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For last 2 decades Swat has witnessed changes in almost every aspect of culture, space, and ecology. Among these changes, the environmental crisis remains a major issue addressed by different media outlets and academic and nonacademic organizations. Along with popular narratives and discourses the poets also have their take on the environmental crisis of Swat though mostly ignored in research of cultural and environmental studies. This paper aims to investigate themes of Pashto poetry in context with the environmental crisis. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate how Pashto poetry is situating the environmental crisis of Swat and how poetry works for the preservation of the environment. Findings are based on published sources of poetry, interviews, and informal discussions by using the vignette method for collection of data. The framework of social poetics is used to theorize the environmental crisis and how poets take on the crises. The findings suggest that the poetic expressions point out development and militancy as instruments of environmental crisis in Swat. The paper further argues that different objects and elements in flora and fauna are romanticized and instrumentalized as symbols of beauty and love in Pashto poetry which works in the preservation of the ecological system of Swat. Moreover, poetry also produces themes of peace, condemnation of violence and unplanned development, resilience and hope to heal the wounded ecology of Swat.

The present work describes the successful preparation of iron oxide nanoparticles (NSB1) stabilized with 4-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)benzoic acid. The characterization has been achieved through ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis), fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with electron dispersive X-ray elemental analysis (EDX). These magnetic nanoparticles have exhibited significant chemosensing properties in the aqueous media to screen Cr3+, Cd2+, Li+, Co2+, Al3+, Pb2+, Ni2+ and Sr2+ ions. However, lead (Pb2+) ions have shown the highest selectivity as compared to other metal ions without any interference in the competitive ion study. The detection limit of Pb2+ ions was found to be 1.7 µM by this nanosensor. The binding ratio and stoichiometry was found to be 1:1 as measured by Job’s plot. The binding strength was also computed through Benesei-Hildebrand equation.

Abstract: Cancer is an uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells and the second cause of death after cardiovascular disease. At present, chemotherapy and related drugs have three major categories. All three have characteristic action and toxicity levels of antitumor activity. Due to indications of unwanted side effects, the exploration of novel and selective anticancer agents is crucially required. Heterocyclic compounds have always played a major role in research for new drug discovery and development. 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives are heterocyclic isomers having pharmacological properties and play an important role as antiproliferative agents. The present review summarizes anticancer activities of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives against different cell lines, such as HCT-116, MCF-7, HeLa, SMMC-7721, and A549. The results showed that 1,3,4-oxadiazole and its derivatives have the potential to play a major role as an anticancer agent with fewer side effects.

Antibiotic resistance puts a tremendous strain on the healthcare system. Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa that cause diseases like endocarditis, pneumonia, and Urinary tract infections have now become resistant to many previously used antibiotics. Antibiotic overuse must be reduced as it has become a public health threat paving the way to pandemics. Instead of creating new antibiotics, repurposing existing medicines that have faced resistance is one way forward. Plant-based antimicrobials have been explored as antibiotics to boost or augment the capability of existing antibiotics. It has been proposed that conjugates of plant-based products and antibiotics have increased activity and that the conjugated groups could help circumvent the beta-lactam antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Antibiotics have been combined with plant-based substances like Berberine, and a considerable synergy has been reported among them. Nanomaterials also promise a powerful environment-friendly strategy for weaponizing antibiotics with plant compounds. Nanoparticles could attach with many biological molecules such as DNA, enzymes, ribosomes, and lysosomes, further affecting the permeability of the cell membrane. The interaction of nanoparticles with many biological targets makes it hard for bacteria to develop resistance against them. Low molecular weight nanomaterial based on antibiotics could be very effective against multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens. Our study aims to analyze the progress done at the front of nanomaterials and nano-antibiotics against infectious diseases.

