ与抗坏血酸表现出较好的协同抗氧化作用，与生育酚表现出拮抗作用；TBHQ与生育酚之间拮抗作用的原因主要是TBHQ减少了生育酚在牡丹籽油乳液中油水界面的含量，而TBHQ与抗坏血酸之间协同作用主要是由于抗坏血酸增加了TBHQ在牡丹籽油乳液中油水界面的含量。综上，TBHQ与抗坏血酸复配能提高牡丹籽油乳液的氧化稳定性。In order to improve the oxidative stability of peony seed oil emulsion, tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) was complexed with natural antioxidants (tocopherol and ascorbic acid), and the antioxidant effects of different antioxidants on the peony seed oil emulsion were determined and the mechanism of interaction between the different complexed antioxidants was analyzed. The results showed that the particle size of peony seed oil emulsion with and without antioxidants increased slightly at the 30 d of storage compared with that at the 0 d of storage. The absolute value of the Zeta potential of the emulsion added with 200 mg/kg TBHQ and 800 mg/kg ascorbic acid was the largest and the antioxidant effect was the strongest. TBHQ showed better synergistic antioxidant effect with ascorbic acid, and antagonistic effect with tocopherol. The antagonistic effect between TBHQ and tocopherol was mainly due to the fact that TBHQ reduced the content of tocopherol in the oil-water interface in peony seed oil emulsion, while the synergistic effect between TBHQ and ascorbic acid was mainly due to the fact that ascorbic acid increased the content of TBHQ in the oil-water interface in peony seed oil emulsion. In conclusion, the combination of TBHQ and ascorbic acid can effectively improve the oxidation stability of peony seed oil emulsion.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different harvest times of hazelnuts on their lipid profiles and bioactive compound accumulations. Tombul hazelnut cultivar was harvested at four different harvest stages, namely in PH (pre-harvest time), EH (early harvest time), NH (normal harvest time) and LH (late harvest time). According to the results of the study, oil accumulation continued up to NH but did not further increase into LH (from 49.58 to 58.54 mg/100 g). Oxidative stability indices changed positively due to decreased poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from 9.87 to 7.70% in LH. The highest total sterol amount was reached in LH (122.32 mg/100 g). Although the change in the tocopherol content in the oil was irregular with the progression of the harvest time, its amount in the nuts increased continuously. Total carotenoid, phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS) peaked in EH and decreased to a minimum in LH.

The cause and trend of color change and their links to oxidative properties were investigated by simulating shelf storage conditions for fragrant rapeseed oils (FROs). Under illumination, the L* value gradually increased with the storage time. The a* and b* values showed different trends depending on brands. The photodegradation rates of chlorophylls were 8.6 ∼ 15 times higher than those of carotenoids. The change in color of FROs was mainly caused by the light-induced photodegradation of chlorophyll. Compared with the hydroperoxides, the contents of some secondary oxidation products [i.e., 2-butenal, octane, (Z)-2-octene, 2,4-octadiene, (Z)-2-heptenal, (E, E)-2,4-heptadienal, and (E)-2-decenal] were more closely associated with the color variation with correlation coefficients of 0.6 ∼ 0.94. Significant negative correlation was found between α-tocopherol content and oil color difference. Therefore, illumination was the main reason for the color degradation of the FROs. The varying degree of color difference was strongly linked to the quality deterioration caused by oxidation.

