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Personal values of employee may differ from the values of the leader, group or organization that they work with and each may therefore have a potential to lead employees to create false representations of themselves, while at work. Although there has been a growing interest in studying the notion of facades of conformity over the last decade, most of the existing studies have focused heavily on lack of person organization PO fit and how that leads employees to create false representations at workplace. Hardly any attempt has been made to relate these false representations with the lack of person group PG fit or Person Supervisor PS fit etc. While deriving its foundations from congruence framework protection motivation theory, this study not only aims to present lack of person group fit and person supervisor fit in addition to person organization fit which already exists in literature as important antecedents of facades of conformity it also recognizes the cross cultural differences between nations and suggests a moderating role for national culture in these relationships. It not only identifies lack of person group fit and person supervisor fit in addition to person organisation fit that already exists in the literature as important antecedents of false representations created by employees at their workplace, it also explains how each of these may interact with national culture to further strengthen or weaken the process of facades creation among employees of international firms operating in and from different parts of the world. The paper conducts an extensive review of the literature on creation of Facades of conformity FOC in organisations. It follows a critical rationalism approach Popper, 1959 to identify some of the key gaps in our existing literature and offers some solid set of propositions in the end. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Public engagement, impact, and knowledge exchange are concepts that today rank\ud highly on research agendas across the UK. Yet the discussion of what constitutes\ud engagement, on the politics and practicalities of building collaborations with nonacademic partners, and on the ethics of conducting such work are still at their very\ud earliest stages. Emerging from a British Academy-funded workshop, “Slavic Studies\ud Goes Public: Creating an ECR Network in the Public Humanities,” this series of essays\ud and critical-creative works — collaborations at the boundary of academic writing and\ud artistic practice — explores what we see as some of the most important questions\ud relating to public engagement in our field. What institutional factors and politics\ud inform and determine the “who” of our public engagement work? How can the us/\ud them dichotomy be rethought and with it the idea of “giving voice” to “voiceless”\ud communities? How can those leading projects be sure that the legacy or change is\ud desired by or necessary for the communities engaged? When does engagement end?\ud When should it never have begun? Participants at the workshop responded to these\ud questions in six reflective essays and three critical-creative collaborations. Rather than\ud offering definitive answers, we hope that the workshop and this series will form a point\ud of departure, engendering further conversations, collaborations, and creativity around\ud Modern Languages and engagement.

Funding: British Academy/SAMS Small Research Grant (SG140376). In this paper, we examine the determinants of bank holdings of domestic sovereign debt with a panel dataset of 295 banks in 35 countries between 2002 and 2013. The findings indicate that the structure of bank ownership (domestic, foreign, or government ownership), the quality of governance, and the level of financial development of the countries in which banks operate all determine the level of home bias. Specifically, we find that domestic banks tend to hold more domestic sovereign debt relative to their foreign counterparts. We also provide evidence that home bias is even stronger when the domestic bank is controlled by its government. Moreover, home bias increases when government bonds are more risky, home governments are less effective, and when banking systems are less financially developed. Overall, we find that banks’ home bias in holding sovereign debt is an international phenomenon that is determined by both bank- and country-specific factors. Publisher PDF

Social-communication (SC) and restricted repetitive behaviors (RRB) are autism diagnostic symptom domains. SC and RRB severity can markedly differ within and between individuals and may be underpinned by different neural circuitry and genetic mechanisms. Modeling SC-RRB balance could help identify how neural circuitry and genetic mechanisms map onto such phenotypic heterogeneity. Here, we developed a phenotypic stratification model that makes highly accurate (97–99%) out-of-sample SC = RRB, SC > RRB, and RRB > SC subtype predictions. Applying this model to resting state fMRI data from the EU-AIMS LEAP dataset (n = 509), we find that while the phenotypic subtypes share many commonalities in terms of intrinsic functional connectivity, they also show replicable differences within some networks compared to a typically-developing group (TD). Specifically, the somatomotor network is hypoconnected with perisylvian circuitry in SC > RRB and visual association circuitry in SC = RRB. The SC = RRB subtype show hyperconnectivity between medial motor and anterior salience circuitry. Genes that are highly expressed within these networks show a differential enrichment pattern with known autism-associated genes, indicating that such circuits are affected by differing autism-associated genomic mechanisms. These results suggest that SC-RRB imbalance subtypes share many commonalities, but also express subtle differences in functional neural circuitry and the genomic underpinnings behind such circuitry., Natasha Bertelsen et al. develop a computational model to categorize patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) into distinct subgroups, based on social-communicative or restricted repetitive behaviors. By integrating publicly available neuroimaging and genetic data, they report neural and molecular signatures in two of these subgroups, altogether highlighting subtle differences in neural circuitry and genomic networks that could underlie phenotypic differences among ASD patients.

The article analyses the performance and profitability of the firms controlled by the River Plate Trust Group in Argentina and Uruguay from 1879 to 1960 to challenges the notion that British investments in the Southern Cone involved greater default or insolvency risks because of nationalism, expropriations, and over-taxation. Also known as Morris or Morrison group, River Plate Trust became the most important British business group in the region during the First Global Period, as it controlled a number of public utilities, mortgage and financial firms. Our case shows that the decline of British investment in mortgage and financial activities did not mark the end of this business cycle after WWI; rather, it signalled a change in the direction of capital flows. Capital outflows from host economies to Great Britain—via dividends—continued over the interwar period, with only a brief interruption between 1931 and 1934. The business cycle of British firms entered a new phase, characterized by stagnant British investments and increasing capital returns from Argentina and Uruguay to Great Britain.Moreover, British public utility firms continued to invest in the River Plate until the 1940s, because profits from the region supported the distribution of high dividends to shareholders.

