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Medium rearing of the P. monodon Fabricius seed at the hatcheries usually used closed system and without water changes during culture period, until certain time the water quality could deterioted. The purpose of this research was to understand the effects of recirculation system on the water qualities (total suspended solids, ammonia, ammonium, nitrite and dissolved oxygen) of tiger shrimp (P. monodon Fabricius) seed medium. This research was conducted in the hatchery of Marine Science of Diponegoro University at Teluk Awur. The research used experimental method with two treatments, recirculation and non-recirculation system. Concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia, nitrite and dissolved oxygen (DO) were descriptive analyzed. Average concentration on recirculation system of TSS was 0,570 mg/L, ammonia was 0,039 mg/L, nitrite was 0,076 mg/L and DO was 6,00 mg/L. Average concentration on without recirculation system of TSS was 0,983 mg/L, ammonia was 0,09 mg/L, nitrite was 0,2 mg/L and DO was 3,86 mg/L. The resirculation rearing system was improve water quality on tiger shrimp seed medium. Keywords : Water Quality, Recirculation System, Tiger Shrimp (P. monodon Fabricius) Budidaya benih udang windu (P. monodon Fabricius) pada bak pembenihan umumnya menggunakan sistem tertutup dan air media tidak diganti, sehingga dalam waktu tertentu dapat terjadi penurunan kualitas air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan kualitas air (MPT, amonia, amonium, nitrit dan DO) pada pemeliharaan benih udang windu (P. monodon Fabricius) dengan sistem resirkulasi dan tanpa resirkulasi. Penelitian dilakukan di Marine Center, Jurusan Ilmu Kelautan, Teluk Awur, Jepara. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental dengan dua perlakuan yaitu penggunaan sistem resirkulasi dan tanpa resirkulasi. Data konsentrasi material padatan tersuspensi (MPT), amonia, nitrit, oksigen terlarut (DO), pH dan suhu selama penelitian dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada sistem resirkulasi konsentrasi rata – rata MPT 0,570 mg/L, amonia 0,039 mg/L, nitrit 0,076 mg/L dan DO 6,00 mg/L, sedangkan pada bak tanpa sistem resirkulasi konsentrasi rata – rata MPT 0,983 mg/L, amonia 0,09 mg/L, nitrit 0,2 mg/L dan DO 3,86 mg/L. Sistem resirkulasi mampu memperbaiki kualitas air media pemeliharaan benih udang windu. Kata kunci: Kualitas Air, Sistem Resirkulasi, Udang Windu (Pennaeus monodon Fabricius).

Very low naturally mating rate of pond-reared tiger shrimp broodstock is probably due to the slow maturation of the male stock. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salmon gonadotrophin releasing hormone analoque (sGnRHa) in stimulating the gonadal maturation of male stock of pond-reared tiger shrimp. The treatments were three dosages of sGnRHa at 0.1 (OV-1), 0.2 (OV-2), and 0.3 (OV-3) mL/kg of shrimp weight and control was eye stalk ablation (AB). The sGnRHa was administered via injection three times with one week interval. Male stocks with average initial body weight of 82.1 g were randomly distributed into four of 10 m3 concrete tanks, 26 males for each tank. Variables observed were performances of spermatophores and profiles of amino acid and fatty acid of muscle of the male stocks. After induction, number of male maturing indicated by spermatophores releasing from terminal ampullas was higher in shrimp induced with OV-1 (80.8%) compared to control which was only 46.1%. Furthermore, shrimp treated OV-2 had the highest spermatophore weight of 0.16 g compared to control (0.11 g) and other two groups. Amino acid profiles improved as the dose of sGnRHa increased up to 0.2 mL/kg from 61.23% for ablated male becoming 71.27% for OV-2. Total fatty acid also tended to improve by increasing the dose of hormone injection, however, the ablated male had higher total fatty acid content than that of OV-1. The present finding demonstrated that the dose of sGnRHa to stimulate the gonadal maturation of pond-reared male tiger shrimp could be applied at range between 0.1-0.2 mL/kg of shrimp weight.