Tocopherols serve a critical role as antioxidants inhibiting lipid peroxidation in photosynthetic organisms, yet are seldom used in geobiological investigations. The ubiquity of tocopherols in all photosynthetic lifeforms is often cited as an impediment to any diagnostic paleoenvironmental potential, while the inability to readily analyze these compounds via conventional methods, such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, further diminishes the capacity to serve as useful 'biomarkers'. Here, we analyzed an exceptionally preserved black shale sequence from the Demerara Rise that spans Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE‐2) to reexamine the significance of tocopherols and associated derivatives (i.e. tocol derivatives) in ancient sediments. Tocol derivatives were analyzed via liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight–mass spectrometry and included tocopherols, a methyltrimethyltridecylchroman, and the first reported detection of tocopherol quinones and methylphytylbenzoquinones in the geologic record. Strong correlations between tocol derivatives were observed over the studied interval. Tocol derivative concentrations and ratios, which normalized tocopherols to potential derivatives, revealed absolute and relative increases in tocopherols as exclusive features of OAE‐2 that can be explained by two possible mechanisms related to tocopherol production and preservation. The development of photic zone euxinia during OAE‐2 likely forced an upward migration of oxygenic photoautotrophs, increasing oxidative stress that elicited heightened tocopherol biosynthesis. However, shoaling euxinic conditions may have simultaneously acted to enhance tocopherol preservation given the relatively high lability of tocopherols in the water column. Both scenarios could produce the observed stratigraphic distribution of tocol derivatives in this study, although the elevated tocopherol concentrations that define OAE‐2 at the Demerara Rise are primarily attributed to enhanced tocopherol production by shoaling phytoplanktonic communities. Thus, the occurrence of tocopherols and associated derivatives in sediments and rocks of marine origin is likely indicative of shallow‐water anoxia, tracking the phytoplanktonic response to the abiotic stresses associated with vertical fluctuations in pelagic redox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin E represents a group of lipophilic phenolic compounds, including α‐tocopherol, β‐tocopherol, γ‐tocopherol, and δ‐tocopherol, and α‐tocotrienol, β‐tocotrienol, γ‐tocotrienol, and δ‐tocotrienol isomers. Different forms of vitamin E have been proven to exhibit varying biological activities. However, due to their structural similarities, the separation of vitamin E isomers is a challenging task. Therefore, it is crucial to establish an efficient method for isolating individual isomers. In this study, co‐current countercurrent chromatography was employed to isolate vitamin E isomers from commercial capsules using a n‐heptane‐methanol‐water (10:9.5:0.5, v/v) solvent system. The partition coefficients of the main constituents in the capsules ranged from 0.94 to 6.23, requiring over 450 min for a complete separation. To improve separation efficiency, a co‐current elution mode was implemented and the flow rates of the two liquid phases as well as sample amount were examined. The results suggested that increasing the flow rate of the stationary phase and sample size could result in more effective separation, shorter separation time, and higher yield. It proved that co‐current countercurrent chromatography was an effective method for the separation of vitamin E isomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin E, as the most important lipophilic antioxidant of eukaryotic cells, plays an important role in human nutrition. So far, information has focused on the content of vitamin E in raw food materials or foods, and its losses under various processes and culinary treatments. However, the different degradation rates of its eight different forms, four tocopherols and four tocotrienols, during the preparation of oven-ready products have not been clearly and in detail described. Therefore, the aim of our research was to determine the changes in the content of tocochromanols and to evaluate the risks of the loss of these substances while preparing frozen French fries baked in classic and microwave ovens. The tocochromanols were determined using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with an amperometric detector. The results showed a statistically insignificant loss of γ-tocopherol (γ-T), δ-tocopherol (δ-T), γ-tocotrienol (γ-T3) and δ-tocotrienol (δ-T3). Conversely, the losses of α-tocopherol (α-T), α-tocotrienol (α-T3), the total content of tocochromanols and the vitamin E content in α-tocopherol equivalents (α-TE) were statistically significant (p < 0.01). These losses were independent of the type of baking (conventional heating, heating with air circulation, grill, microwave