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has been successfully employed to understand the organisation of the human brain. Typically, the brain is parcellated into regions of interest (ROIs) and modelled as a graph where each ROI represents a node and association measures between ROI-specific blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) time series are edges. Recently, graph neural networks (GNNs) have seen a surge in popularity due to their success in modelling unstructured relational data. The latest developments with GNNs, however, have not yet been fully exploited for the analysis of rs-fMRI data, particularly with regards to its spatio-temporal dynamics. In this paper, we present a novel deep neural network architecture which combines both GNNs and temporal convolutional networks (TCNs) in order to learn from both the spatial and temporal components of rs-fMRI data in an end-to-end fashion. In particular, this corresponds to intra-feature learning (i.e., learning temporal dynamics with TCNs) as well as inter-feature learning (i.e., leveraging interactions between ROI-wise dynamics with GNNs). We evaluate our model with an ablation study using 35,159 samples from the UK Biobank rs-fMRI database, as well as in the smaller Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset, both in a unimodal and in a multimodal fashion. We also demonstrate that out architecture contains explainability-related features which easily map to realistic neurobiological insights. We suggest that this model could lay the groundwork for future deep learning architectures focused on leveraging the inherently and inextricably spatio-temporal nature of rs-fMRI data., T.A. is funded by the W. D. Armstrong Trust Fund, University of Cambridge, UK. R.A.I.B. is funded by a British Academy Post-Doctoral fellowship and the Autism Research Trust. R.R.G is funded by the Guarantors of Brain. L.P. is funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC) grant (MR/P01271X/1) at the University of Cambridge, UK.

International audience; ObjectivesStable isotope analysis of sequential dentine samples is a potentially powerful method to reveal insights into early life-histories of individuals in the past. Dentine incremental growth structures are complex, however, and current approaches that apply horizontal sectioning of demineralized tooth halves or quarters risk combining multiple growth layers and may include unwanted cementum or secondary dentine. They also require destruction of large parts of a tooth. Here, we present a less destructive and relatively straightforward protocol that reduces damage, increases temporal resolution, and improves the accuracy of age-alignment between individuals.Material and methodsWe outline a protocol that includes the sampling of small (1 mm diameter) cylindrical plug transects from a thin section, along with an age-alignment scheme predicated on average growth rates for dentine areas.Results and discussionThe proposed protocol is readily applicable and more anatomically sensitive than horizontal slicing. Micro-samples are smaller (in both length and depth), hence minimizing temporal overlap and avoid directions that may contravene growth pattern. They completely avoid areas where secondary and tertiary dentine or cementum can be deposited. Age-alignment is improved by using growth ratios of anatomical tooth zones.ConclusionThis method minimizes destruction, enables finer temporal resolution and facilitates data comparison. It can be readily combined with fluorescence imaging-based or other pre-screening methods of dentine collagen preservation.

Es wurde häufig darauf verwiesen, dass BACHELARDs gegenintuitive Orientierung mit Blick auf wissenschaftliche Forschung und sein Insistieren auf relationalem Anti-Essenzialismus erhebliche Implikationen für die sozialwissenschaftliche Methodologie hat. Die Frage ist, welche Konsequenzen dies für die aktuelle Forschungspraxis haben kann. In unserem Beitrag geben wir die pragmatische Antwort, die Nutzung essenzialistischer Kategorien so gewissenhaft wie möglich zu vermeiden. Ausgehend von unserer BACHELARD- Rezeption nehmen wir an, dass eine produktive Praxis einer methodologischen Handwerkskunst bedarf, die sich von selbst-evidenter Forschung fernhält und dabei zugleich deren Ossifikation in Theorie vermeidet. Aus unserer Perspektive sind kontinuierliche Brüche und Restrukturierungen im Denken unbedingt erforderlich, werden aber in der Sozialforschung zumeist vernachlässigt; oft einfach schon deshalb, weil eine brauchbare Technologie fehlt. Anschließend an die Arbeiten von DOWLING (1998, 2009, 2013) unterbreiten wir einen Vorschlag hierfür, indem wir eine schematische Technologie, einmal wöchentlich etablierte Kategorien zu hinterfragen (BECKERs Devianzklassifikation), mit einem relationalen Ansatz kontrastieren, der die erforderliche "Handwerkskunst" bewahrt (und de facto eher konsistent ist mit BECKERs eigenem pragmatischen Projekt). Wir illustrieren dies am empirischen Beispiel des Teilens digitaler Dateien., As has often been noted, BACHELARD's counter-intuitive orientation to scientific inquiry, with its rationalizing insistence on relational anti-essentialism, has profound implications for social research methodology. The question remains how this orientation might inform the actual practice of research. In this article we present a pragmatic response, one that emphasizes the need to scrupulously avoid the use of essentialized categories. Doing so involves much work and constant vigilance, for which technique is an absolute requirement. Our reading of BACHELARD therefore insists that productive research requires the artifice of a methodological technology that wrenches research from self-evidence whilst avoiding its ossification in theory. We argue that this continuous disruption and rebuilding of forms of thought is necessary but often neglected in social research; often simply because suitable technology is unavailable. By developing work by DOWLING (1998, 2009, 2013), we then suggest one that is. This is demonstrated by contrasting a diagrammatic technology known for only breaking weakly with established categories—BECKER's classification of deviance—with a relational space that achieves the rational artifice required (one in fact more consistent with BECKER's own pragmatic project). The value of the artifice a relational space achieves is then illustrated in the empirical context of digital file-sharing.