Vibrio harveyi causes disease of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) aquaculture in East Kalimantan. This research aimed to investigate the susceptibility of tiger shrimp on various molt stage and osmolarity, and determine the salinity (osmolarity) of water that can reduce the risk of V. harveyi attack. Shrimp age of 1.5 months was maintained in 4 aquariums with salinity 29.72 ‰, 26.07 ‰, 22.35 ‰ and 17.79 ‰, then challenged with V. harveyi. After 7 and 14 days, osmolarity of haemolimph was observed with automatic osmometer and Digital Roebling Osmometer. The susceptibility of tiger shrimp to V. harveyi was evaluated based on clinical symptoms, pathological anatomy of shrimp and density of V. harveyi (TPC) in the hepatopancreas. Osmolarities of shrimp haemolymph at premolt, postmolt, and intermolt stage were 575.30-812.60; 534.00-788.80, and 566.20-795.60 mOsm/l H2O, respectively. The lowest bacterial content in the premolt stage was maintained at a salinity 22.35 ‰, and the highest one was obtained in postmolt stage at 29.72 ‰. The molting and postmolt stage were the most susceptible to V. harveyi attacks. The results suggested that the shrimp maintained at 22.35 ‰ salinity was less susceptible to V. harveyi.

Yeast and lactic acid bacteria are often used as probiotics. This study aimed to determine the effect of giving yeast and LAB probiotic using fruit waste as a microbial medium on the productivity of tiger shrimp postlarvae (Panaeus monodon). As many as 120 tiger shrimp post-larvae were acclimatized for 2 days. The tiger shrimps post-larvae were divided into 4 treatments; a control group tiger shrimp post larvae without given yeast and LAB probiotic (P0); treatment 1 (P1); treatment 2 (P2) and treatment 3 (P3) in sequence shrimp post larvae given 25 ml; 50 ml; and 75 ml yeast and LAB probiotic/15 L of water. Yeast and LAB probiotic was given in shrimps post-larvae live media for 3 weeks(once per week). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) following the Duncan test. The results of this study showed that yeast and LAB probiotic at a dose 25ml/15 L of water can increase the growth of tiger shrimp post-larvae, reduce the amount ofVibriosp. and maintain the quality of tiger shrimp post larvae environment.

Objective: To report the effectiveness of various concentrations of garlic juice on inhibition zone of Gram-positive bacteria isolated from tiger shrimps. Methods: Four concentrations of garlic juice used in this research were: 0%, 12.5%, 25% and 50%. Two different bacteria were successfully isolated from tiger shrimps categorized as Gram-positive. The bacterial inhibition zone revealed that garlic juice could inhibit the growth of these bacteria in the form of clear zone on media. Results: The average diameters of inhibition zone from those two bacteria were significantly increased in garlic juice receiving group compared with the control (untreated) group (P < 0.05). For bacteria B, this increase was dose dependent manner. Conclusions: These findings demonstrated the potential of garlic as a natural alternative to currently used antibacterial agent for Gram-positive infection in the tiger shrimp.

One of the factors that affect the growth of tiger shrimp is the quality of feed. Nutrient content in feed such as protein, carbohydrate and fat, generally used as a parameter of feed quality. Feed consumed by shrimp is not all digested, one of which depends on the enzymatic ability of the shrimp digestive tract. The use of probiotic bacteria in addition to having the ability to reduce colonies, inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, and neutralize water quality, probiotic bacteria can help digestibility of the intestine. The aim of this research is to know the growth and survival of post larvae of shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabr.) Through the provision of probiotics with different doses. The research was conducted at Balai Fish Fishing Hall of Muna Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Post larva shrimp tiger (PL-20) of 120 tails, maintained for 28 days. The tested treatment was probiotic dose 5 ml (treatment A), dose 10 ml treatment B), dose 15 ml (treatment C), and without probiotics (control). Probiotics are given every 7 days on water maintenance media using a pipette (0.5-20 ml scale). Weighing results showed relatively high post-larva shrimp larvae growth of 400.00% (treatment B); 291.67% (treatment C); of 233.33% (treatment A) and equal to 58.33% (Control). Variation analysis result showed that giving of probiotic with different dose gave real effect (P

Tiger shrimp diseases have occured in Indonesian shrimp ponds for more than two decades. In order to overcome this problem, five types of the RICA probiotic bacteria were tested in nine 250 m2 semi-intensive ponds of the Research and Development Institute for Coastal Aquaculture Marana Station. In the present study three different alternate use of the RICA probiotics were tested for tiger shrimp culture incompletely randomized design experiment. There were three treatments here namely: A) alternate use of probiotic bacteria RICA-1, RICA-2, RICA-3; B) alternate use of probiotic bacteria RICA-4, RICA-5, RICA-3, and C) control (without probiotic bacteria); each treatment were applied in three replications. The results showed that survival rate and production of tiger shrimp in treatment A (55.8% and 14.9 kg/pond) and B (52.7% and 16.7 kg/pond) were significantly better (P0.05). The average total bacteria population in the cultured water media of treatment A (4.32 x 104 cfu/mL) and B (5.18 x 104 cfu/mL) were relatively higher than control (1.46 x 104 cfu/mL). However the percentage ratio of Vibrio spp. and total bacteria population in the cultured water media of treatment A and B were relatively lower than control. The lower survival rate and production of tiger shrimp in control (C) compared to probiotic treatments (A and B) were not just affected by the increase of Vibrio spp. ratio, but also affected by the increase of total organic matter and nitrite concentrations in the control ponds that were relatively higher than treatment A and B.