heating, microwave and grill heating) and averaged at 0.80 mg/kg of the original fries (9.1% of the original content) for α-T, 0.44 mg/kg (36.6%) for α-T3, 1.11 mg/kg (12.7%) for the sum of the tocochromanols and 0.92 mg/kg (12.6%) for the vitamin E content expressed as α-TE. These dishes contained 0.4% to 26% of the daily requirement of vitamin E, based on a 100 g portion, depending on the fat used in the manufacture of the products. The choice of the right frying medium on the part of the manufacturer can increase the content of vitamin E both in the semi-finished product and in the final food, and consequently also its dietary intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The present study investigated Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) outbreaks in cattle, examining the virus's genotoxic impact and antioxidant therapy efficacy. PCR-confirmed infected cattle were divided into control and treated groups. Selenium and vitamin E were administered to the treated group. Post-therapy, there were notable improvements in hematological indices and reduced serum nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels. A strong correlation was found between serum nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and genetic damage. Ordinal logistic regression analysis indicated that substantially improved genotoxicity in treated animals. In conclusion, LSD induces oxidative stress and genotoxicity in cattle, effectively mitigated by Selenium and vitamin E therapy. Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a contagious infection of cattle caused by a virus of the Poxviridae family, genus Capripoxvirus. In Pakistan, recent outbreaks have resulted in significant nationwide mortality and economic losses. A 20-day prospective cohort study was performed on sixty infected cattle with the aim to evaluate LSD-induced oxidative stress's genotoxic role and to determine the ameliorative effect of antioxidant therapy using principal component analysis (PCA) and a multivariable ordinal logistic regression model. LSDV was identified from scab samples and nodular lesions using RPO30-specific gene primers. The infected cattle were divided into control and treated groups. The animals were observed initially and finally on day 20 to evaluate the homeostatic, oxidative, and genotoxic changes. The animals in the treated group were administered a combination of selenium (Se) and vitamin E at the standard dose rate for five consecutive days. A substantial (p < 0.05) improvement in the hematological indices was observed in the treated group. The treated group also showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in levels of serum nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) post-therapy. The PCA at the final sampling data of the treated group showed that Principal Component (PC1 eigenvalue 1.429) was influenced by superoxide dismutase (SOD; 0.3632), catalase (CAT; 0.2906), and glutathione (GSH; 0.0816) and PC2 (eigenvalue 1.200) was influenced by CAT (0.4362), MDA (0.2056), and NO (0.0693). A significant correlation between serum NO (76%) and MDA levels (80%) was observed with genetic damage index (GDI) scores. The ordinal logistic regression model regarding the use of antioxidant therapy revealed 73.95-times (95%CI; 17.36–314.96) improvement in the GDI in treated animals. The multivariable ordinal logistic regression showed that each unit increase in NO and MDA resulted in a 13% increase in genotoxicity in infected individuals. In conclusion, our study revealed that LSD-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation product causes genotoxicity in affected animals. Furthermore, the combined Se and vitamin E therapy significantly alleviated oxidative stress and genotoxicity in LSD-affected cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are exposed to a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses leading to increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells. ROS are capable of oxidizing proteins, pigments, lipids, nucleic acids, and other cell molecules, disrupting their functional activity. During the process of evolution, numerous antioxidant systems were formed in plants, including antioxidant enzymes and low molecular weight non-enzymatic antioxidants. Antioxidant systems perform neutralization of ROS and therefore prevent oxidative damage of cell components. In the present review, we focus on the biosynthesis of non-enzymatic antioxidants in higher plants cells such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), glutathione, flavonoids, isoprenoids, carotenoids, tocopherol (vitamin E), ubiquinone, and plastoquinone. Their functioning and their reactivity with respect to individual ROS will be described. This review is also devoted to the modern genetic engineering methods, which are widely used to change the quantitative and qualitative content of the non-enzymatic antioxidants in cultivated plants. These methods allow various plant lines with given properties to be