International audience; In this paper, we propose a new variance reduction method for quantile regressions with endogeneity problems, for alpha-mixing or m-dependent covariates and error terms. First, we derive the asymptotic distribution of two-stage quantile estimators based on the fitted-value approach under very general conditions. Second, we exhibit an inconsistency transmission property derived from the asymptotic representation of our estimator. Third, using a reformulation of the dependent variable, we improve the efficiency of the two-stage quantile estimators by exploiting a tradeoff between an inconsistency confined to the intercept estimator and a reduction of the variance of the slope estimator. Monte Carlo simulation results show the fine performance of our approach. In particular, by combining quantile regressions with first-stage trimmed least-squares estimators, we obtain more accurate slope estimates than 2SLS, 2SLAD and other estimators for a broad set of distributions. Finally, we apply our method to food demand equations in Egypt.

International audience

Despite the economic and social significance of crime reduction and criminals' rehabilitation, research evaluating the effects of incarceration on behavior is surprisingly scarce. We conduct an experiment with 105 prison inmates and complement it with administrative data in order to explore several aspects of their social behavior. We first perform a comprehensive analysis of behavior in three economic games, finding evidence of discrimination against a sample from outside prison. In addition, our regression analysis reveals that inmates generally become less pro-social towards this out-group the longer they remain incarcerated. Finally, we introduce and evaluate a priming intervention that asks inmates to reflect on their time spent in prison. This intervention has a very sizeable and significant impact, increasing pro-sociality towards the out-group. Hence, a simple, low-cost intervention of this sort can have desirable effects in promoting rehabilitation and integration into social and economic life after release.

This study explores how managers can maximise employees’ performance in green buildings.We investigate the role of managers to advance the current business model of green buildings as a vehicle to achieve key performance outcomes. We utilise Social Identity Theory and Theory of Planned Behaviour to understand employees’ workplace green behaviours.Additionally, management’s role to improve organisational practices in green buildings is discussed within the concept of Green Human Resources Management (GREEN HRM). Data was collected from offices located in 17 green buildings in Australia (employees=549 and managers=91). The findings indicate that key management practices, especially green human resources functions are likely to impact employees’ performance outcomes such as organisational identification, job satisfaction and work-related flow in green buildings.Keywords: Green buildings, Green HRM, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Performance, Green Behaviours

The author is grateful to the British Academy and the Leverhulme Trust for their financial support. Building on Neil Whitehead’s work in northern South America, this article considers the formations of two different deep-forest regional networks. Though these Amerindian spaces have origins in the precolonial past, this article analyses their shaping in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a period when they were invaded by colonial agents. There were other regional systems along the course of the Amazon and its many tributaries that were a part of a similar historical process of refounding identities and claims on land and people involving challenges to leadership and political organization. Following Hal Langfur, we can term this general making of spaces a re-territorialization. Critical social relations include those between Amerindian ethnic entities and their leaders, soldiers, and missionaries. This article focuses on a key spatial relation between Amerindian settlements and the mission, or partially colonized village, which had an indirect or direct contact with each other. Postprint

What form does power take in situations of retaliation against whistleblowers? In this article, we move away from dominant perspectives that see power as a resource. In place, we propose a theory of normative power and violence in whistleblower retaliation, drawing on an in-depth empirical study. This enables a deeper understanding of power as it circulates in complex processes of whistleblowing. We offer the following contributions. First, supported by empirical findings we propose a novel theoretical framing of whistleblower retaliation and the role of mental health, which draws upon poststructuralist psychoanalytic thinking. Specifically, we highlight how intra- and inter-psychic affective and ambivalent attachments to organizations influence the use of normative violence in cases of whistleblower retaliation. The second contribution is empirical and builds upon the existing literature on whistleblower retaliation by highlighting how organizations position whistleblower subjects as mentally unstable and unreliable individuals, to undermine their claims. We conclude by highlighting the implications of normative power for the outcomes of whistleblower struggles. This study was funded by British Academy (GB)/ Leverhulme Trust (Grant no. SG122608). peer-reviewed

Progress in understanding the emergence of pathological anxiety depends on the availability of paradigms effective in inducing anxiety in a simple, consistent and sustained way. Much progress has been made using the Threat-of-Shock paradigm (TOS), which generates anxiety through the delivery of unpredictable electric shocks to participants. However, TOS may be problematic when testing vulnerable populations. Moreover, it is not clear whether anxiety can be sustained throughout experiments of long duration. Here, we bring support for an alternative approach called the Threat-of-Scream paradigm (TOSc), in which the tactile delivery of shocks is replaced by the auditory delivery of distress screams. We report on an one-hour long study (plus its replication) in which participants were exposed to blocks before which they were told that they could hear aversive screams at any time (threat blocks), vs. blocks before which they were told that no scream will be heard (safe blocks). Both the experiment and its replication showed higher subjective reports of anxiety, higher skin conductance level, and positive correlation between the two measures, in threat compared to safe blocks. Anxiety measures were sustained throughout the experiments, suggesting little emotional and physiological habituation. Our results suggest that the delivery of low intensity distress screams can be an efficient, stable and cheap methodology to assess the impact of sustained anxiety on a diversity of cognitive functions and populations. We therefore believe the TOSc will become an essential part of the psychological toolkit, particularly so for researchers interested in the emergence of pathological anxiety.

Engaging with Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL), this paper reviews the crusade of transitional justice by tracing the journeys of problematic claims across the world. Building on original empirical material, I document the dissemination of specific set of claims as well as their hegemonic functions through a systematic review of the transitional justice provisions contained in all peace agreements signed since 1990. I centre on the epistemic violence perpetuated through such normative crusade. The crusade and limitation of disseminated claims neglect the inevitable arguments about the past, frictions between legal ‘global standards,’ the resulting technocratic practices and the often-silenced politicised negotiations taking place through transitional justice practices. Gradually, the consolidation of hegemonic approaches took over institutional debates addressing legacies of mass violence and, consequently, silencing certain types of violence. In other words, I argue that transitional justice is simultaneously: 1) an increasingly normative and technocratic field that claims to deal with legacies of violent pasts for democratic futures, 2) a set of processes that silences normative and discursive battles about a violent past and perpetuates epistemic violence.