The role of tiger shrimp defense against invading pathogen on molecular level such antiviral gene expression is limited to be reported. Gene expression is a process which codes information of genes that is converted to the protein as a phenotype. Distribution of PmAV antivirus gene, that has been reported as an important gene on non-specific response immune, is needed to be observed to several organs/tissues and size of tiger shrimp. The aim of this study is to determine the distribution of gene antiviral expression at several organ/tissue and size of shrimp. The organs/tissues observed in this study were: gill, hepatopancres, muscle tissue, eyes, heart, stomach, gonad, and intestine. While the size of shrimp consisted of three groups, those are: (A) 10-20 g/ind., (B) 30-40 g/ind., and (C) 60-70 g/ind. Analysis of antiviral gene expression was performed by RNA extraction, followed by the cDNA syntesis, and amplification of gene expression by semi-quantitative PCR. The result of PCR optimation showed the optimal concentration of cDNA and primer was 1 μL and 50 mol, respectively for PCR final volume of 25 μL. Antiviral gene was expressed on the hepatopancreas and stomach in percentage of 50.0% and 16.7%, respectively. While the highest percentage of individual expressing the antiviral gene was observed in the shrimp size of C (66.7%), followed by B (50.0%) and A (16.7%). The result of study implied that the hepatopancreas has importantly involed in tiger shrimp defense mechanism on viral infection.

This research aimed to know the density of klekap in traditional pond to increase the growth of milkfi sh and tiger shrimp. Themethod used descriptive approach. This research was conducted during 2 months, milkfi sh stocked size was 50 grams/fi sh of 1000 fi sh/haand the shrimp were stocked is PL 20 (Post Larvae 20) by 4 rean/ha. Parameters measured the density of plankton and klekap, waterquality and the growth of milkfi sh and tiger shrimp. The results showed that the klekap density (28.81 €“37.39 107 cell/m2), plankton(25.27 to 52.14 103 cell/l), and water quality was still supporting the growth of milkfi sh and tiger shrimp. The temperature from 26.5to 35.5 0 C; dissolved oxygen from 3.5 to 8.2 ppm, pH 6.9 to 8.0; salinity 28-35 ppt; ammonia 0.01-0.46 ppm; alkalinity 160.6 to 260.6ppm; transparancy 33.0 to 53.5 cm; nitrate 0.1 to 0.47 ppm; orthophosphate 0.032 to 0.093 ppm. The results showed the growth of theaverage weight for milkfi sh 172.84 g/fi sh and shrimp reached 27.4 g/fi sh after 2 months maintained.

The wide exploration of interferon (IFN)s in vertebrates for medical purposes has attracted researchers to investigate the existence of a similar role of interferon in other organisms such as invertebrates, including insects, and crustacea. A review of the literature indicates that there is no evidence of interferon existing either in insects such as D. melanogaster and A. gambiae which have had their genomes fully sequenced or in crustacea. However, a nonspecific antiviral state in crustacean, such as P. monodon can be efficiently triggered by both dsRNA and siRNA. The evidence suggests that anonymous cytokines, similar to interferon and not identical to any vertebrate IFNs, related to antiviral protection, do exist in crustacea. However, how widely spread of interferon immune response inducer or interferon-like molecules in this group is an important issue that remains to be explored.

