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Aim: To investigate the accuracy, reliability and agreement between infrared forehead thermometers versus infrared tympanic thermometers temperature, a cross‐sectional study was conducted in April 2020. Methods: The forehead and tympanic temperatures of 615 subjects were measured simultaneously in three exposed SARS‐COV‐2 groups at one hospital in Iran, during April 2020. These comparisons were evaluated by Bland–Altman Plot, repeatability, Passing–Bablok regression and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was done to describe the discrimination accuracy of a diagnostic test. The study adhered to STROBE checklist for cross‐sectional studies. Results: A Bland–Altman plot indicated that the limits of agreement between the forehead and tympanic temperature were −0.259 to +0.19°C. Passing–Bablok regression analysis illustrated that the infrared forehead was not linearly related to tympanic temperatures (reference method), with a slope estimate that was significantly different from 1.00. The infrared forehead thermometer showed poor precision and lower accuracy than the tympanic. The forehead temperature readings had 60.0% sensitivity and 44.4% specificity (p >.05) to predict disease. Conclusion: According to the results of study, there is no evidence that the assessment of temperature by infrared forehead thermometer could discriminate between the two groups (positive and negative). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in aggregated state have a strong near infrared region (NIR) absorption and the causes a much stronger photothermal effect than that of the dispersed AuNPs. Strand-displacement amplification (SDA) can produce large amount of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), which in turn effectively prevent AuNPs from aggregation. In this study, these characteristics had been applied to design a photothermal biosensor for human papilloma virus (HPV and HPV16 were chosen as model target) detection. In the absence of HPV16, AuNPs was in the aggregated state and large temperature rise can be detected after the irradiation by 808 nm laser. The presence of HPV16 triggers the SDA reaction with the help of Bst DNA polymerase and Nt.BstNBI nicking endonuclease resulting in the production of large amounts of ssDNA; this protects unmodified AuNPs from salt-induced aggregation. Therefore, AuNPs was in a dispersed state and the temperature change was not significant after the irradiation of 808 nm laser. The difference of the temperature changing can be applied for the quantitative detection of HPV16 using a thermometer as readout. The linear response range is 1.0 fM ~ 50 pM with a detection limit of 0.3 fM. The proposed method has been applied to detect HPV16 in clinical cervical sample and is competent for clinical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's technological and stressful world, when everyone is busy in their daily routines and places blind faith in pharmaceutical advancements to protect their health, the sudden, horrifying effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in serious emotional and psychological impacts in the general population. In spite of advanced vaccination campaigns, fear and hesitation have become a part of human life since there are a number of people who do not want to take these immunity boosting vaccinations. Such people may become carriers of infectious viruses, leading to a more rapid rate of spread; therefore, this class of spreaders needs to be screened at the earliest opportunity. In this context, there is a need for advanced health monitoring systems which can assist the pharmaceutical industry to monitor and record the health status of people. To address this need and reduce the uncertainty of the situation, this study has designed and tested an Internet of Things (IoT) and Fog computing-based multi-node architecture was for real-time initial screening and recording of such subjects. The proposed system was able to record current body temperature and location coordinates along with the facial images. Further, the proposed system was able to transmit data to a cloud database using internet-connected services. An implementation and reviews-based working environment analysis was conducted to determine the efficacy of the proposed system. It was observed from the statistical analysis that the proposed IoT Fog-enabled ecosystem could be utilized efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Temperature-taking behaviors vary with levels of circulating infectious illness; however, little is known about how these behaviors differ by demographic characteristics. Populations with higher perceived risks of illness are more likely to adopt protective health behaviors. Objective: We investigated differences in temperature-taking frequency and the proportion of readings that were feverish among demographic groups (age, gender, urban/rural status) over influenza offseason; influenza season; and waves 1, 2, and 3 of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Using data from smart thermometers collected from May 1, 2019, to February 28, 2021, across the United States, we calculated the frequency of temperature-taking and the proportion of temperature readings that were feverish. Mixed-effects negative binomial and mixed-effects logistic regression analyses were performed to identify demographic characteristics associated with temperature-taking frequency and the proportion of feverish readings, respectively. Separate models were fit over five study periods: influenza offseason (n=122,480), influenza season (n=174,191), wave 1 of COVID-19 (n=350,385), wave 2 (n=366,489), and wave 3 (n=391,578). Results: Both temperature-taking frequency and the proportion of feverish readings differed by study period (ANOVA P<.001) and were the highest during influenza season. During all periods, children aged 2-5 years and 6-11 years had significantly higher frequencies of temperature-taking than users aged 19-30 years, and children had the highest proportion of feverish readings of all age groups, after adjusting for covariates. During wave 1 of COVID-19, users over the age of 60 years had 1.79 times (95% CI 1.76-1.83) the rate of temperature-taking as users aged 19-30 years and 74% lower odds (95% CI 72%-75%) of a reading being feverish. Across all periods, men had significantly lower temperature-taking frequency and significantly higher odds of having a feverish reading compared to women. Users living in urban areas had significantly higher frequencies of temperature-taking than rural users during all periods, except wave 2 of COVID-19, and urban users had higher odds of a reading being feverish in all study periods except wave 1 of COVID-19. Conclusions: Temperature-taking behavior and the proportion of readings that were feverish are associated with both population disease levels and individual demographic characteristics. Differences in the health behavior of temperature-taking may reflect changes in both perceived and actual illness risk. Specifically, older adults may have experienced an increase in perceived risk during the first three waves of COVID-19, leading to increased rates of temperature monitoring, even when their odds of fever were lower than those of younger adults. Men’s perceived risk of circulating infectious illnesses such as influenza and COVID-19 may be lower than that of women, since men took their temperature less frequently and each temperature had a higher odds of being feverish across all study periods. Infectious disease surveillance should recognize and incorporate how behavior impacts illness monitoring and testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and implementation of a solar powered electric cooker which seeks to address and provide a lasting solution to deforestation due to cutting of trees for cooking purposes, and therefore, reduce the amount of CO2 emissions into the environment of a developing country such as Nigeria. The solar powered electric cooker was designed and implemented using the heating chamber, the battery, the charge controller, and solar panel with its stand. The cooking chambers together with the battery and charge controller are coupled together. A 5mm heat resistance coated glass is placed on top of the cooking chambers, so that the heat does not get direct contact with the user and immediate environment. Whenever the switch connected to the system is switched in its ON position, the heated element gradually gets heated up and is set for usage. The charge controller has an inbuilt mechanism that helps to monitor the battery level and whenever the level drains below 10VDC it cuts off the battery from the system to avoid further drains. Performance evaluation was carried out using digital thermometer and 1 kg of water. The result obtained experimentally from solar powered electric cooker and other cooking medium was compared and recorded. 302 KJ quantity of heat is required in 22min to boil 1 kg of water. From calculations and observation, it has been proved that heat loss due to radiation was the highest followed by conduction and convection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luminescent thermometry affords remote measurement of temperature and shows huge potential in future technology beyond those possible with traditional methods. Strategies of temperature measurement aiming to increase thermal sensitivity in a wide temperature response window would represent a pivotal step forward, but most thermometers cannot do both of them. Herein, we propose a balancing strategy to achieve a trade-off between high Arrhenius activation energy ( E ), which could stretch the temperature response windows, and fluorescence quantum yields (QYs) in a manner that will increase thermal sensitivity in a wide response window. In particular, a luminescent thermometer composed of AuNCs-MOF is prepared via a facile impregnation process to enhance QYs and a ), which could stretch the temperature response windows, and fluorescence quantum yields (QYs) in a manner that will increase thermal sensitivity in a wide response window. In particular, a luminescent thermometer composed of AuNCs-MOF is prepared via a facile impregnation process to enhance QYs and E a , responsible for high relative sensitivity ( S r ) (15.6% K -1 and temperature response range of the proposed thermometer outperform those of the most recent luminescent thermometers. The strategy of balancing S r can reach 22.4% K -1 by multiple linear regression. The maximum S r and temperature response range of the proposed thermometer outperform those of the most recent luminescent thermometers. The strategy of balancing S r and thermal response range by regulating E a and QYs enables the construction of ultra-accurate thermal sensors in the age of artificial intelligence.