To provide fresh and highly nutritive food, automated greenhouses and smart farming systems had proved to be helpful for growing world population. The smart greenhouse house monitoring system not only helpful in exploiting the production but also helpful to bridge up the quality of the produce. The current study was designed to explore the potential use of a smart greenhouse monitoring system using Raspberry-Pi microcontroller. The aim of the study was to create a smart automation system to control the microclimate of greenhouse. Two varieties of tomato (Roma and cherry tomato) were used both in smart greenhouse system as well as in conventional greenhouse system to compare the agronomic and quality parameters. Temperature and humidity were set according to the production technology of tomato using automation system. Proper fertilization and irrigation requirements were considered equal in all aspects in smart greenhouse and conventional greenhouse. The smart greenhouse monitoring system worked better in maintaining the microclimate inside the greenhouse with a difference of about 5-6 ℃ temperature and 20-30% humidity higher than the conventional greenhouse. The results predicted a progressive increase in agronomic parameter with a difference of 10-15% in plant height, number of leaves, number of fruits and weight of fruit as compared with growth parameters in conventional greenhouse. Similarly the quality parameters were effective with maximum size of fruit in Roma variety that was 75 mm as compared to fruit size 65 mm in conventional farming. The over average yield of tomato per plant (5.5 kg/plant) was also recorded in smart greenhouse that was significantly increased as compared with conventional greenhouse. The results predicted that the yield of tomato was positively affected using smart greenhouse monitoring system and consequently, the smart technologies could be used for the potential crop production and monitoring of cultivation activities.

Background: Men's lower urinary tract symptoms are frequently caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is the non-cancerous expansion or hyperplasia of prostate tissue. In these patients, a accurate diagnosis of testicular pathologies and the avoidance of testicular infarction are of highest importance. Duration of study: study was conducted from January 2022, till June 2022. Place of study: Department of Radiology, Sheikh Zayed medical college and hospital Lahore, Pakistan Study design: A cross-sectional study. Objective: To find the frequency of scrotal pathologies on ultra sound in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted at Department of Radiology, Sheikh Zayed medical college and hospital Lahore, Pakistan (SZMC). SPSS version 21.0 was used for data analysis. The inclusion criteria for present study considered the enlargement of prostate gland in men with age which is very common. Uncomfortable urinary symptoms, such as a bladder blockage, might be brought on by an enlarged prostate gland. It may also result in issues with the kidney, urinary system and bladder. The exclusion criteria were patients who had any history of previous testicular pathology and men who were uncooperative. Frequency of scrotal pathologies in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia were calculated by using ultrasound machine Mindray Z5 and Toshiba Xario 100 with linear probe of 7.5-11MHz were used. Results: In current study 159 men with benign prostatic hyperplasia visiting radiology department for ultrasound were included. Out of 159 men with BPH, 37(23.3%) had epididymal cysts, 24(15.1%) had undescended testis, 18(11.3%) had epidydmo-orchitis, 39(24.5%) had epididmytis, 22(13.8%) had microlithiasis, 37(23.3%) had varicocele, 85(53.3%) had hydrocele and 32(20.1%) patients had normal scrotal findings. In patients with no epididymitis mean value of Prevoid was 376 ml and post void were 49 ml and prostate volume was 49 grams. In patients with epididymitis mean value of Prevoid was 377 ml and post void were 48 ml and prostate volume was 46 grams respectively. Practical implication: This research is very informative for men community regarding urological complications especially about enlargement of prostate gland and its complications. Conclusion: Our study concluded that, most patients coming with BPH had scrotal pathologies. Hydrocele was most common pathology in patients with BPH. Keywords: Scrotal Ultrasound, Hydrocele, Varicocele, Ultrasonography, Hyperplasia, Prostate gland, Epididymitis, Microlithiasis