Infeksi white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) dapat menyebabkan kematian massal pada budidaya udang windu Penaeus monodon di Indonesia. Infeksi yang terjadi secara sistematis tersebut disebabkan oleh peran gen nucleocapsid viral protein (VP-15). Upaya pengembangan gen VP-15 WSSV untuk menginduksi respons imun dan menetralisasi terhadap infeksi WSSV pada udang windu perlu dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan merekombinasikan gen penyandi VP-15 WSSV sebagai vaksin dsRNA, serta menganalisis aplikasinya pada udang windu. Gen VP-15 diisolasi dari udang windu yang terinfeksi WSSV, dikloning ke dalam suatu vektor dan ditransformasikan ke sel kompeten (bakteri Escheria coli DH5a). Plasmid diisolasi untuk mengonfirmasi insert region gen VP-15 melalui sekuensing nukleotida. Pembuatan vaksin rekombinan dilakukan secara in-vitro menggunakan kit MEGAscript RNAi dan diaplikasikan ke udang windu melalui metode injeksi dengan dosis tunggal 0,2 µg dan kontrol (tanpa injeksi vaksin). Hewan uji yang digunakan berukuran panjang 14,75±3,17 g dan bobot 11,64±0,76 cm; serta dipelihara pada wadah bak fiber volume 250 L dengan kepadatan 10 ekor/bak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gen penyandi VP-15 telah diisolasi dari udang windu dan vaksin rekombinan telah dihasilkan secara in-vitro. Analisis sekuens nukleotida memperlihatkan bahwa sisipan gen DNA VP-15 sebesar 253 bp dan menunjukkan kemiripan yang tinggi (99%) pada GenBank. Penggunaan vaksin rekombinan dsRNA dengan dosis 0,2 µg memperlihatkan sintasan udang windu yang dapat mencapai 40,0% dibandingkan dengan kontrol hanya 3,3% (peningkatan 36,7%). Gambaran histopatologi pada jaringan hepatopankreas udang windu pada perlakuan kontrol menunjukkan adanya kerusakan inti sel, akibat infeksi WSSV. Gene VP-15 berpotensi sebagai bahan vaksin rekombinan dsRNA dalam mencegah infeksi WSSV.Infection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes bulk mortalities of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon cultured in Indonesia. The nucleocapsid viral protein-15 (VP-15) is strongly suspected to be responsible for the systemic infection of WSSV. The development of VP-15 WSSV gene for inducing the immune response to and neutralize WSSV infection of tiger shrimp is vitally needed. The aim of this study was to isolate and clone the gene encoding VP-15 WSSV as dsRNA vaccine and assess the vaccine application to tiger shrimp. VP-15 gene was isolated from the genomic DNA of infected tiger shrimps, cloned into the vector, and transformed into competent cells (Escheria coli DH5a). The plasmid was isolated to confirm the insert region gene of VP-15 by the nucleotide sequence. Production of dsRNA vaccine was performed by in-vitro using MEGAscript RNAi kit and applied to tiger shrimp through muscular injection at a single dosage of 0.2 µg and without dsRNA as a control treatment. The average size of tiger shrimps used was 14.75±3.17 g in weight and 11.64±0.76 cm in length and stocked in 250 L fiber tank at 10 ind./tank. The results of the study showed the VP-15 gene was successfully isolated from the tiger shrimps and the recombinant vaccine was produced by in-vitro. The analysis of nucleotide sequence showed that the inserted DNA was 253 bp and showed a high similarity (99%) with VP-15 gene deposited in the GenBank. The application of dsRNA vaccine showed that the dosage of 0.2 ¼g resulted in the survival rate of 40.0% compared with without dsRNA (control) of 3.3% (36.7% increment). Hepatopancreas histology indicated obvious damages to cell nucleus in the un-vaccinated tiger shrimp caused by the virus infection. We suggest that the VP-15 gene is a very promising dsRNA recombinant vaccine against WSSV infection.

Munculnya serangan White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) pada udang yang dibudidayakan kemungkinan sebagai akibat menurunnya kualitas lingkungan tambak. Data diperoleh dari penelitian budi daya udang windu yang dilakukan Balai Riset Perikanan Budidaya Air Payau, Maros menggunakan 8 unit tambak ukuran 500 m2. Tokolan udang windu PL-25 dengan padat tebar 10 dan 20 ekor/m2 ditebar dalam petak tambak tersebut serta penambahan probiotik setiap minggu sebanyak 1 mg/L berlangsung selama pemeliharaan udang dan tanpa pemberian probiotik sebagai kontrol merupakan perlakuan yang diuji. Masing-masing perlakuan dengan dua ulangan. Setelah penebaran, beberapa petak terserang WSSV dan menyebabkan kematian total yaitu pada hari ke-27, 30, 41, dan 47. Serangan WSSV terus berlanjut selama pemeliharaan udang di tambak berlangsung. Pada petak menggunakan probiotik mempunyai kecenderungan terserang WSSV lebih lambat daripada yang tidak menggunakan probiotik. Semakin tinggi padat tebar udang windu di tambak, maka semakin rentan terhadap serangan WSSV. Padat tebar 10 ekor/m2 menggunakan probiotik produksinya cenderung lebih baik daripada padat tebar 20 ekor/m2. Peningkatan populasi Vibrio sp., peningkatan konsentrasi nitrit dan tingginya populasi awal Vibrio sp. di air melebihi 103 cfu/mL dan di sedimen 104 cfu/g diduga erat kaitan dengan munculnya serangan WSSV pada udang yang dipelihara di tambak pada penelitian ini.The outbreak of WSSV infection on tiger shrimp culture was thought to be an impact of its pond environmental depletion. The data was obtained from the study of tiger shrimp culture conducted in ponds Research Station of RICA Maros using 8 unit of brackishwater ponds compartment of 500 m2 each size. The PL-25 were stocked in the ponds at the density of 10 pieces and 20 pieces/m2 and on the otherhand, ponds also were treated with 1 mg/L commercial probiotics applicated in every week during culture period and no probiotics application as control. Each treatment in two replications. WSSV was infected to the shrimp in the different ponds compartment beginning at 27, 30, 41, and 47 days after stocking and affected total mortality of the shrimp. The WSSV infection was continue distributed to the other ponds compartments consecutively. The shrimp in ponds were applied with probiotics tend to delay infected, in contrary more early infected to the shrimp in pond without probiotics application. The shrimp with higher stocking density likely was easier infected by WSSV. The shrimp production tends to be higher in the shrimp stocking density of 10 pieces/m2 with probiotics application as compared to 20 pieces/m2 without probiotics applications. Increase Vibrio sp. population, enhance nitrite concentration and commenced with high Vibrio sp. population in the water and sediment pond excessive of 103 cfu/mL and 104 cfu/g respectively were presumed as the stimulate of WSSV outbreak in tiger shrimp culture in this research.