This paper estimates the impact of road improvements on firm employment and productivity using plant level longitudinal data for Britain. Exposure to transport improvements is measured by changes in employment accessibility along the road network. These changes are constructed using data on employment for small geographical units, details of the main road network and of road construction schemes carried out between 1998 and 2007. We deal with the central problem of endogenous scheme placement by using changes due to new road links and exploiting the spatial detail in our data to focus on accessibility changes close to new schemes. We find substantial effects on employment and numbers of plants for small-scale geographical areas (electoral wards), but no employment response at plant level. This suggests that road construction affects firm entry and exit, but not the employment of existing firms. We also find effects on labour productivity and wages at the firm level, although these results are less robust.

This thesis is a collection of empirical and experimental studies on dynamic decision making. Chapter 1 studies the non-linear incentive of academics in economics departments of the U.K. high education institutions based on the data throughout the last four RAEs/REFs (i.e., RAE1996, RAE2001, RAE2008, REF2014). The time-discontinuity features of the RAEs/REFs and the constraints on job moving result in academics facing non-linear incentives. The data shows that in a harsh working environment with a periodical decline of the UK economics study, academic economists respond to such incentives by postponing the publication of their high-quality outputs to the beginning of the next assessment period, as expected. Chapter 2 presents an experiment designed to study how people play a two-person two-stage dynamic game with incomplete information and uncertainty and to study the effect of different elicitation methods on equilibrium and level-k play. The experimental data shows that around half of the subjects are strategic thinkers and level-k thinking dominates in strategic thinking. Furthermore, the comparison between the direct-response and the strategy method reveals that the latter method has a negative effect on players’ strategic thinking. Chapter 3 is an experimental study of the intertemporal consumption and saving behaviour of agents who have a finite lifecycle in an endowment economy in the presence of two different time profiles of taxes. A series of farsighted models (i.e., rational expectation and adaptive learning) and myopic models are introduced to explain players’ saving behaviour in the presence of a tax decrease in the middle of their lifecycle. In this setting, the data analysis shows that most of the subjects’ behaviours are consistent with the suggestions of myopic models.

This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 715146. The authors also acknowledge the funding received to carry out the research from the Leverhulme Trust (ECF‐2013‐177), the British Academy (EN150010 and VF1101988), the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the National Science Foundation (1540298). Growing anthropological research on energy provides critical explorations into the cross‐cultural ways in which people perceive and use this fundamental resource. We argue that two dominant frameworks animate that literature: a critique of corporate and state power, and advocacy for energy transitions to less carbon‐intensive futures. These frameworks have narrowed the ethical questions and perspectives that the discipline has considered in relation to energy. This is because they are animated by judgements that can implicitly shape research agendas or sometimes result in strong accusations that obscure how our interlocutors themselves may consider the rightness and wrongness of energy resources and the societal infrastructures of which they form a part. We propose a more capacious approach to studying energy ethics that opens up energy dilemmas to ethnographic inquiry. As such, we show how energy dilemmas constitute important sites for the generation of anthropological knowledge, encouraging more insightful and inclusive discussions of the place of energy in human and more‐than‐human lives. Publisher PDF

This article forms part of a larger project, titled “Poetical Matter” and partly funded by a British Academy Mid-Career Fellowship, which examines the exchange of methods, theories, and language between poetry and the physical sciences in the nineteenth century Analogy, the comparison of one set of relations to another, was essential to Humphry Davy’s understanding of chemistry. Throughout his career, Davy used analogical reasoning to direct and to interpret his experimental analyses of the chemical reactions between substances. In his writing, he deployed analogies to organise and to explain his theories about the relations between physical processes and between the properties of different chemical elements and compounds. But Davy also regularly expressed two concerns about analogical comparison: first, that it was founded not on the rational interpretation of facts but on imaginative speculation; and second, that it was a kind of rhetoric, the persuasiveness of which depended not on material evidence but on misleading figures of speech. This article discusses the influences that informed Davy’s ambivalent assessment of the value of analogy, and it examines the distinct yet overlapping ways in which this assessment was expressed in his notebooks, his lectures and treatises on chemistry, his philosophical writings, and his poetry. Postprint

Funding for this work was generously provided by the ESRC (PTA-030-2003-00784), the Wenner-Gren Foundation [Gr. 7376] and British Academy (PDF/2009/423). Addressing the intersections of economic opportunities and scriptural interpretation, this article examines how Buddhist monks involved in the Mongolian gold rush view the ethics of mining. Commonly regarded an act of theft and violence within Mahāyāna Buddhism, mining is locally subject to strong ethical denunciations. Drawing on historical connections and transnational devotional practices, the mining monks engage creatively with a method of meditation known as ‘breaking the mind’, which offers a competing way of knowing the world. Focusing on the universe within which they conceptualise action, they present a radical reinterpretation of ethical human life. I argue that the mining monks’ own conceptual framework highlights the analytical importance of attending to not only visible bodily action, but also people's self-reflection in our attempts to understand the place of the ethical in human life. Postprint