Abstract Background Many persons with active SARS-CoV-2 infection experience mild or no symptoms, presenting barriers to COVID-19 prevention. Regular temperature screening is nonetheless used in some settings, including university campuses, to reduce transmission potential. We evaluated the potential impact of this strategy using a prospective university-affiliated cohort. Methods Between June and August 2020, 2912 participants were enrolled and tested for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR at least once (median: 3, range: 1–9). Participants reported temperature and symptoms daily via electronic survey using a previously owned or study-provided thermometer. We assessed feasibility and acceptability of daily temperature monitoring, calculated sensitivity and specificity of various fever-based strategies for restricting campus access to reduce transmission, and estimated the association between measured temperature and SARS-CoV-2 test positivity using a longitudinal binomial mixed model. Results Most participants (70.2%) did not initially have a thermometer for taking their temperature daily. Across 5481 total person months, the average daily completion rate of temperature values was 61.6% (median: 67.6%, IQR: 41.8–86.2%). Sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 ranged from 0% (95% CI 0–9.7%) to 40.5% (95% CI 25.6–56.7%) across all strategies for self-report of possible COVID-19 symptoms on day of specimen collection, with corresponding specificity of 99.9% (95% CI 99.8–100%) to 95.3% (95% CI 94.7–95.9%). An increase of 0.1 °F in individual mean body temperature on the same day as specimen collection was associated with 1.11 increased odds of SARS-CoV-2 positivity (95% CI 1.06–1.17). Conclusions Our study is the first, to our knowledge, that examines the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of daily temperature screening in a prospective cohort during an infectious disease outbreak, and the only study to assess these strategies in a university population. Daily temperature monitoring was feasible and acceptable; however, the majority of potentially infectious individuals were not detected by temperature monitoring, suggesting that temperature screening is insufficient as a primary means of detection to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the Distress Thermometer (DT) as a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to measure the patients stress because of surgery. Method: This was a methodological study conducted with 200 patients. Data were collected using the the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Distress Thermometer (DT) and surgery related distress causes list (DCL) for preoperative patients. The validation of the Distres Thermometer was performed in conjunction with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: Study results determined that the distress score average of the patients was 4.4 (SD 2.4), and the distress level of 47.5% of the patients was above this average. The sensitivity of HADS, which had a cut-off point of five or more, was 72.5% and specificity was 59.3%. The most expressed causes of distress were the development of infection after surgery. There was a moderate relation between the thermometer score and the total DCL score and HADS total score. Conclusion: The distress thermometer can be used as a valid tool in determining surgery-related anxiety. And also distress causes list can be used to determine distress factors. In this study, the HADS was used as a criterion for DT-DCL, and according to this scale, the sensitivity of the thermometer was high, and the specificity was moderate. The tool can be retested by using different distress scales.

The occupational health risk assessments (OHRA) of inorganic mercury (Hg) are rarely reported. We conducted an internal and external exposure monitoring of employees in a thermometer enterprise which experienced the renovation of occupational health engineering, followed by an evaluation on the health risks of Hg exposure with four OHRA methods in order to find out a most suitable model. The results showed that the concentrations of airborne and urinary Hg in all testing positions and subjects obviously decreased after the engineering renovation, meeting the occupational exposure limits (OELs) of China. Subsequently, four OHRA models, namely the models from US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Ministry of Manpower (MOM), International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM), and Classification of occupational hazards at workplaces Part 2: Occupational exposure to chemicals (GBZ/T 229.2-2010) were applied in the qualitative risk assessment. And the evaluation results of different methods were standardized by risk ratio (RR), which indicated MOM, ICMM risk rating, and GBZ/T 229.2 models were consistent with the order of inherent risk levels in those working processes. The order of RR between four models was: RREPA > RRICMM > RRMOM> RRGBZ/T229.2 (P < 0.05). Based on the strict limits of Hg, GBZ/T 229.2, and MOM methods may have more potentials in practical application. Though the working environment has been significantly improved via engineering renovation, it is strongly suggested that the thermometer company conduct more effective risk management covering all production processes to minimize Hg exposure levels and health risk ratings.