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has caused mass mortality on tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) culture and adversely affects prawn industry worldwide including Indonesia. It is well known that the protein structure of WSSV plays an important role in the virus infection and morphogenesis process. A viral protein structure called VP-15 is located in the nucleocapsid of virion virus. The protein structure involves in the life cycle of WSSV in host cells. A gene encoding VP-15 could be involved in constructing the RNA interference (RNAi), so it is needed to isolate and characterize for RNAi technology purpose. The study was aimed to isolate and characterize the VP-15 from the infected WSSV tiger shrimp. The characterization of VP-15 was undertaken through assessment of nucleotide sequence, amino acid deduction, alignment nucleotide/protein searches using Genetyx and BLAST program, and dendrogram construction analysis. The results showed that VP-15 was successfully isolated in form of ORFDNA with a fragment size of 243 bp. The phylogenetic tree analysis revealed three clusters corresponding to the time (year) of isolates collection. The VP-15 consisted of 80 amino acids, two start codons (ATG), one stop codon (TAA), and one Kozak context (AAAATGG). Hydrophilic amino acid was the highest composition (44.2%), followed by neutral (31.2%) and hydrophobic (24.6%) amino acid groups. The VP-15 was rich in amino acid of lysine (21.3%), arginine (22.9%) and serine (24.6%). The successful isolation of VP-15 is a very important step in providing a basic yet suitable material in constructing the dsRNA vaccine to control shrimp diseases in aquaculture.

Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fab) is one of the economically important shrimp, until 1992 became the most important of non petroleum export commodity from fishery sector. Since the end of 1993 up to now, the Penaeus monodon Fab death level has been relatively high and due to this circumstance have been caused many ponds collapsed so that the shrimp production was dramatically declined for year by year. Banyuates District is one of the Sampang Region areas which have big fisheries potential, aspecially for the breakist water pond, that the topest as the other district. There are a lot of shrimp dead cases until now. But, so that 80% of breakist water pond were broken and not operational. The objective of this societies service activities is applicated a new shrimp culture technology with traditional plus Imuno-Biocirculation System. Imuno-Biocirculation System (SI-PBR) for increases the shrimp harvest at Candi District Region of Sidoarjo, at May until Desember 2013. The method using in the activity were socialitation/counseling, dempond and guiding to application of the SI-PBR model in one periode. Monitoring and evaluation about this result were done in one month after the activity ending. This result showed that a positive indication. There was the knowledges of the farmer in ceases by socialization, it also applicated a model in the right method for shrimp culture. There were also showed that the SI-PBR model can in ceased the shrimp harvest from 272,43 kg/ha to 854,66 kg/ha, it means was increased 313%. The conclution of this activity is the SI-PBR model can increased the shrimp harvest and can applicates in more larges area in Sidoarjo Region.