obtained in a rather short time. The most successful approaches for plant transgenesis and plant genome editing for the enhancement of biosynthesis and the content of these antioxidants are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nano-vitamins and minerals are used in animal nutrition to improve performance and health of broiler chickens as a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Objective: To evaluate the effect of several levels of a dietary nano α-tocopherol acetate plus selenium compound (NTS) on growth, intestinal histomorphometry, carcass traits, and immune status of broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 240 one-day-old Ross 308 chickens were randomly divided into four groups, each one with three pens (n=20 per pen). Four doses of nano α-tocopherol acetate and selenium (0, 5, 7, and 10 mg/kg) were included in the basal diet for 42 days. Results: Final body weight, cumulative body weight gain, and final conversion ratio significantly improved with increasing NTS levels (p<0.05). Carcass traits and weight of internal organs increased in the groups fed 7 and 10 mg/kg NTS. High NTS doses significantly increased immune vaccine titers against Newcastle disease, avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease, and infectious bronchitis. Moreover, dietary addition of NTS improved intestinal morphometry. Conclusion: Thus, NTS (7 and 10 mg/kg) can be added to poultry rations to improve production, carcass characteristics, and immune status of broilers. Further studies are needed to evaluate NTS residues in meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different harvest times of hazelnuts on their lipid profiles and bioactive compound accumulations. Tombul hazelnut cultivar was harvested at four different harvest stages, namely in PH (pre-harvest time), EH (early harvest time), NH (normal harvest time) and LH (late harvest time). According to the results of the study, oil accumulation continued up to NH but did not further increase into LH (from 49.58 to 58.54 mg/100 g). Oxidative stability indices changed positively due to decreased poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from 9.87 to 7.70% in LH. The highest total sterol amount was reached in LH (122.32 mg/100 g). Although the change in the tocopherol content in the oil was irregular with the progression of the harvest time, its amount in the nuts increased continuously. Total carotenoid, phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS) peaked in EH and decreased to a minimum in LH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tomato processing industry generates a significant amount of a by‐product (pomace), which is a mixture of peels and seeds. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of conventional oven‐roasting (at 120°C, 150°C, and 180°C for 25 min) and innovative microwave‐roasting (at 240, 388, and 536 W for 3 min) pretreatments on the physicochemical properties, fatty acid profiles, bioactive contents, and aroma profiles of tomato seeds and their hexane‐extracted oils. The total flavonoids contents (TFCs) of the seeds decreased from 258.40 to 141.20 mg quercetin equivalent (QE) per kg after roasting. All roasting treatments improved the extractability of both α‐ and γ‐tocopherols. The amounts of total tocopherols in the seeds increased from 917.61 to 1256.25 mg kg–1 after pretreatment. Luteolin was found to be the most abundant phenolic in seed oils, increasing from 10.68 to 91.72 mg kg–1, followed by quercetin, ferulic acid, and catechin. Within each roasting technique, the ones treated at 150°C and 338 W yielded the oils with the highest concentrations of aroma compounds, 418 and 92 mg kg–1, respectively. The detrimental effect of microwave‐roasting on these compounds was more pronounced. In conclusion, microwave‐roasting at shorter times than conventional roasting produced tomato seed oils with well‐preserved bioactive components and few unfavorable changes. Industrial relevance: Conventional oven‐roasting has been widely applied to oilseeds to improve oil yield as well as to obtain desirable sensory characteristics of extracted oils for years. However, longer roasting times may also cause detrimental changes in the properties of oils. On the other side, microwave‐assisted applications as an emerging technology provide homogenous and well‐controlled heat distribution, shorter treatment times, and considerable energy savings for the processing of various foods. Microwave technology has been easily scaled up and is currently employed for sterilization, drying, pasteurization, precooking, and extraction by the food and chemistry industries. Therefore, the present research suggests the use of microwaves for comparatively short roasting times to produce edible oils with enhanced physicochemical attributes and bioactives contents, and well‐maintained sensory properties. This promising innovative technology has the potential to be industrialized for a cost‐effective seed