This paper proposes a new methodology to improve territorial cohesion in clustering processes where many variables from different topics are considered. Clustering techniques provide added value to identify typologies, but there are still unsolved challenges when data contain an unbalanced number of variables from different topics. The territorial feature selection method (TFSM) is presented as a method to select the representative variable of each topic such that the interpretability of resulting clusters is preserved and the geographical cohesion is improved with respect to classical approaches. This paper also introduces the thermometer as a new knowledge acquisition tool that allows experts to transfer semantics to the data mining process. TFSM proposes the index of potential explainability (Ek) as the criteria to select the most promising variables for clustering. Ek is based on the combination of inferential testing and metrics such as support. The proposal is applied with the INSESS-COVID19 database, where territorial groups of vulnerable populations were found. A set of 195 variables with 21 unbalanced thematic blocks is used to compare the results with a traditional multiview clustering analysis with promising results from both the geographical and the thematic point of view and the capacity to support further decision making.

The heat pipes in solar applications uses are important and it is significantly growing nowadays. Capable of meeting the world's challenges with a threat to the climate; a shortage of conventional energy sources, usually fossil fuels, high electricity costs, and it is inexpensive; therefore, the renewable energy of solar energy is an excellent source, reaching total amount of energy is 34,00,000 EJ in each year, all over the world. This is between 7000 and 8000 times the annual global primary energy consumption. Thereby, a Concentrating Solar Parabolic Trough Collector is suggested in this paper, which can be used to analyze the performance of various heat pipes. Using solar parabolic trough collector to analyze the performance of different heat pipes rather than considering the supply of electric power input. Using a parabolic trough collector that concentrates solar energy on an evacuated tube heat pipe, which converts radiation energy into electrical energy heat, the experimental work demonstrates the use of solar energy. Condensers, evaporators, and three heat pipes consisting of aluminum galvanized iron, and stainless steel materials are the main components. A porous wick structure and an ammonia solution-filled working fluid consist of each heat pipe. Continuously recirculating the working fluid through temperature variation. The readings are taken using connected thermocouples on three heat pipes by continuously varying the mass flow rate. The vacuum pressure gauge to maintain the heat pipes generates the vacuum inside space. At various mass flow rates of heated water from the parabolic trough collector, experimentation was also performed. The result of this study calculates the mass flow rate at the end of the process of the different heat pipes used here. Furthermore, different inclinations are estimated in a variety of situations, such as at temperatures of 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°. In the experimental analysis, outlet temperatures of heat pipes are measured and the temperature distribution contours are evaluated using the analysis of computational fluid dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Placement of skin heat probe for continuous monitoring of infant body temperature is one of the main components of neonatal care. Therefore, managing the body temperature of newborns under radiation warmers requires a lot of attention from nurses to prevent unwanted complications. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate connection point of skin probe for temperature control in premature infants under radiant heating admitted to neonatal intensive care units in Hamadan in 2020. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 140 infants aged 34 to 37 weeks admitted to neonatal intensive care units in Hamadan in 2020 who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study by available methods. The incubator temperature was set at 37 degrees and it was the same for all infants. For each infant, the probe was attached to the forehead, chest between the ribs, right axillar, arms adjacent to the nipple, right armpit, back of the legs, and upper thigh, respectively. The baby's temperature displayed on the digital warmer screen was recorded two minutes later. A researcher-made checklist was used to record the data and the data were analyzed using t-test and Paired t-test. Results: The correlation between left and right axillary was highest, meaning that the best location for the incubator thermometer probe, after the left axillary is the right axillary (r = 0.91, P = 0.001). Conclusions: The most suitable place for connecting skin probe for temperature control after left axillary, is the right axillary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a decoder is designed to convert the binary data to thermometer code. This paper involves a 4-bit decoder such that it consists of 4 inputs and 15 outputs. This decoder is designed in two different ways; IG-LP mode decoder and multiplexer based decoder. The IG-LP mode decoder is designed using the truth table of binary to thermometer decoder. This logic based decoder consists of 15 different logics, which are developed using the FinFET technology. The multiplexer based decoder is designed using 2:1 multiplexer circuits. These 2:1 multiplexers are also designed using FinFET technology. FinFET 18nm spectre models are used in cadence to design and simulations of proposed circuits. The performance validation has done with respect to power consumption, delay, PDP and EDP of both the designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Accidental hypothermia in trauma patients can contribute to cardiorespiratory dysfunction, acidosis, and coagulopathy, causing increased morbidity and mortality. The early recognition of the clinical signs of hypothermia and the accurate measurement of body temperature by prehospital care providers are essential to avoid deterioration. This review provides an overview of studies that examine the reliability of different core temperature measurement options, with a focus on the prehospital setting.Methods: A search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL using combinations of the Medical Subject Headings terms "ambulances," "emergency medical services," "thermometers," "body temperature," "hypothermia," and "body temperature regulation." Studies up to October 2021 were included, and different measurement options were listed and discussed. Eligible studies included those that identified the specific type of thermometer and focused on the out-of-hospital environment.Results: The search strategy yielded 521 studies, five of which met the eligibility criteria. Four studies focused on tympanic temperature measurement, and one focused on temporal artery temperature measurement. Among the noninvasive options, tympanic temperature measurement was most frequently identified as a reliable option for out-of-hospital use.Conclusion: A thermistor-based tympanic thermometer that features insulation of the ear and a temperature probe with a cap is likely the most suitable option for prehospital body temperature measurement in trauma patients. These results are based on outdated literature with currently more novel temperature measurement devices available. Future studies are necessary to provide strong recommendations regarding temperature measurement due to emerging technology, the lack of studies, and the heterogeneity of existing studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fanchang volcanic basin is located between the ore-cluster districts of Tongling and Ningwu，the Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt (MLYMB), regionally. This study extends a set of methods，i.e., petrographic observations, chemical compositions of intrusive rocks and LA-ICP-MS analysis of magmatic zircons, zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology and whole-rock Sr-Nd isotope analysis, on several intrusive rocks, such as Baimashan, Xiangxingdi, Zhuhouling, Chichong, Suishan, Puyingshan and Zishanling. In detail, in this area, monzonite, quartz diorite, granite and syenite are characterized by a series of high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonite, with a positive anomaly in Rb, Th, U, Ce, Pb, Nd, Sm, Gd and a negative anomaly in Ba, Nb, Ta, Sr, P, Ti, plus LREE enrichments and a flattened right-dip of HREE. Moreover, the diagenesis ages of these intrusions mainly overlap the 128–121 Ma time, all but two exceptions, including Baimashan quartz dioritic porphyrite (138.5 ± 4.9 Ma) and Puyingshan diorite (132.1 ± 3.8 Ma). Interestingly, the inherited zircon ages in the Baimashan intrusion are polyphased, primarily in three intervals, 2211.1–2675.9 Ma, 1862.0–2057.1 Ma and 661.1–990.7 Ma, respectively, indicating diachronic magmatic sources and possible existence of the late-Archean and Proterozoic basements. In addition, crystallization temperatures of these intrusive rocks in the Fanchang volcanic basin significantly increase from 802 °C to 931 °C, while the values of (Ce4+/Ce3+)zircon decrease from 192.34 to 24.84, throughout the period from 132 Ma to 125 Ma, probably due to the enhanced magma assimilation process with the reductive carbonaceous wall rocks. Furthermore, A-type granites in this area, as defined in this paper, would have been derived from the partial melting of the residues of the early I-type granite source area. Values of (S7Sr/86Sr)i array between 0.70718 and 0.72642 (a.v. 0.70970) and εNd(t) between −14.0 and 2.2 (a.v. −7.1). In brief, the intrusive rocks in Fanchang volcanic basin is considered to have characteristics of both enriched mantle and lower crust and a strong assimilation process had occurred.