Demand of seed shrimp, as specially tiger shrimps is still not enough until now, it is only 5060%, more than for 5-10 years end showed decreased point. One of factors that influenced the successfully seeds shrimp hatchery is water quality that as a life media of shrimps. A bisnis about shrimp hatchery is still have a good market, because there are a lot of tiger shrimp pond operational, more than some time demand of the shrimp increase fluctuative on seasonal. The aims of this this societies service activities is applicated a new shrimp hatcher technology by using immunostimulant at Putri Mandiri Group company, it aplicated in family hatcher in Kalitengah village, Tanggulangin District, Region of Sidoarjo. The immunostimulant use to increase the body deffence of the shrimp larve in hatchery to the disease attacked dan invirontment during culture periode, it will be increase the harvesting. The method using in the activity were socialitation/counseling, dempond and guiding to application of the method of shrimp hatcher by using immunostimulant in one periode. Monitoring and evaluation about this result were done in one month after the activity ending. This result showed that aplicated immunostimulant in shrimp family hatcher Backyard) can increased the shrimp seed harvesting of Putri Mandiri Company owner, from 900.000 to 1.600.000 shrimp seeds, it is same as that the profit increased from 8.622.000,- until 15.822.000,- Rupiahs for one periode panen for one container 10 tonage capacity.

The culture of Iranian Shrimps began in Bushehr in 1372. Early the green or the pink tiger shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus) which were found in most habitats of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea were considered in breeding and reproduction, but due to reproduction difficulties, it was rather replaced by the Monodun imported species, then the production of the white shrimp Metapenaeus affinis and Then P.merguensis in some southern areas of the country such as Hormozgan has began in small scale,but none of these species couldn't meet the economical needs of the consumer society and they were not indelible and dominant enough in the shrimp aquaculture industry of the country until breeding of Indian White Shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) has began in large scale in the provinces of Khuzestan and Bushehr, which are seen as the heart of shrimps reproduction and breeding, and in Hormozgan and Sistan. the incidence of white spot viral syndrome (White Spot Syndrom Virus) led to the import of the western white leg shrimp from the USA (P.vannameii) by the Iranian Fisheries Research Organization (IFRO) in 1383, at the present all southern and northern breeding farms of the country (fundamental measures has been carried out in line of shrimp reproduction in Gorgan province in 1386) has put the breeding of this shrimp species as the single breeding species at top of their agenda. The subject of feeding the breeding shrimps is widespread and regarding to the non-proprietary species there are still some species which contain high protein than the other species in studying the different shrimp species requirements. In Iran due to the scarce factories producing the shrimp's food, the alimentary compound of the breeding shrimps during industrializing years of this type of breeding even after the non-aboriginal western white leg shrimp species being inclusive was stable and through different biological processes including: Naplies which feeds from its yalk and by entry into zoa stage start eating only small-sized phytoplankton. And by entry into the stage between zoa and mysis it feeds from phyto and zooplankton simultaneously and entering the post-larva stage it stars sarcophagi. and after 15 post-larva stage entering the growth and transition stage to earthen ponds feeding by concentrated industrial foods in large and small packages depending on young and adult mouth and due to feeding requirements of every stage the alimentary compound is nearly as follows: Digestible protein, energy, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals will start and the final product will be released in market Or they will be used in the later years of laying eggs and feeding for brood stock. In feeding section the details of every stage and their food's nutritional needs at each stage and will be fully described. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

The Outer Membrane Protein (OMP) of Vibrio alginolyticus cell wall was administered intramuscularly (IM) to the tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fab.) at 10, 20, 30 μg/kg bw. After 14 days infection, the tiger shrimps were challenged with 10(7) bacterial density of Vibrio harveyi for 24 hours. The total haemocyte count (THC), differential haemocyte count (DHC) and amount of total protein plasma (TPP), superoxide dismutase and protease enzyme activity were monitored. The results showed that intramuscular administration of OMP enhanced an immunomodulatory effect and protection against V. harveyi. The beneficial effect of OMP on the tiger shrimp is dose-dependent and OMP-20 μg/kg bw is an optimal dose after two times of boosters for 14 days against V. harveyi infection.

Aims: Scaling up of stocking density of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) under improved shrimp farming system in the Khulna region of Bangladesh. Study Design: Completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments each with three replicates. Place and Duration of Study: In the farm station of Gazi fish culture ltd. at Koilashgong, Khulna, Bangladesh between March to June 2011. Methodology: Nine ponds were selected and all ponds were prepared according to the general pond preparation system. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tested post larvae (PL15) were stocked at three different stocking densities i.e. 8 pcs/m2 (T1), 15 pcs/m2 (T2) and 22 pcs/m2 (T3). Commercial shrimp feed were supplied to all the treatments. Feed were adjusted according to the body weight gain of shrimp. Probiotics were applied in all the treatments to prevent diseases and maintain water quality parameters. Monthly water samples were collected for analysis and growth parameters were measured. Results: Results showed that all the water quality parameters were within the optimum range. Highest survival was found in T2 (82±4) and lowest was recorded in T3 (68±2) (P0.05). Conclusion: The research showed that stocking density of tiger shrimp 15 pcs/m2 is the optimum density for improved shrimp farming system in Khulna region of Bangladesh.