roasting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tocotrienols and tocopherols, which are synthesized in plastids of plant cells with similar functionalities, comprise vitamin E to serve as a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant in plants. The synthesis of tocopherols involves the condensation of homogentisic acid (HGA) and phytyl diphosphate (PDP) under the catalysis of homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT). Tocotrienol synthesis is initiated by the condensation of HGA and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) mediated by homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT). As one of the most important oil crops, canola seed is regarded as an ideal plant to efficiently improve the production of vitamin E tocochromanols through genetic engineering approaches. However, only a modest increase in tocopherol content has been achieved in canola seed to date. Methods: In this study, we transformed barley HGGT (HvHGGT) into canola to improve total tocochromanol content in canola seeds. Results and discussion: The results showed that the total tocochromanol content in the transgenic canola seeds could bemaximally increased by fourfold relative to that in wild-type canola seeds. Notably, no negative impact on important agronomic traits was observed in transgenic canola plants, indicating great application potential of the HvHGGT gene in enhancing tocochromanol content in canola in the future. Moreover, the oil extracted from the transgenic canola seeds exhibited significantly enhanced oxidative stability under high temperature in addition to the increase in total tocochromanol content, demonstrating multiple desirable properties of HvHGGT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α-tocopherol is a vitamin E isoform with potent antioxidant activity, while the γ-tocopherol isoform of vitamin E exerts more pro-inflammatory effects. In maternal–fetal environments, increased plasma α-tocopherol concentrations are associated with positive birth outcomes, while higher γ-tocopherol concentrations are linked with negative pregnancy outcomes. However, little is known about tocopherol concentrations in placental tissue and their role in modulating placental oxidative stress, a process that is implicated in many complications of pregnancy. The objectives of this research are to evaluate the concentrations of α- and γ-tocopherol in placental tissue and assess relationships with maternal and umbilical cord plasma concentrations. A total of 82 mother–infant dyads were enrolled at the time of delivery, and maternal and umbilical cord blood samples and placenta samples were collected. α- and γ-tocopherol concentrations in these samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). γ-tocopherol concentrations demonstrated significant, positive correlations among all sample types (p-values < 0.001). Placental tissue had a significantly lower ratio of α:γ-tocopherol concentrations when compared to maternal plasma and umbilical cord plasma (2.9 vs. 9.9 vs. 13.2, respectively; p < 0.001). Additional research should explore possible mechanisms for tocopherol storage and transfer in placental tissue and assess relationships between placental tocopherol concentrations and measures of maternal–fetal oxidative stress and clinical outcomes of pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changing global climate have given rise to abiotic stresses that adversely affect the metabolic activities of plants, limit their growth, and agricultural output posing a serious threat to food production. The abiotic stresses commonly lead to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that results in cellular oxidation. Over the course of evolution, plants have devised efficient enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidative strategies to counteract harmful effects of ROS. Among the emerging non-enzymatic anti-oxidative technologies, the chloroplast lipophilic antioxidant vitamin A (Tocopherol) shows great promise. Working in coordination with the other cellular antioxidant machinery, it scavenges ROS, prevents lipid peroxidation, regulates stable cellular redox conditions, simulates signal cascades, improves membrane stability, confers photoprotection and enhances resistance against abiotic stresses. The amount of tocopherol production varies based on the severity of stress and its proposed mechanism of action involves arresting lipid peroxidation while quenching singlet oxygen species and lipid peroxyl radicals. Additionally, studies have demonstrated its coordination with other cellular antioxidants and phytohormones. Despite its significance, the precise mechanism of tocopherol action and signaling coordination are not yet fully understood. To bridge this knowledge gap, the present review aims to explore and understand the biosynthesis and antioxidant functions of Vitamin E, along with its signal transduction and stress regulation capacities and responses. Furthermore, the review delves into the light harvesting