• Temperature measurement accuracy is very important for the nursing care in outpatient and emergency department. • The peripheral temperature measurement reflects a certain core temperature. • The infrared tympanic membrane thermometer has the highest sensitivity in the temperature measurement accuracy. It is necessary to evaluate the accuracy of peripheral thermometer in outpatient and emergency temperature measurement of children by diagnostic meta -analysis, to provide evidence for clinical temperature measurement and nursing care of children. Two authors searched PubMed, Web of science, CINAHL, EBSCO, OVID, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang and Weipu databases for studies on the temperature measurement accuracy of peripheral thermometer in children in outpatient and emergency department until November 20, 2023. 10 studies involving 3448 children were included. The combined sensitivity was 82 % (95 % CI: 81 % ∼ 84 %), the combined specificity was 88 % (95 % CI: 87 % ∼ 89 %), the combined positive likelihood ratio was 11. 35 (95 % CI: 6. 07 ∼ 21). 20), the combined negative likelihood ratio was 0.20 (95 % CI: 0.14 ∼ 0.29). The odds ratio of combined diagnosis was 58.02 (95 % CI: 30.66 ∼ 109.76), and the area under ROC curve (AUC) was 0.95. The peripheral temperature measurement can reflect a certain core temperature, among which the infrared tympanic membrane thermometer has the highest sensitivity, which is worthy of clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aptasensors for detection of ochratoxin A (OTA) have been extensively studied, but the majority of them require costly and large-scale equipment as signal readers. Herein, a photothermal aptasensor capable of portable detection of OTA through a thermometer was developed on basis of aptamer structural switching and rolling circle amplification (RCA)-enriched DNAzyme. Oligonucleotides and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) modified magnetic beads were prepared. The binding of aptamers to OTA led to the release of ALP labeled complementary DNA. After magnetic separation, ALP catalyzed the padlock dephosphorylation, inhibiting the subsequent RCA reaction. This process converted the OTA concentration into the amount of the photothermal reagent oxTMB produced from the catalytic reaction induced by RCA-enriched DNAzyme. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limit (LOD) of this aptasensor was 2.28 nM in a clean buffer, while the LOD reached 2.43 nM in 2 % grape juice. The good performance of the photothermal aptasensor makes it possible to measure OTA pollution in low resource environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human body temperature is a fundamental physiological sign that reflects the state of physical health. It is important to achieve high-accuracy detection for non-contact human body temperature measurement. In this article, a Ka band (32 to 36 GHz) analog complex correlator using the integrated six-port chip is proposed, and a millimeter-wave thermometer system based on the designed correlator is completed for human body temperature measurement. The designed correlator utilizes the six-port technique to achieve large bandwidth and high sensitivity, and miniaturization of the correlator is achieved through an integrated six-port chip. By performing the single-frequency test and the broadband noise measurement on the correlator, we can determine that the dynamic range of input power of the correlator is −70 dBm to −35 dBm, and the correlation efficiency and equivalent bandwidth are 92.5% and 3.42 GHz, respectively. Moreover, the output of the correlator varies linearly with the input noise power, which reveals that the designed correlator is suitable for the field of human body temperature measurement. Then, a handheld thermometer system, with a size of 140 mm × 47 mm × 20 mm, is proposed using the designed correlator, and the measurement results show that the temperature sensitivity of the thermometer is less than 0.2 K.

An accurate knowledge of the optical properties of β-Ga2O3 is key to developing the full potential of this oxide for photonics applications. In particular, the dependence of these properties on temperature is still being studied. Optical micro- and nanocavities are promising for a wide range of applications. They can be created within microwires and nanowires via distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR), i.e., periodic patterns of the refractive index in dielectric materials, acting as tunable mirrors. In this work, the effect of temperature on the anisotropic refractive index of β-Ga2O3 n(λ,T) was analyzed with ellipsometry in a bulk crystal, and temperature-dependent dispersion relations were obtained, with them being fitted to Sellmeier formalism in the visible range. Micro-photoluminescence (μ-PL) spectroscopy of microcavities that developed within Cr-doped β-Ga2O3 nanowires shows the characteristic thermal shift of red–infrared Fabry–Perot optical resonances when excited with different laser powers. The origin of this shift is mainly related to the variation in the temperature of the refractive index. A comparison of these two experimental results was performed by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, considering the exact morphology of the wires and the temperature-dependent, anisotropic refractive index. The shifts caused by temperature variations observed by μ-PL are similar, though slightly larger than those obtained with FDTD when implementing the n(λ,T) obtained with ellipsometry. The thermo-optic coefficient was calculated.