© Patrick Cairns, Gozde Ozakinci, David Ian Perrett. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 14.07.2020. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included. Background: Inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption causes a considerable disease burden and premature mortality. Despite public health promotion of a healthy diet, the average consumption is still below recommended levels. Fruit and vegetable consumption influences human skin color, increasing red/yellow/orange pigment in the skin. Given that this color is deemed attractive and healthy-looking, the appearance benefit may motivate to eat more fruit and vegetables. Such appearance motivation could be particularly useful in young individuals who currently eat the least fruit and vegetables. Objective: Our objectives were to assess how widely the impact of diet on skin color is known within the UK and to compare the strength of motivation to eat fruit and vegetables based on health and appearance benefits among different demographic groups. Methods: Four groups of UK residents (N=200 per group) were recruited through the Prolific online platform. Groups comprised younger (aged 18-24) and older adults (aged 40-60) of low and high self-reported socioeconomic status (1-5 and 6-10 on a 10-point rating scale). Facial images simulating the skin color associated with low and high fruit and vegetable diets were shown to participants. Questionnaires were used to assess (1) background knowledge of the health and skin color effects of dietary fruit and vegetables, (2) the specific motivational impact of the skin color illustration, and (3) the relative importance of motivation to consume fruit and vegetables arising from health and skin color appearance benefits. Results: We found that 61% (n=487) of all participants were unaware of the dietary-skin color association. We also found that 57% (n=457) of participants found the simple demonstration of the dietary impact on skin color positively motivating to eat more fruit and vegetables. The visual demonstration was equally motivating for participants of high and low self-reported socioeconomic status (P=.63) and different ethnic backgrounds (White N=453, Black N=182, Asian N=87, P=.22). Health benefits from a diet high in fruit and vegetables were regarded as more motivating than skin color appearance benefits. The appearance-changing benefits of a high fruit and vegetable diet (compared to the health benefits) were relatively more important for the younger participants (Mann-Whitney U=96,263, P

We often talk about ‘Town Centres’, but defining their location and extent is surprisingly difficult. Their boundaries are hard to pin down and intrinsically fuzzy. Nevertheless, policy makers often speak or act as if their definition was self-evident. The Dutch and later the British governments, for example, introduced very specific policies for them without ever clearly defining what or where they were. In this paper, we propose a simple methodology to predict town centre boundaries and extent. Using a range of micro-geographical data, we test our method for the whole of Great Britain in an attempt to capture all the dimensions of ‘town centredness’ in a 3D surface. We believe this is a contribution in its own right but is also an essential step if there is to be any rigorous analysis of town centres or evaluation of policies directed at them. Our method should contribute to improve not just debates about cities, shopping hierarchies and town centres, but also to other more general debates where people and policy proceed ahead of any clear definition of what are the objects of interest., The authors thank SERC/CEP for funding (ESRC grant ES/M010341/1), and R.S.-G. acknowledges support from the British Academy. The authors thank Mr Mark Teale from CBRE and DCLG for providing them with data. ABI data accessed via NOMIS under BRES notice NTC/BRES15-P0572. The authors benefited from comments and suggestions from participants at the SERC Work-in-progress research seminar, at the CESifo Conference on the Use of Geocoded Data in Economic Research and at the University of Birmingham City-REDI seminar. The authors finally thank Steve Gibbons and Daniel Arribas-Bel for comments and an anonymous referee for helpful criticisms. Any errors remain our own.

Let x be a transformation of y, whose distribution is unknown. We derive an expansion formulating the expectations of x in terms of the expectations of y. Apart from the intrinsic interest in such a fundamental relation, our results can be applied to calculating E(x) by the low-order moments of a transformation which can be chosen to give a good approximation for E(x). To do so, we generalize the approach of bounding the terms in expansions of characteristic functions, and use our result to derive an explicit and accurate bound for the remainder when a finite number of terms is taken. We illustrate one of the implications of our method by providing accurate naive bootstrap confidence intervals for the mean of any fat-tailed distribution with an infinite variance, in which case currently available bootstrap methods are asymptotically invalid or unreliable in finite samples.

In the autumn of 1989 I was part of the worldwide television audience that watched the fall of the Berlin Wall with astonished incredulity. I had grown up in postwar West Germany with the conviction that the Berlin Wall, and the division of the country and of Europe, were the forever-cemented historical outcome of National Socialism and of the Second World War. The historic events of 1989 then taught me the lesson that history is contingent and unpredictable.

8 Figuras, 1 Tabla, 2 Esquemas, The mechanism of CO and HCOOH electrooxidation in an acidic solution on carbon-supported Au–Pd core–shell nanoparticles was investigated by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry and in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Analysis performed in nanostructures with 1.3 ± 0.1 nm (CS1) and 9.9 ± 1.1 nm (CS10) Pd shells provides compelling evidence that the mechanism of adsorbed CO (COads) oxidation is affected by structural and electronic effects introduced by the Au cores. In the case of CS10, a band associated with adsorbed OH species (OHads) is observed in the potential range of CO oxidation. This feature is not detected in the case of CS1, suggesting that the reaction follows an alternative mechanism involving COOHads species. The faradaic charge associated with COads oxidation as well as the Stark slope measured from FTIR indicates that the overall affinity and orbital coupling of CO to Pd are weaker for CS1 shells. FTIR spectroscopy also revealed the presence of HCOOads intermediate species only in the case of CS1. This observation allowed us to conclude that the higher activity of CS10 toward this reaction is due to a fast HCOOads oxidation step, probably involving OHads, to generate CO2. Density functional theory calculations are used to estimate the contributions of the so-called ligand and strain effects on the local density of states of the Pd d-band. The calculations strongly suggest that the key parameter contributing to the change in mechanism is the effective lattice strain., V.C. gratefully acknowledges the UK National Academy for their support through the International Newton Fellowship program (NF120002). D.P. and D.J.F. gratefully acknowledge funding from EPSRC (EP/K007025/1). J.J.L.H. is grateful for the Ph.D. scholarship partly funded by Sasol UK and NERC. E.P. acknowledges financial support from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through Project ENE2014-52158-C2-2-R. D.J.F. is also grateful for the Research Fellowship from the Institute of Advanced Studies of the University of Bristol. TEM studies were performed at the University of Bristol Chemistry Imaging Facility with equipment funded by UoB and EPSRC (EP/K035746/1 and EP/M028216/1). We are grateful to Prof. Jeremy Sloan (University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K.) and Dr. Christoph Mitterbauer (FEI Co.) for the high-resolution TEM images of the CS1 nanoparticles. This work is part of the research network of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft FOR1376. E.S. acknowledges PIP-CONICET 112-201001-00411 and PICT 2012-2324; whereas P.M.Q. acknowledges PICT-2014-1084 (Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, FONCYT, préstamo BID). A grant of computing time from the Baden-Württemberg grid is gratefully acknowledged. All the data presented in this paper can be freely accessed from the Bristol’s Research Data Repository (http://data/bris.ac.uk/10.5523/bris.1om4r04s216tn164tab9nfjyfg).