In 2019, we highlighted the disparities in scientific production between high-income countries (HICs) and low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) by emphasizing how scientific research was underrepresented in the latter. The present study aimed to investigate research productivity in neurosurgery of low-income countries (LICs) and LMICs for the years 2018-2020 and to compare it with the results of our previous study for 2015-2017.We performed a retrospective bibliometric analysis using PubMed and Scopus databases to record all the reports published in 2018-2020 by investigators affiliated with neurosurgical departments in LICs and LMICs. The attribution of the study to LMICs was based on the presence of either the first author or the majority of authors.Our systematic search identified 486 studies reported by LICs and LMICs for full text examination in 12 journals. These articles represent 4.9% of all published neurosurgical articles, compared with 4.5% in the 2015-2017 study. India remained the country with the highest contribution, with a 17.1% increase in reports. Other countries, such as Nigeria and Philippines, also show an increased percentage of reports (from 0.9% to 3.7% and from 0.6% to 2.1%, respectively).There is growing consensus in the neurosurgical scientific community that the dissemination and analysis of epidemiologic and clinical data from developing countries can provide guidelines and practical suggestions worldwide. However, our study shows that the number of neurosurgical articles published by low-income countries in 2018-2020 remained at approximately 5% of the total, resulting in a negative impact on the process of globalization.

This study was designed to explore the antihyperlipidemic effects of amino acid derivatives of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (4J and 4K) in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats.Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into nine groups which received either standard diet or HFD for 28 days. Blood samples were taken on 27th day from HFD-fed rats to ensure hyperlipidemia. HFD-induced hyperlipidemic rats later received daily dosing of either vehicle or simvastatin (SIM; 20 mg/kg) or 4J/4K compounds (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg) for 12 consecutive days. On 40th day, animals were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for the determination of serum lipid profile and liver function parameters. Liver samples were harvested for histopathological, antioxidant, and qPCR analyses. Molecular docking of tested compounds with HMGCR was also performed to assess the binding affinities.4J and 4K dose dependently decreased serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoproteins, alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels while significantly alleviated high-density lipoproteins. However, SIM failed to reduce AST and ALT levels. Moreover, tested compounds displayed antioxidant effects by inducing superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels. Histopathology data also displayed protective effects of 4J and 4K against HFD-induced fatty changes and hepatic damage. In addition, 4J and 4K downregulated transcript levels ofIt is conceivable from this study that 4J and 4K exert their antihyperlipidemic effects by modulating multiple targets regulating lipid levels.

The present study was conducted to fabricate and characterize mucilage-based polymeric networks of Aloe vera for controlled drug release. Aloe vera mucilage was used to develop a polymeric network via the free-radical polymerization method using potassium persulphate as the initiator, N′ N′-Methylene bisacrylamide as the crosslinker, and acrylamide as the monomer. Using varying concentrations of Aloe vera mucilage, crosslinker, and monomer, we developed different formulations. Swelling studies were conducted at pH 1.2 and 7.4. Concentrations of polymer, monomer, and crosslinker were optimized as a function of swelling. Porosity and gel content were calculated for all samples. FTIR, SEM, XRD, TGA, and DSC studies were conducted for the characterization of polymeric networks. Thiocolchicoside was used as a model drug to study the in vitro release in acidic and alkaline pH. Various kinetics models were applied by using a DD solver. Increasing content of monomer and crosslinker swelling, porosity, and drug release decreased while gel content increased. An increase in Aloe vera mucilage concentration promotes swelling, porosity, and drug release of the polymeric network but decreases gel content. The FTIR study confirmed the formation of crosslinked networks. SEM indicated that the polymeric network had a porous structure. DSC and XRD studies indicated the entrapment of drugs inside the polymeric networks in amorphous form. The analytical method was validated according to ICH guidelines in terms of linearity, range, LOD, LOQ, accuracy, precision, and robustness. Analysis of drug release mechanism revealed Fickian behavior of all formulations. All these results indicated that the M1 formulation was considered to be the best polymeric network formulation in terms of sustaining drug release patterns.