Temperature measurements are widely used in structural health monitoring. Optical fiber distributed temperature sensors (DTS) are developed, based on Raman spectroscopy, to measure temperature with relatively high accuracy and short temporal and spatial resolutions. DTS systems provide an extensive number of temperature measurements along the entire length of an optical fiber that can be extended to tens of kilometers. The efficiency of the temperature measurement strongly depends on the calibration of the DTS data. Although DTS systems internally calibrate the data, manual calibration techniques were developed to achieve more accurate results. Manual calibration employs reference sections or points with known temperatures and the DTS scattering data to estimate the calibration parameters and calculate temperature along the optical fiber. In some applications, manual calibration is subjected to some shortages, based on the proposed fiber installation configuration and continuity of calibration. In this article, the manual calibration approach was developed using the model-independent Parameters Estimation (PEST), together with the external temperature sensors as references for the DTS system. The proposed method improved manual calibration in terms of installation configuration, continuity of dynamic calibration, and estimation of the calibration parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author introduced new concept of this paper, how to protect from the Corona virus. Here fuzzy related concept act a main role in complete bipartite coloring fuzzy graph networking. Because the minute type of Germs also find out and express. Many of the Mall, Cinema Theater, School, College area having a some of the Corona patient. From this kind of patient, easily spread with others. In this situation the author draw a complete bipartite coloring fuzzy graph to solve this problem. If the graph is complete all the vertices are adjacent. So each vertices have n-1 edges. Now the author convert all the Edges are frequency lines and Vertices are convert into some different like scanner, thermometer, sanitizer. This is one of the good idea to protect from corona virus to spread others. And also give an brief explanation of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Thin-film resistive temperature detectors (RTD) are temperature sensors that can be installed on rigid or flexible substrates to meet a wide range of requirements. In this paper, we present a study on the performance of a clinical thermometer and its implementation. The statistical effects of thermal treatment on batch production are presented. Because of localized defects on the film, a non-uniform distribution exists before thermal treatment, which improves after thermal treatment. The data show that thermal treatment reduces the large variation in resistance for as-produced sensors. This annealing is done at 300°C under nitrogen atmosphere which reduces the standard deviation from 177 Ω to 13 Ω, a 5% of its initial value after being fabricated. This reliability increment is obtained due to the crystalline quality improvement which can be done only in the range of 100–300°C. In addition, the RTD sensor was designed with surface-mount technology in mind to avoid post-processing packaging and instead be used directly on a printed circuit board (PCB). A ratiometric circuit was designed to implement the RTD as a contact thermometer prototype; the developed circuit is flexible enough to use the produced RTD with a 5% deviation. The thermometer has an accuracy of 0.095°C in the temperature range of 30–50°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel visual volume-type hydrogel sensor like thermometer for pH response was developed. The multifunctional stimuli-responsive fluorescent hydrogel was fabricated by employing 5, 6-dicarboxylic fluorescein crosslinked partially ammoniated polyacrylamide (PAM). The polymer hydrogel was characterized with fluorescent inverted microscope (FIM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), as well as N2 adsorption–desorption analysis. The polymer hydrogel emitted fluorescence and exhibited volume phase transition (VPT) in response to pH in aqueous solution. The intelligent response hydrogel was put into an elaborately altered shower-like pipette with uniform holes in which the water can pass through without the swelling hydrogel. A visual thermometer style hydrogel sensor combination of chemical reaction, separation and detection was designed. It was accurately measure the volume of hydrogel instead of the pH value when response to different pH solution by reading the graduation with naked eye. Therefore, the challenge for direct measurement of hydrogel volume was overcome. Meanwhile, a scale bar was also designed to indicate pH according to the volume. We can directly read the pH from the bar, similar to a thermometer in daily life. The volume-type sensor paves the way for VPT hydrogel sensors with convenience, visualization, low-cost, portable, smartness and ease of operation.

The advantages of boundary conditions of the second kind in the problems of thermal conductivity and the method of presenting the results of analytical or research work in the form of heat flux density not as a product of the driving force of the process and resistance, but their ratio are shown. For the first time an analogue of the vector Terms for temperature fields -- the vector of heat flux density was found. A brief overview of the development of thermometry in Ukraine and the transit calorimetry on its basis is presented. For closed-type calorimeters, recommendations are given for their design and fabrication using the Gauss-Ostrogradsky theorem, which relates the integral flow of a continuously deferenced vector field through a closed surface and the integral of the divergence of this field over the volume bounded by this surface. The Gauss's theorem for a isothermic-shell calorimeter (ISC) states that the total heat flux through its surface and the heat release or absorption capacity in the substance of the sample in the shell are the same, even if these fluxes are non-uniform over the surface and in the volume. The development of heat meters as small-sized, low-inertia sensors of heat flux density allowed the creation of thermal calorimeters-shells which common feature is the combination of the functions of the shell and calorimeter system. Operation of various types of ISC has confirmed their advantages over other calorimeters, namely: ISC shell has a small thermal resistance and inertia compared to the resistance and inertia of the sample, which allows to correctly study nonstationary processes; the calibration process is greatly simplified; the temperature differences are not measured at all; there is no need for differential measurements with a comparison sample etc [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of human internal/core temperature (Tcore) is relevant in many scientific disciplines, but also for public health authorities when attempting to identify individuals with fever. Direct assessment of Tcore is often invasive, impractical on a large scale, and typically requires close contact between the observer and the target subject. Non-contact infrared thermometry (NCIT) represents a practical solution in which Tcore can potentially be assessed from a safe distance and in mass screening scenarios, by measuring skin temperature at specific anatomical locations. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has clearly demonstrated that these devices are not being used correctly, despite expert guided specifications available in International Standard Organization (ISO) documents. In this review, we provide an overview of the most pertinent factors that should be considered by users of NCIT. This includes the most pertinent methodological and physiological factors, as well as an overview on the ability of NCIT to track human Tcore. For practical use, we provide a checklist based on relevant ISO standards which are simple to follow and should be consulted prior to using NCIT for assessment of human Tcore. Our intention is for users of NCIT to adopt this checklist, which may improve the performance of NCIT for its ability to track Tcore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:The best method of body temperature measurement in children has been investigated for many years. It has become possible to make non-invasive continuous temperature measurement by using smartphones, to record the values and to give warning in case of fever with the technological developments in recent years. Nevertheless, there is no data on the accuracy of body temperature measurements using this method. We aimed to compare measurements made by the smartphone applications and using the axillary digital thermometers.Methods:This was a cross-sectional observational study. All patients, who were admitted to the pediatric emergency department between 1 July 2017 and 30 September 2017 with fever, were included. Demographic characteristics and the diagnosis of the patients were recorded. The body temperatures measured using smartphone applications and those using axillary digital thermometers were compared.Results:During the study period, 234 measurements were done in 53 patients. The mean age of the patients was 58±51 months. Thirty (57%) patients were male and eleven (21%) were infant. The most frequent diagnoses were upper respiratory tract infection (20, 38%) and acute gastroenteritis (12, 23%). There was no significant difference between smartphone applications and axillary digital thermometers in detecting fever (p=0.754). The mean body temperature value taken using axillary digital thermometers and smartphone applications were 37.07±0.85 °C and 37.16±0.89 °C, respectively. Both measurements were strongly correlated with each other (r=0.874, p