publication prévue avec Continuum en 2017; International audience; There are few authors besides Henry James who have been as prolific in their literary criticism as in their remarkably substantial production of fiction, and few if any who have provided a better window on the prevailing literary movements of their era and of the development of those movements, for better or worse, over the course of a lifetime. In his attempts to steer the novel forward, and to counter what he saw as inadvisable and dangerous paths chosen by the weighty schools of French and English realism, James’s critical pen would never tire, with two thirds of his reviews and critical works devoted to those two schools alone, and praise for later realists would rarely come without a substantial dose of harsh criticism. It is important to remember that James saw successive novelists in both the French and English schools in distinctively genealogical terms: with Honoré de Balzac and Walter Scott as the patriarchs, followed by the second generation (Flaubert and Georges Sand to the south, Dickens and Thackeray to the north), succeeded in turn by the ‘grandsons of Balzac’ and of Scott (among others, Zola, Goncourt and Maupassant in France, Trollope and Eliot in England). And it would be this third generation whom James would most often take to task for leading the novel astray, and for either neglecting the key lessons of their wiser elders or for instead exacerbating some of the few artistic flaws that James felt their ‘grandfathers’ had committed. A closer look at James’s critical reception of these two dominant realist strains of the nineteenth century, and at his equally pointed remarks and advice given to other, younger national schools of realism that were trying to steer a path between the weighty influence of the French and the English, provides a unique perspective on one of the most diverse and decidedly international literary movements that has ever come about. We discover what James saw as the distinct yet occasionally shared shortcomings of the two rival schools, and how he attempted to carefully guide younger, more ‘provincial’ schools of realism in the U.S. and on the periphery of Europe down some preferred middle path or ‘third manner’ (HJLL, 226)—which will provide the double focus of this study. Significantly, through these often vituperative remarks and calls to order, we also discover how James endeavoured to develop his own fiction in reaction to those supposed flaws, so as to personally drive the realist novel toward some more felicitous and meritorious hybrid, and how strongly his call to move forward inherently involved a need to look backward.

Comparing nineteenth-century British and Australian Anglo-Saxonist literature enables a "decentered" exploration of Anglo-Saxonism's intersections with national, imperial, and colonial discourses, challenging assumption that this discourse was an uncritical vehicle of English nationalism and British manifest destiny. Far from reflecting a stable imperial center, evocations of 'ancient Englishness' in British literature were polyvalent and self-contesting, while in Australian literature they offered a response to colonization and emerging knowledge about the vast age of Indigenous Australian cultures. Publisher PDF

This paper narrates the story of Red Orient (Rus. Krasnyi Vostok; Uz. Qizil Sharq) textile trust (trest). This trust was initially owned by the Bukharan People’s Republic, then, after the national delimitation of Central Asia, by the Uzbek SSR. Its activity included all the steps of the added-value chain of industrial transformation of ginned cotton (spinning, twisting, dyeing, finishing, weaving, and printing). Its factories and mills, initially all located in Russia, served as a training ground for the first generation of native Uzbek textile workers while its management participated in the planning and construction of the first cotton textile plant in Fergana towards the end of the decade. Two threads are entangled in this story: first, the day-by-day workings of the New Economic Policy in a small industrial organization; second, the economic side of early Soviet nationality policies. This paper looks at the nitty-gritty aspects of procurements, bookkeeping, audit, and management. It shows how balance sheets were more an item for negotiation and a political weapon, than a diagnostic tool for the efficiency of Red Orient’s business. Above all, the story of Red Orient reveals that early Soviet economic policies did not exclude that the Central Asian cotton harvest could be processed by mills owned by the republics themselves, and result in finished textiles for the Central Asian market. The Bukharan (later, Uzbek) governments, either directly or through their representatives in Moscow, confronted all-Union agencies in the name of the “national” nature of the trust, be it to settle complicated debt relations, to reshape the procurement of raw materials, to acquire additional looms and, ultimately, to negotiate the construction of the first textile factory in Fergana. In other words, the republics, as shareholders and eponymous “nations” of the trust, took ownership of its destiny and day-to-day trade and production activities.

Labour market flexibility is often portrayed as a key to the competitive success of the UK and US economies. We surveyed several hundred firms in the UK, and using the resulting data (on over 200 manufacturing firms) this paper investigates the relationships between firms' use of flexible work practices, human resource systems and industrial relations on the one hand, and corporate performance on the other hand. The results suggest that 'low-road' practices – short-term contracts, a lack of employer commitment to job security, low levels of training and low levels of human resource sophistication – are negatively correlated with corporate performance. In contrast, it is found that 'high-road' work practices –'high commitment' organizations or 'transformed' workplaces – are positively correlated with good corporate performance. It is also found that human resource management practices are more likely to contribute to competitive success where they are introduced as a comprehensive package, or 'bundle' of practices. Significant interaction effects between human resource systems, trade unions and flexible work practices add further support to the bundling hypothesis.

This paper investigates the effects of information feedback mechanisms on electricity and heating usage at a student hall of residence in London. In a randomised control trial, we formulate different treatments such as feedback information and norms, as well as prize competition among subjects. We show that information and norms lead to a sharp – more than 20% - reduction in overall energy consumption. Because participants do not pay for their energy consumption this response cannot be driven by cost saving incentives. Interestingly, when combining feedback and norms with a prize competition for achieving low energy consumption, the reduction effect – while present initially – disappears in the long run. This could suggest that external rewards reduce and even destroy intrinsic motivation to change behaviour.