Produksi tokolan udang windu PL 54 menggunakan hapa pada unit keramba jaring apung (KJA) di laut telah dilakukan di Teluk Labuange, Kabupaten Barru dari bulan Mei—Juli 2002. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan padat penebaran terbaik untuk pendederan benur udang windu dalam KJA di laut. Perlakuan yang dicobakan adalah padat penebaran benur PL 12 sebanyak padat tebar 2.000 ekor/m2 (A), 3.000 ekor/m2 (B), dan 4.000 ekor/m2 (C) masing-masing 3 kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan tokolan pada perlakuan 2.000 dan 3.000 ekor/m2 tidak berbeda nyata (0,57—0,65 g/ekor) (P>0,05), tetapi berbeda nyata pada padat penebaran 4.000 ekor/m2 (0,39 g/ekor) (P0.05), but significantly different with stocking density of 4,000 pcs/m2 (P

Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fab) is one of the economically important shrimp, until 1992 became the most important of non petroleum export commodity from fishery sector. Since the end of 1993 up to now, the Penaeus monodon Fab death level has been relatively high and due to this circumstance have been caused many ponds collapsed so that the shrimp production was dramatically declined for year by year. Candi District is one of the Sidoarjo Region areas which have big fisheries potential, aspecially for the breakist water pond, that the topest as the other district. There are a lot of shrimp dead cases until now. But, so that 80% of breakist water pond were broken and not operational. The objective of this societies service activities is applicated a new shrimp culture technology with traditional plus Imuno-Biocirculation System. Imuno-Biocirculation System (SIBR) for increases the shrimp harvest at Candi District Region of Sidoarjo, at June until November 2011. The method using in the activity were socialitation/counseling, dempond and guiding to application of the SIBR model in one periode. Monitoring and evaluation about this result were done in one month after the activity ending. This result showed that a positive indication. There was the knowledges of the farmer in ceases by socialization, it also applicated a model in the right method for shrimp culture. There were also showed that the SIBR model can in ceased the shrimp harvest from 272,43 kg/ha to 854,66 kg/ha, it means was increased 313%. The conclution of this activity is the SIBR model can increased the shrimp harvest and can applicates in more larges area in Sidoarjo Region.

Effect of delayed icing on the quality of Penaeus monodon iced after three hours of harvest was studied in plastic and bamboo baskets. After harvest of three hours at ambient temperature (28°-32°C), ice was added to the shrimp at a ratio of 1:1 (shrimp:ice) and stored for 21 hours in both the baskets. Quality evaluation was carried out through visual assessment, biochemical analysis and microbial analysis for 24 hours. The organoleptic evaluation and scoring was done from the time of harvest treated as 0 hour and the average score was 10. At 9th hour after iced condition quality of shrimp was found reduced to the next stage (acceptable) with a score ranged from 8.4-6.5 in both baskets. This acceptable stage was observed throughout the experiment for bamboo basket whereas in the plastic basket the quality was reduced to a small extent with a score of 6.4 (moderately acceptable). Till the end point of the experiment the quality of shrimp was acceptable in respect to biochemical analysis. The microbial load was found log sub(10) 3.99±0.12 cfu/g to log sub(10) 4.33±0.21 cfu/g and log sub(10) 4.01 ±0.12 cfu/g to log sub(10) 4.83±0.19 cfu/g in the bamboo and plastic basket respectively. The importers or buyers suggests for immediate icing to maintain good quality but results of the present experiment suggest that the quality does not vary drastically for first three hours.

An experiment was carried out in farmers' gher (shrimp farm) at Bagerhat sadar upazilla, Bagerhat to ascertain the effects of three different types of feeds on the production and economics of brackishwater shrimp, Penaeus monodon for a period of 120 days. There were three treatments such as T1 (BFRI dough feed containing of 30% fish meal, 10% protein conc., 10% soya meal, 15% mustard oil cake, 18% rice bran, 5% maize, 10% wheat flour, 1% oyster shell powder and 1% vitamin premix), T2 (Commercial diet Saudi-Bangla grower) and T3 (Saudi-Bangla special feed). Each treatment had two replicates and the stocking of shrimp in each gher was 3 nos/m². Water quality parameters did not differ significantly among the treatments except water depth. Average production and net return of shrimp in different treatments varied from 404.0 to 509.0 kg/ha and Tk. 56,493.99-Tk. 84,209.60, respectively. T2 showed significantly (p

A study on the feasibility of bi-culture of mud crab (Scylla serrata) and shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in brackishwater earthen ponds (0.1 ha each) was carried out for a period of five months (March-August). Nursed shrimp juvenile (ABL:· 3.36±0.23 em and ABW: 0.26±0.04 g) and crab juvenile (ACL: 2.61±0.22 cm, ACW: 4.63±0.11 cm and ABW: 43±2.64 g) were stocked following the experimental design of shrimp 2/m2 (Treatment-1), shrimp 2/m2 and mud crab l/m2 (Treatment-2) and shrimp 2/m2 and mud crab 0.5/m2 (Treatment-3). Crabs were fed with chopped trash tilapia @ 10~5%, while shrimp were fed with Saudi-Bangla shrimp feed @ 3~5% of biomass twice daily. Significantly (p

Vibriosis is one of main diseases of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon infected by pathogenic bioluminous bacterium Vibrio harveyi that can cause mass mortalities in shrimp culture. The bacteria can also trigger the disease white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). An effort to produce shrimp disease-resistant strains has been done through transgenesis technology with antiviral gene transfection. By this technology, it is expected an increase in the immune response of shrimp in a variety of diseasecausing pathogens. This study aimed to determine the immune responses (total haemocytes, haemocyte differentiation, and phenoloxydase activity) of transgenic tiger shrimp against pathogenic bacterium V. harveyi. Research using completely randomized design, which consists of two treatments and three replications. Test animals being used were transgenic and non-transgenic shrimp with size, weight 3.93±1.25 g and a total length of 7.59±0.87 cm. Treatments being tested were the injection of bacterium V. harveyi (density of 5x106 cfu/mL) of 0.1 mL/individual on transgenic (A) and non-transgenic shrimp (B). Immune response parameters such as total haemocytes, haemocyte differentiation, and phenoloxydase activity were observed on day 1, 3, and 6 days after challenging. Data were analyzed using t-test by SPSS software. The results showed that the total haemocyte of transgenic shrimp was not significantly different (P>0.05) from non-transgenic shrimp, but haemocyte differentiation and phenoloxydase activity were significantly different (P

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of producing juvenile shrimp in a reservoir pond constructed in acid sulphate soils (ASS). Many ponds constructed in ASS pose a significant economic risk due to high mortality and poor growth. In Indonesia, abandonment of ponds in ASS is widespread and alternative farming practices, such as production of juvenile shrimp, offer farms opportunities to lower their production risks. The experiment involved rearing juvenile shrimp at a high stocking density (3,000 individuals/m2) using hapas in a formerly unproductive pond located in Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The treatments tested included rearing periods of three and six weeks with four replications. A survival of 83.62% was achieved after rearing for three weeks compared to 45.44% after six weeks. Although there was a sixfold increase in the mean weight of shrimp from three to six weeks of culture, size variation after six weeks was large due to the high density of shrimp. The experiment showed that old acid sulphate soil-affected ponds, in which the bottom soil has not been excavated any further, can be used for production of juvenile shrimp in hapas. Rearing over three weeks is recommended to obtain high survival and reduce size variation.

The shrimp one of the most important crustecearis in the Persian Gulf waters is examined to identify ways of its multiplication and culturing in vitro This study, which started In middle of May, 1986 and lasted throughout September, 1986, was carried out in the Aquaculture Drvision of the Fishery Research Center of Bushehr. The results obtained in this research indicate the passibility of multiplication and culture of the Persian Gull tigershrimp in fishery facilities of Iran......

Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

Four microalgal strains, NN-G, TB-G, CC-B, and SC-B isolated from green water of tilapia culture ponds in the Philippines were cultivated in 10ml of ESS liquid medium at 23℃ with a 12h light-12h dark cycle. The cell forms of NN-G and TB-G were green small round and green large oval, respectively, while both CC-B and SC-B had brown cubic or quadrangular cells. Predominant bacteria isolated from the four microalgal cultures were commonly restricted to Moraxella-Acinetobacter group, Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium. Strains NN-G and TB-G contained chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, while strains CC-B and SC-B possessed chlorophyll c, chlorophyll a, and fucoxanthin as major pigments. Phylogenetic analysis based on SSU rDNA sequences demonstrated that strains NN-G, TB-G, CC-B and SC-B have close taxonomic relationships with Chlorella spp., Tetraselmis spp., Chaetoceros spp., and Chaetocertos spp., respectively.