Temperature is an important physical parameter and plays a significant role in scientific research, the detection of which cannot be too crucial to study. In order to reduce the interference of the external environment on the detection of temperature and improve the accuracy of the detection results, a multi-parameter detection method using several optical signals was proposed. Here, a novel porous metal–organic framework (MOF), Zn-CYMPN, was synthesized and structurally characterized. Then, fluorescent organic dyes, either DPEE or DPEM, were encapsulated into the pores of Zn-CYMPN independently. The successful synthesis of the composites Zn-CYMPN⊃DPEE or Zn-CYMPN⊃DPEM could easily introduce other fluorescent centers into the original material and made it more convenient to realize multi-parameter temperature detection. More specifically, when the temperature changed, the maximum fluorescent emission wavelength (W) and the maximum optical intensity (I) of the Zn-CYMPN⊃DPEE/DPEM both showed good linear responses with temperature over a wide range, indicating that the composites were highly sensitive thermometers with multi-parameter temperature readouts. In addition, the quantum efficiency and thermal stability of the organic dyes, which bother every researcher, were improved as well.

Copyright of Acta Musei Brukenthal is the property of Brukenthal National Museum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Fuzhou University is the property of Journal of Fuzhou University, Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: The American Academy of Pediatrics and the European Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine guideline define fever as a temperature >38.0°C for all ages and recommend use of rectal thermometers in children <3 years. Based on new literature, this definition of fever using a fixed threshold of 38.0°C needs to be re‐examined. Design: A multi‐site diagnostic accuracy study was conducted to compare an "age‐based" threshold model with a "fixed" threshold over 38.0°C on a total of 894 patients of which 373 were ill. Methods: The "age‐based" and "fixed" threshold fever determinations were then compared to a clinical categorization ("well" or "ill") conducted by a clinician through a comprehensive examination. Results: The sensitivity and accuracy for the age‐based thresholds were found to be superior to the fixed thresholds in all ages and current ear thermometers were found equivalent to rectal thermometers in infants <6 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today’s technological and stressful world, when everyone is busy in their daily routines and places blind faith in pharmaceutical advancements to protect their health, the sudden, horrifying effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in serious emotional and psychological impacts in the general population. In spite of advanced vaccination campaigns, fear and hesitation have become a part of human life since there are a number of people who do not want to take these immunity boosting vaccinations. Such people may become carriers of infectious viruses, leading to a more rapid rate of spread; therefore, this class of spreaders needs to be screened at the earliest opportunity. In this context, there is a need for advanced health monitoring systems which can assist the pharmaceutical industry to monitor and record the health status of people. To address this need and reduce the uncertainty of the situation, this study has designed and tested an Internet of Things (IoT) and Fog computing-based multi-node architecture was for real-time initial screening and recording of such subjects. The proposed system was able to record current body temperature and location coordinates along with the facial images. Further, the proposed system was able to transmit data to a cloud database using internet-connected services. An implementation and reviews-based working environment analysis was conducted to determine the efficacy of the proposed system. It was observed from the statistical analysis that the proposed IoT Fog-enabled ecosystem could be utilized efficiently.

Copyright of Plastics Science & Technology / Suliao Ke-Ji is the property of Plastics Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The ability to assess the performance of a non-contact infrared thermometer (NCIT) may be limited due to the algorithms necessary to predict a reference site temperature (e.g., oral) from a measurement of the forehead skin temperature. The algorithm not only adjusts for the difference between the reference site temperature and forehead temperature, but may also account for hardware corrections, bias adjustments and emissivity settings. These algorithms are proprietary to the manufacturer and can be unique for each device. ASTM E1965-98 (2016) is a standard test method for the evaluation of NCITs. It includes forehead thermometers; however, the algorithm must be known or an unadjusted calibration mode must be accessible. This study evaluates 6 NCIT models (10 units of each) against the ASTM standard error criterion using a blackbody source. Units were tested within the manufacturer's operating and temperature measurement range specification. A method to evaluate measurement outliers and characterize each model's performance when the adjustment algorithm is unknown is proposed. Using this method, 5 of the 6 models had a predicted error > 0.3°C. • 6 models of non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) were evaluated using a blackbody reference compliant with ASTM E1965. • 10 samples of each model were tested at 8 blackbody preset temperatures; 8 measurements were taken with each sample at each temperature. • Bench testing may not assess the error introduced by proprietary temperature correction algorithms for a specific mode (e.g. oral temperature display mode) if measurements are taken in unadjusted ("test") mode. • Assuming the algorithm produces an accurate mean reading, results can illustrate that the variance from the mean is greater than the ASTM E1965 allowable error (± 0.3°C). • For a single model, a specific NCIT unit may perform within the allowable error; however, in a sample size of multiple units, some may not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Medical Equipment Journal is the property of Chinese Medical Equipment Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Some crucial decisions in treatment of hypothermic patients are closely linked to core body temperature. They concern modification of resuscitation algorithms and choosing the target hospital. Under- as well as over-estimation of a patient’s temperature may limit his chances for survival. Only thermometers designed for core temperature measurement can serve as a guide in such decision making. The aim of the study was to assess whether ambulance teams are equipped properly to measure core temperature. Methods A survey study was conducted in collaboration with the Health Ministry in April 2018. Questionnaires regarding the model, number, and year of production of thermometers were sent to each pre-hospital unit of the National Emergency Medical System in Poland. Results A total of 1523 ground ambulances are equipped with 1582 thermometers. 53.57% are infrared-based ear thermometers, 23.02% are infrared-based surface thermometers, and 20.13% are conventional medical thermometers. Only 3.28% of devices are able to measure core body temperature. Most of analyzed thermometers (91.4%) are not allowed to operate in ambient temperature below 10 °C. Conclusions There are only 3.28% of ground ambulances that are able to follow precisely international guidelines regarding a patient’s core body temperature. A light, reliable thermometer designed to measure core temperature in pre-hospital conditions is needed.