Erratum to this article has been published in Algorithms for Molecular Biology 2016 DOI : 10.1186/s13015-016-0084-6 WOS : 000381712000001 PMID : 27471546; International audience; BackgroundSequence comparison is a fundamental step in many important tasks in bioinformatics; from phylogenetic reconstruction to the reconstruction of genomes. Traditional algorithms for measuring approximation in sequence comparison are based on the notions of distance or similarity, and are generally computed through sequence alignment techniques. As circular molecular structure is a common phenomenon in nature, a caveat of the adaptation of alignment techniques for circular sequence comparison is that they are computationally expensive, requiring from super-quadratic to cubic time in the length of the sequences.ResultsIn this paper, we introduce a new distance measure based on q-grams, and show how it can be applied effectively and computed efficiently for circular sequence comparison. Experimental results, using real DNA, RNA, and protein sequences as well as synthetic data, demonstrate orders-of-magnitude superiority of our approach in terms of efficiency, while maintaining an accuracy very competitive to the state of the art.

A.H. is supported by a BBSRC studentship. D.P. was supported by a British Academy Wolfson Research Professorship. Impressions of health are integral to social interactions, yet poorly understood. A review of the literature reveals multiple facial characteristics that potentially act as cues to health judgements. The cues vary in their stability across time: structural shape cues including symmetry and sexual dimorphism alter slowly across the lifespan and have been found to have weak links to actual health, but show inconsistent effects on perceived health. Facial adiposity changes over a medium time course and is associated with both perceived and actual health. Skin colour alters over a short time and has strong effects on perceived health, yet links to health outcomes have barely been evaluated. Reviewing suggested an additional influence of demeanour as a perceptual cue to health. We, therefore, investigated the association of health judgements with multiple facial cues measured objectively from two-dimensional and three-dimensional facial images. We found evidence for independent contributions of face shape and skin colour cues to perceived health. Our empirical findings: (i) reinforce the role of skin yellowness; (ii) demonstrate the utility of global face shape measures of adiposity; and (iii) emphasize the role of affect in facial images with nominally neutral expression in impressions of health. Postprint

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The main aim of this article is to put forward the idea of the general value of the radical-local approach to teaching and learning for the development of mathematics teaching in Ghana, both in relation to classroom teaching and for teacher training. To illustrate this idea, this article reports on a study that drew on aspects of the radical-local approach to teaching and learning (Hedegaard & Chaiklin, 2005), to teach the idea of measurement to primary four school children from an average rural school in Cape Coast Metropolis of Ghana. The first four teaching sessions with a primary four class are described. Each of the teaching sessions drew on the social and cultural practices of the children to help them form an idea of what measurement is and which physical properties could be measured from given objects. Qualitative analysis of the teaching sessions revealed that the teaching approach enabled children to change their notion of measurements as involving measuring tables, chairs and human beings and so on, to measuring attributes of these objects. It also helped the pupils appreciate that several attributes could be measured from a given object. The study supports the idea that a radical-local approach can be used to teach measurement meaningfully to pupils, and has potential to be used for mathematics teaching more generally. Implications for mathematics teacher education in Ghana and similar sub-Saharan African countries are discussed.

The authors (SN, principal investigator and MDM as co-investigator) received funding from the British Academy for this research (http://www.britac.ac.uk/). The grant number was SG111104. Our study explores inhibitory control across a range of widely recognised memory and behavioural tasks. Eighty-seven never-depressed participants completed a series of tasks designed to measure inhibitory control in memory and behaviour. Specifically, a variant of the selective retrieval-practice and the Think/No-Think tasks were employed as measures of memory inhibition. The Stroop-Colour Naming and the Go/No-Go tasks were used as measures of behavioural inhibition. Participants completed all 4 tasks. Task presentation order was counterbalanced across 3 separate testing sessions for each participant. Standard inhibitory forgetting effects emerged on both memory tasks but the extent of forgetting across these tasks was not correlated. Furthermore, there was no relationship between memory inhibition tasks and either of the main behavioural inhibition measures. At a time when cognitive inhibition continues to gain acceptance as an explanatory mechanism, our study raises fundamental questions about what we actually know about inhibition and how it is affected by the processing demands of particular inhibitory tasks. Publisher PDF

Annual archaeological exhibitions were a visible symbol of archaeological research. Held mainly in London, the displays encapsulated a network of archaeologists, artists, architects and curators, and showcased the work of the first generations of trained archaeologists. The exhibition catalogues and published reviews of the displays provide a unique method for exploring the reception and sponsorship of archaeological work overseas and its promotion to a fascinated, well connected and well moneyed public. The exhibitions were a space in which conversation and networking were as important as educational enrichment. This paper analyses the social history of the “annual exhibition” in archaeology, highlighting the development and maintenance of the networks behind archaeological research, the geography of London as a way to examine influence in archaeology, and the utility of exhibitions for archaeological publicity during this period of exploration.

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Resumo: Assim como em qualquer profissao, a Arqueologia tambem apresenta ao arqueologo alguns riscos inerentes ao exercicio de suas atividades. Nosso trabalho apresenta e discute as praticas de higiene e de seguranca em Arqueologia, com enfase nos trabalhos de campo e de laboratorio. Pretendemos com este artigo aumentar a conscientizacao da comunidade arqueologica para os potenciais riscos que envolvem os trabalhos nessa area, seja na iniciativa privada seja no ambiente academico, e discutir algumas acoes que podem ajudar a aumentar a seguranca de trabalhadores e pesquisadores nesses contextos. Abstract: Like any other profession, archaeology also presents to the archaeologist and to the whole team some inherent risks in the practice of their activities and the environment in which such activity is inserted. Our work presents and discusses the practice of hygiene and safety in archaeology, with emphasis on fieldwork and laboratory activities. We intend to improve awareness of the archaeological community to the potential risks involved in the work in this knowledge area, whether in the private sector either in the academic field work or laboratory activities, and discuss actions that can help increase the security of workers and researchers in these contexts.