and photoprotection capabilities of tocopherol. By providing insights into these domains, this review offers new opportunities and avenues for using tocopherol in the management of abiotic stresses in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recycling of metabolic products is a major way to reduce the energy cost of de novo biosynthesis. The salvage pathways involved not only regain a metabolic product but also generate additional molecules that might serve specific physiological, developmental and/or defensive functions. The isoprenoid pathway is a perfect example of a fine-regulated biosynthetic pathway, by virtue of the large number of molecules with different functions that must be synthesized simultaneously. Additionally, isoprenoid salvage pathways have been characterized. Thus, to produce isoprenoid precursors such as farnesyl diphosphate or phytyl diphosphate, short-chain isoprenols recovered from end-chain metabolites are phosphorylated. In the first instance, the so-called FPP-salvage machinery recycles farnesyl diphosphate from proteolyzed farnesylated proteins. In a second example, phytyl diphosphate is recycled from degraded chlorophyll, to be used for the biosynthesis of vitamin E. Both compounds are recovered as alcohols and require two phosphorylation events to be reactivated and reintegrated into the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. This review covers current knowledge of isoprenol biosynthesis, metabolism and function, as well as potential benefits of recycling pathways for plants, with a particular focus on stress responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aimed to determine the chemical properties (fatty acid composition, oil content, sterol and tocopherol compositions) of the oils extracted from the seeds of safflower (Dinçer, Remzibey, Balci, Linas, Yenice, Olas) varieties harvested in different periods from flowering to ripening period. In parallel with the increase of harvest time, the humidity rate decreased, while the oil ratios increased. It was determined that palmitic (16:0) and stearic (18:0) acids, which are significant saturated fatty acids, and oleic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2) acids, which are unsaturated fatty acids, are quite high in the oils of all safflower varieties. These fatty acids showed significant changes from the first harvest to the last harvest. The total saturated fatty acid ratios decreased, while the amount of unsaturated fatty acids increased as the maturation progressed. The first and latest harvest samples of Dinçer, Remzibey, Balcı, Linas, Yenice, Olas cultivars were selected and their sterol and tocopherol compositions were examined. The highest level of sterol in all cultivars was β‐sitosterol and the amount of sterols decreased towards full maturity. It was determined that α‐tocopherol was the dominant tocopherol found in the safflower oils and the amount of tocopherol increased towards full maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

为明确元宝枫种仁的营养成分，对元宝枫种仁含油率、粗蛋白质含量，元宝枫种仁粕中氨基酸组成及含量、矿质元素组成及元宝枫种仁油的总脂肪酸、Sn-2位脂肪酸组成及含量、生育酚含量进行测定。结果表明：元宝枫种仁的含油率为43.7%，粗蛋白质含量为35.13%；元宝枫种仁粕中含有17种氨基酸，其中7种人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的33.78%，是理想的蛋白质资源；元宝枫种仁粕中含有丰富的矿质元素，常量元素中K含量为6 372.8 μg/g，Na含量仅为346.5 μg/g，属于高钾低钠食品，微量元素中Mn含量较高，为68.1 μg/g，且未检出重金属元素；元宝枫种仁油主要由12种脂肪酸组成，神经酸含量达到5.89%，以亚油酸和α-亚麻酸为主的多不饱和脂肪酸主要分布在Sn-2位；元宝枫种仁油中生育酚总量为1 230.70 mg/kg，以γ-生育酚含量最高，达到792.62 mg/kg。元宝枫种仁营养丰富，可作为神经酸、生育酚和氨基酸的重要来源，其油脂可作为富含神经酸的保健食用油。 To clarify the nutritional components of Acer truncatum seed kernel, the contents of oil and crude protein in Acer truncatum seed kernel, the amino acid composition and mineral element composition of Acer truncatum seed kernel meal, the composition of total fatty acids, Sn-2 fatty acids and tocopherol content in Acer truncatum seed kernel oil were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of oil and crude protein in Acer truncatum seed kernel were 43.7% and 35.13% respectively. Acer truncatum seed kernel meal contained 17 kinds of amino acids, of which 7 kinds of essential amino acids accounted for 33.78%, and it was an ideal protein resource. Acer truncatum seed kernel meal was rich in mineral elements, with K content in major elements of 6 372.8 μg/g, and Na content of 346.5 μg/g, belonging to high potassium and low sodium food. The Mn content in trace elements was higher(68.1 μg/g), and no heavy metal element was detected. Acer truncatum seed kernel oil was mainly composed of 12 kinds of fatty acids, and the content of nervonic acid reached 5.89%. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, were mainly distributed in Sn-2 position. The total contents of tocopherols in Acer truncatum seed kernel oil was 1 230.70 mg/kg, in which γ- tocopherol content was the highest, reaching 792.62 mg/kg. Acer truncatum seed kernel is rich in nutrition and can be used as an important source of nervonic acid, tocopherol and amino acids. Acer truncatum seed kernel oil can be used as a health edible oil.