A number of thermometer, anthropometric and psychophysiological characteristics in women with anancast accentuation of character in comparison to a similar group of women without this accentuation is investigated. It has been shown that a group of anancast women had a lower body and skin temperature, had a more hardy types of the nervous system (by tapping-test), asthenic and normostenic body type and a lower average body weight compared to a group without of this accentuation.

In this COVID-19 pandemic, a non-contact handheld infrared thermometer is frequently used for fever screening. However, the handheld thermometer performance depends on the operator and the distance to the forehead. To address these problems, we present an infrared thermometer on the wall (iThermowall). The iThermowall is a low-cost non-contact thermometer, adapted for the use of fever screening in public areas without an operator. The hardware can measure human body temperature automatically when the distance between the sensor and forehead is adequate. Temperature measurement validation of the iThermowall was conducted by T-test analysis. The results show that the P-values for all the test is more significant than 0.05, means that the mean Celsius temperature for both groups (reference thermometer and iThermowall) are similar. This article provides the 3-D printable open-source and the full source code firmware for the developing and under-resourced communities.

Fever is the single most frequently reported manifestation of COVID-19 and is a critical element of screening persons for COVID-19. The meaning of "fever" varies depending on the cutoff temperature used, the type of thermometer, the time of the day, the site of measurements, and the person's gender and race. The absence of a universally accepted definition for fever has been especially problematic during the current COVID-19 pandemic. This investigation determined the extent to which fever is defined in COVID-19 publications, with special attention to those associated with pregnancy. Of 53 publications identified in which "fever" is reported as a manifestation of COVID-19 illness, none described the method used to measure patient's temperatures. Only 10 (19%) publications specified the minimum temperature used to define a fever with values that varied from a 37.3 °C (99.1 °F) to 38.1 °C (100.6 °F). There is a disturbing lack of precision in defining fever in COVID-19 publications. Given the many factors influencing temperature measurements in humans, there can never be a single, universally accepted temperature cut-off defining a fever. This clinical reality should not prevent precision in reporting fever. To achieve the precision and improve scientific and clinical communication, when fever is reported in clinical investigations, at a minimum the cut-off temperature used in determining the presence of fever, the anatomical site at which temperatures are taken, and the instrument used to measure temperatures should each be described. In the absence of such information, what is meant by the term "fever" is uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of the petrogenetic history of continental flood basalt using mineral–chemical data has been sparingly used for several flood basalt provinces of the world. For the Deccan flood basalts, such attempts are still rudimentary. The present contribution highlights several facets of petrogenesis of the Eastern Deccan Volcanic Province using details of constituent phases including glass. The present-study area around Khandwa (21°49′N, 76°21′E) indicates the presence of three distinct lava flows, which were identified on the basis of physical volcanological features based on a three-tier classification. Moreover, the occasional presence of chilled dykes and feeder dykes has been documented. The lava succession rests above (apparent) cumulate gabbro basement. The lava flows, in general, are characterized by dominant pyroxene (mostly augite, locally pigeonite) and plagioclase, opaque (magnetite and ilmenite) and glass, whereas olivine is rare. Both of these principal mineral phases (namely, plagioclase and pyroxene) occur both as phenocrysts and groundmass, while opaque phases occur only as groundmass. Pyroxene and plagioclase are generally zoned due to the changing milieu of crystallization conditions. Pyroxene thermometry data show the equilibration temperature range of 1050–1300 °C. Except for two samples of Flow II and one sample of chilled zone, the pyroxene thermometry data are broadly similar to that obtained from magnetite–ilmenite thermometry. As expected, deduced glass thermometric data reveal a relatively higher temperature. Crystallization history of parental magma was quantitatively modeled using Petrolog 3 software. The results indicate that the parental magma underwent both equilibrium and fractional crystallization (for example initially crystallized olivine reacted with ambient liquid to give rise to pyroxene). Phenocrystal and groundmass plagioclase and pyroxene show distinct patterns of compositional zoning corresponding to fluctuating physical parameters within the magma. Some of the glass [especially from the chilled dyke, feeder dyke, and Upper Colonnade Zone (UCZ) of flow II and flow III] represents 'higher magnitude pressure ambience' (fossilized glass) which is distinct from 'surficial glass' caused by equilibrium quenching. The glass and pyroxene compositions (using tectonic discrimination diagrams) suggest a non-orogenic continental setting of the parent magma. It is concluded that the studied Deccan volcanism shows a complex interplay of repeated pulses of magma ascent, fluctuation of crystallization condition, effervescence, and local magma mixing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terms heat and temperature are two distinct but closely related concepts. The core difference between heat and temperature is that heat deals with thermal energy, whereas temperature is more concerned with molecular kinetic energy. As a substance is cooled, it loses thermal energy. Eventually it will reach a temperature at which it no longer possesses any thermal or kinetic energy and so it can no longer be cooled; this temperature is absolute zero. Another unique temperature concept is the triple point of a substance; the temperature at which a substance exists simultaneously and in perfect equilibrium in a solid, liquid and gaseous phase. The triple point is unique for every substance; for water, it reaches its triple point at 0.01 °C at a pressure of 0.006 atmospheres. Temperature may be measured using the Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales. Many clinical thermometers are designed to display the output in a digital format to enable easier monitoring as well as recording. Non-electrical thermometers are still in use today. Thermoregulation in the anaesthetized patient is achieved by the understanding of the mechanisms of heat loss, as well as the use of thermometers, warming and cooling devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to review and help identify the advantages and disadvantages of different types of thermometers available for use and to provide guidance on fever education for the otherwise healthy child in the community and school health population. The measurement of body temperature is an essential part of standard medical care that monitors patient status, response to treatment, and helps gauge the severity and progression of disease. There are multiple types of thermometers on the market and each has advantages and disadvantages related to infection control measures, cost, and ease of use. Digital thermometers provide quick accurate results and are cost-effective. However, noncontact forehead, tympanic, or temporal scanner may be a better option for some populations of students. The noncontact forehead scanner may be a better choice when large numbers of students need to be screened. After fever has been identified, parent education should be provided, including when to seek further care and comfort measures such as safe, effective antipyretic usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature measurements are widely used in structural health monitoring. Optical fiber distributed temperature sensors (DTS) are developed, based on Raman spectroscopy, to measure temperature with relatively high accuracy and short temporal and spatial resolutions. DTS systems provide an extensive number of temperature measurements along the entire length of an optical fiber that can be extended to tens of kilometers. The efficiency of the temperature measurement strongly depends on the calibration of the DTS data. Although DTS systems internally calibrate the data, manual calibration techniques were developed to achieve more accurate results. Manual calibration employs reference sections or points with known temperatures and the DTS scattering data to estimate the calibration parameters and calculate temperature along the optical fiber. In some applications, manual calibration is subjected to some shortages, based on the proposed fiber installation configuration and continuity of calibration. In this article, the manual calibration approach was developed using the model-independent Parameters Estimation (PEST), together with the external temperature sensors as references for the DTS system. The proposed method improved manual calibration in terms of installation configuration, continuity of dynamic calibration, and estimation of the calibration parameters.