This report presents the preliminary results of the ‘‘IN or OUT’’ Project, a collaborative, interdisciplinary effort which aims to investigate social exclusion, marginality and the adoption of anomalous funerary rites in late prehistoric Italy. In particular, this contribution explores the incidence and meaning of practices of ritual marginalisation and funerary deviancy in the region of Veneto between the Bronze Age and the early Iron Age period.

Entrepreneurial process in transition economies is bound to be different than the process observed in developed countries with highly formalized institutional set-up. This manuscript examines how government‟s institutional framework has the ability to shape the entrepreneurial process within the transition economy context. The moderating effect of socio-cultural norms and widely accepted normative practices on the entrepreneurial context is also duly considered. Based upon institutional theory and examples from India and China, it is argued that power structures in these economies have traditionally relied on institutionalizing institutional voids to the benefit of polity, administrative officials and entrepreneurs. Even so this set up is moderated by the social culture context and the normative rules, these are themselves greatly influenced by the power structure and relationships between different interested groups. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

International audience; he VILLA project ("Varieties of Initial Learners in Language Acquisition: Controlled classroom input and elementary forms of linguistic organisation") studies the very first phases of the process of language acquisition and estab- lishes a tight link between learners' achievements in different domains of lin- guistic knowledge and the input they received. Novice adult and child learners with five different native languages (Dutch, English, French, German, Italian) were exposed to fourteen hours of input in Polish that was provided in a com- municative classroom setting. Whereas the exposure conditions and the content of the input were kept constant for all learner groups, the age of the learners and the amount of metalinguistic information provided was varied between groups. Acquisition of different target language properties (phonology, morpho-syntax, discourse-pragmatics) was observed longitudinally through a series of tasks and experiments repeated over time. The paper presents the methodological set-up of the project and summarizes first results.

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Little is known about mate choice preferences outside Western, educated, industrialised, rich and democratic societies, even though these Western populations may be particularly unrepresentative of human populations. To our knowledge, this is the first study to test which facial cues contribute to African perceptions of African female attractiveness and also the first study to test the combined role of facial adiposity, skin colour (lightness, yellowness and redness), skin homogeneity and youthfulness in the facial attractiveness preferences of any population. Results show that youthfulness, skin colour, skin homogeneity and facial adiposity significantly and independently predict attractiveness in female African faces. Younger, thinner women with a lighter, yellower skin colour and a more homogenous skin tone are considered more attractive. These findings provide a more global perspective on human mate choice and point to a universal role for these four facial cues in female facial attractiveness. Publisher PDF

Marlowe's combination of lyric violence with a spirit of irony and scepticism has always seemed somewhat paradoxical, but we may find an explanation for it in his debt to Greek. Greek language learning developed in England from the early 1500s onwards and was particularly strong at Cambridge under Sir John Cheke in the 1540s, when many of the teachers of the future generation of Elizabethan writers were trained. In the case of Marlowe, what Joseph Hall was to label ‘pure iambics’ can be seen to have Greek origins, and the plays in which these are first deployed (the two parts of Tamburlaine) almost certainly take Xenophon's Cyrpopaiedia as one of their models. But the ironic Marlowe is also evident in Tamburlaine, and the model here is not Xenophon but Lucian, whom Gabriel Harvey records as being a vogue author with Cambridge students in 1580, the year that Marlowe matriculated. Lucian also impacts on Doctor Faustus, and this becomes more evident if we read the famous line on Helen of Troy from the Dialogues of the Dead in the context of another passage from ‘The Judgement of the Goddesses’ from Dialogues of the Gods. Postprint

Polarizable randomly charged dielectric objects have been recently shown to exhibit long-range lateral and normal interaction forces even when they are effectively net neutral. These forces stem from an interplay between the quenched statistics of random charges and the induced dielectric image charges. This type of interaction has recently been evoked to interpret measurements of Casimir forces in vacuo, where a precise analysis of such disorder-induced effects appears to be necessary. Here we consider the torque acting on a randomly charged dielectric surface (or a sphere) mounted on a central axle next to another randomly charged surface and show that although the resultant mean torque is zero, its sample-to-sample fluctuation exhibits a long-range behavior with the separation distance between the juxtaposed surfaces and that, in particular, its root-mean-square value scales with the total area of the surfaces. Therefore, the disorder-induced torque between two randomly charged surfaces is expected to be much more pronounced than the disorder-induced lateral force and may provide an effective way to determine possible disorder effects in experiments, in a manner that is independent of the usual normal force measurement., 7 pages, 3 figs

This work is part of a project undertaken by the co-authors on ‘Interfaith relations in medieval Islam: Jewish minorities under Almohad rule’ supported by a joint project grant from the British Academy and the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid. The authors thank both institutions for their generous support., This article presents a Genizah letter dealing with Jewish trade in Fes shortly after the Almohads had started their conquest of southern Morocco. The authors propose a new reading of the text, as part of a project of revision of primary sources related to interfaith relations under Almohad rule., En este artículo se presenta una carta de la Genizah relativa comercio judío en la ciudad de Fez, en el período en el que los Almohades habían comenzado la conquista del Sur de Marruecos. Las autoras proponen una nueva lectura del texto, como parte de un proyecto de revisión de fuentes primarias relativas a las relaciones interreligiosas bajo poder almohade., British Academy, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid