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Si, à l'origine, les maladies du corps et de l'esprit possédaient chacune leur autonomie, si elles connurent ensuite au xixe siècle un rapprochement conduisant à la neuropsychiatrie, la déflagration de mai 1968 contribua à les isoler de nouveau. L'émergence des sciences cognitives, et d'un esprit radicalement interdisciplinaire, a fait éclater ces replis dogmatique. C'est bien là l'esprit des neurosciences cognitives, où l'émotion et la cognition constituent deux phénomènes tellement rapprochés et intriqués que leur séparation, si elle peut garder un intérêt au niveau de l'enseignement et de la pratique, n'a plus de sens au niveau de l'identification des mécanismes physiopathologiques. Leurs moyens d'investigation sont les mêmes, qu'il s'agisse de l'imagerie cérébrale, de la génétique cognitive, de la modélisation, voire de la cognition sociale. On verra dans cet ouvrage une illustration répétée de l'intrication de ces deux disciplines lorsqu'il s'agit de s'intéresser aux dysfonctionnements qu'elles étudient l'une et l'autre. C'est bien ici le mérite du programme Cognitique d'avoir su fédérer des communautés à l'origine isolées pour créer une nouvelle mouvance de recherche. La cognition réparée ?

Objectives: These practice guidelines for the treatment of alcohol use disorders during pregnancy were developed by members of the International Task Force of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry and the International Association for Women’s Mental Health. Methods: We performed a systematic review of all available publications and extracted data from national and international guidelines. The Task Force evaluated the data with respect to the strength of evidence for the efficacy and safety of each medication. Results and Discussion: There is no safe level of alcohol use during pregnancy. Abstinence is recommended. Ideally, women should stop alcohol use when pregnancy is planned and, in any case, as soon as pregnancy is known. Detecting patterns of alcohol maternal drinking should be systematically conducted at first antenatal visit and throughout pregnancy. Brief interventions are recommended in the case of low or moderate risk of alcohol use. Low doses of benzodiazepines, for the shortest duration, may be used to prevent alcohol withdrawal symptoms when high and chronic alcohol intake is stopped and hospitalisation is recommended. Due to the low level of evidence and/or to low benefit/risk ratio, pharmacological treatment for maintenance of abstinence should not be used during pregnancy. At birth, foetal alcohol spectrum disorders must be searched for, and alcohol metabolites should be measured in meconium of neonates in any doubt of foetal alcohol exposure.

There currently exists evidence of moderate quality that cognitive training, blood pressure management, and physical activity can delay onset or slow progression of AD.1 All other preventive interventions have cither produced negative and controversial results or are still under investigation. This issue will present reviews on both established preventive interventions and those under investigation.

Objective: Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of biomarkers for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Methods: Findings in biomarker research were reviewed by a task force of international experts in the field, consisting of members of the World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry Task Force on Biological Markers and of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Anxiety Disorders Research Network.Results: The present article (Part II) summarises findings on potential biomarkers in neurochemistry (neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine or GABA, neuropeptides such as cholecystokinin, neurokinins, atrial natriuretic peptide, or oxytocin, the HPA axis, neurotrophic factors such as NGF and BDNF, immunology and CO2 hypersensitivity), neurophysiology (EEG, heart rate variability) and neurocognition. The accompanying paper (Part I) focuses on neuroimaging and genetics.Conclusions: Although at present, none of the putative biomarkers is sufficient and specific as a diagnostic tool, an abundance of high quality research has accumulated that should improve our understanding of the neurobiological causes of anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD.

Despite progress in identifying molecular pathophysiological processes in schizophrenia, valid biomarkers are lacking for both the disease and treatment response.This comprehensive review summarises recent efforts to identify molecular mechanisms on the level of protein and gene expression and epigenetics, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and micro RNA expression. Furthermore, it summarises recent findings of alterations in lipid mediators and highlights inflammatory processes. The potential that this research will identify biomarkers of schizophrenia is discussed.Recent studies have not identified clear biomarkers for schizophrenia. Although several molecular pathways have emerged as potential candidates for future research, a complete understanding of these metabolic pathways is required to reveal better treatment modalities for this disabling condition.Large longitudinal cohort studies are essential that pair a thorough phenotypic and clinical evaluation for example with gene expression and proteome analysis in blood at multiple time points. This approach might identify biomarkers that allow patients to be stratified according to treatment response and ideally also allow treatment response to be predicted. Improved knowledge of molecular pathways and epigenetic mechanisms, including their potential association with environmental influences, will facilitate the discovery of biomarkers that could ultimately be effective tools in clinical practice.