Mercury exposure from broken thermometers is still common in China. Here, we report a 2-year-old girl with elevated mercury concentrations in her blood and urine due to improper debridement after pricked by a broken thermometer. She underwent the first debridement at a local hospital, but radiographs showed a dot-like mercury deposit turned into multiple dispersed beads in her wrist tissue. Although the patient had no signs or symptoms of mercury poisoning, her blood and urinary mercury concentrations were significantly elevated. Several radio-opaque densities remained in her hand until a second debridement. At 2 years follow-up, her mercury concentrations in blood and urine and her hand radiograph were normal. Careful debridement after injury by broken thermometer is important in order to remove mercury in tissues and to prevent its dispersion and further absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermometry of high-grade metamorphic rocks is difficult due to fast cationic diffusion during slow cooling, but the titanium content of calcium amphibole (Ti-Amp) can retrieve amphibole-forming temperature as high as ~1000 °C. Based on pseudosection modeling and past research survey, we find that Ti-Amp is controlled by temperature under the conditions of oxygen fugacity <2 log units above the Ni-NiO oxygen buffer (ΔNNO+2), in subalkaline systems, and with the presence of Ti-phases (rutile, ilmenite, or titanite). We apply available experimental data to calibrate a new Ti-Amp thermometer for such conditions: T ∘ C = 2400 1.52 − log T i A m p − 273 $$ \begin{equation} T\left({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)=\frac{2400}{1.52-\log \mathrm{Ti}^{\mathrm{A} \mathrm{m} \mathrm{p}}}-273 \end{equation}$$ where T is temperature and log TiAmp is the Ti content of amphibole in atom per formula unit (apfu) expressed in the logarithm to base 10. The standard error of the calibration experiments is ±35 °C. This thermometer can be applied only if the aforementioned conditions are fulfilled. Besides, caution should be taken when applying the thermometer to rocks under subsolidus water-unsaturated conditions, which can be observed as non-equilibrium textures or low bulk-rock water content (<1–1.5 wt%). The results of this thermometer may be underestimated if applied to rocks that are equilibrated above 850 °C and contain rutile and a significant amount of water (>3.5–4 wt%). The new thermometer can be successfully applied to amphibole-bearing natural igneous and metamorphic rocks. In addition, we propose the Si vs. Ti in amphibole diagram that roughly demarcates the boundaries among the high amphibolite, high-temperature granulite, and ultrahigh-temperature granulite facies. Although pseudosection modeling provides details of the P-T evolution of studied rocks, the Ti-Amp thermometer is quick and easy to apply. However, further research is needed to improve our knowledge of the behavior and stability of amphibole and to improve the accuracy of both pseudosection modeling and conventional thermometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A design for an effective molecular luminescent thermometer based on long‐range electronic coupling in lanthanide coordination polymers is proposed. The coordination polymers are composed of lanthanide ions EuIII and GdIII, three anionic ligands (hexafluoroacetylacetonate), and a chrysene‐based phosphine oxide bridges (6,12‐bis(diphenylphosphoryl)chrysene). The zig‐zag orientation of the single polymer chains induces the formation of packed coordination structures containing multiple sites for CH‐F intermolecular interactions, resulting in thermal stability above 350 °C. The electronic coupling is controlled by changing the concentration of the GdIII ion in the EuIII‐GdIII polymer. The emission quantum yield and the maximum relative temperature sensitivity (Sm) of emission lifetimes for the EuIII‐GdIII polymer (Eu:Gd=1:1, Φtot=52 %, Sm=3.73 % K−1) were higher than those for the pure EuIII coordination polymer (Φtot=36 %, Sm=2.70 % K−1), respectively. Enhanced temperature sensing properties are caused by control of long‐range electronic coupling based on phosphine oxide with chrysene framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the comparative precision and accuracy of multiple methods of thermometry used to assess body temperature in healthy adult ferrets. Temperature was measured in 20 healthy ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) using noncontact infrared thermometry, digital thermometry in the rectal, inguinal, and axillary regions, and infrared contact-based thermometer in the ear (tympanic) and on the skin of the dorsal back between the shoulder blades. Temperatures were taken pre- and posthandling, evaluated across the set of ferrets for general precision and effect of handling, and compared to assess accuracy. Intraclass correlation analysis and Bland-Altman agreement analyses with rectal temperature being used as reference were conducted. Sample time (before and after physical examination) and day (day #1 and day #2), were found to not to be significantly different with respect to temperature measurements (P > 0.05). Reproducibility was not high for any of the temperature measurement methods, but was moderate for rectal and tympanic ear measures. The lowest mean difference with rectal temperature was found for tympanic thermometry on the dorsal skin when compared with rectal measurement (+0.05° C), as opposed to the other four methods of temperature measurement which ranged in their mean differences when compared with rectal measurement (−7.4 to −0.58° C). Agreement analyses showed constant error and proportional error only for the inguinal temperature method. Temperature measurements due to tympanic thermometers applied on the dorsal skin have some agreement with respect to digital rectal thermometry in ferrets. Following further validating studies on hypothermic and hyperthermic contexts of usage, this less invasive approach may be a useful method for temperature measurement in clinical settings to reduce stress of the patient and increase efficiency without sacrificing accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Veterinaria Brasilica is the property of Acta Veterinaria Brasilica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)