Objective: To compare the frequency of post-operative infection rate between single dose versus multiple dose antibiotic therapy in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Study Design: Comparative prospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Surgical Department, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore Pakistan from Oct 2017 to Feb 2020. Methodology: Patients of both genders undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for simple cholelithiasis were included. Group-A patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy using single-dose prophylactic antibiotic therapy with 2-gram 3rd generation cephalosporin at the time of induction of anaesthesia. In contrast, Group-B patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy using 2-grams of 3rd generation Cephalosporin intravenously at the time of induction of anaesthesia followed by intravenous 1-gram Ceftriaxone two doses 12 hours apart. All patients were followed up on the first postoperative day, and then 1-week and 2-week follow up were done for any surgical site infection. Results: Patients in Group-A had a mean age of 37.12±6.53 years, while patients in Group-B had a mean age of 37.74±6.40 years. The post-operative infection rate in Group-A (single dose antibiotic therapy) was seen in 08 (4.28%), while in Group-B (multiple dose antibiotic therapies) was seen in 18 (9.63%) patients (p-value = 0.042). Conclusion: This study concluded that the single-dose prophylactic antibiotic is as good as multiple-dose antibiotic therapy used as prophylaxis for the prevention of post-operative infection rate among patients with cholecystectomy done via the laparoscopic method.

Insulated aerial bundled cables (ABCs) are preferred over conventional bare conductor cables in electrical distribution system as ABCs are more safe, less prone to electricity pilferage and offers higher reliability. However, the degradation phenomenon of ABCs is sudden as compared to conventional cables especially in coastal areas. Sudden failures of ABCs in coastal areas make the maintenance planning challenging. Hence, accurate reliability estimation is required which can enable timely maintenance planning and in turn reducing the chances of failures. A novel reliability model is reported in this work which is derived from historical failure data of particular type of ABCs coupled with the degradation models. The models are based upon the actual environmental conditions experienced by the cables under study. The actual loading data as well as environmental data of two sites of varying distance from Seashore are used to develop the respective reliability models. The reliability prediction from proposed reliability model is then validated using time to failure computation through comparison of historical infrared thermography based Non-destructive testing (NDT) data, acquired at the sites under study, with reference to NDT measurements acquired from the ruptured/failed cable. The validation indicates the efficacy of the proposed reliability model.

Melatonin is a natural indolamine that regulates many physiological functions in plants. The most prominent role of melatonin in plants has been its ability to work as an anti-stressor agent. Exogenous melatonin can prevent cell death and promote cell proliferation through its antioxidant properties, enhancement of polyamine biosynthesis, and the ability to shift cell metabolism in case of stressors like sugar starvation. Melatonin scavenges reactive oxygen species and thus preventing damage to cell membranes and other organelles. Its application in different plant culture systems reveals its important physiological and biochemical roles during the growth and development of these cultures. It has been observed that the exogenous melatonin protects callus culture, reduces cold-induced apoptosis in cell suspension, and stimulates adventitious and lateral roots formation. This review presents the physiological and biochemical effects of exogenous melatonin on in vitro culture systems, including its impact on biomass accumulation, growth, and development of plants.

Dendroclimatic potential from Abies pindrow Royal ex D. Don. (fir) and Taxus baccata L. (yew) was investigated by developing four different types of tree-ring width chronologies (by ARSTAN program) in a mixed broadleaf forest of Kalam, KP, Pakistan. Firstly, measured tree-ring width series were cross-dated and identified the best and least (cross-matched with master plot) samples with the most applied Skeleton Plot Model (SPM) method alongside checking the quality through statistical program (COFECHA). Tree-ring attributes (age, growth rate and earlywood and latewood) were also measured with maximum age (677 years) was observed in fir plant and maximum growth rate (6.096 mm/year) in yew plant with clear demarcations of earlywood and latewood formation. Yew trees were observed to be more sensitive species towards climatic variations (expressed population signal = 0.856, mean sensitivity = 0.321 and signal to noise ratio = 3.214) while fir trees were comparatively less affected by climatic alterations of the study site (expressed population signal = 0.852, mean sensitivity = 0.314 and signal to noise ratio = 2.453). Correlation between tree-ring series of T. baccata with the master series was found to be more significant as compared to A. pindrow after developing series plots of both the species by using package dplR in R. Potential ecological and anatomical explanations for these results were also discussed. Sensitivity of samples showed good climatic signals which are valuable for dendroclimatic growth response investigations leading to reconstruction of past climate as well as possible future climate predictions.

A short and informal essay speculating on the impact of pollen and, thus, histamine on human serotonin levels, especially violence and warfare. The peak pollen months in spring of February, March, April, and May and the fall months of August and September are proposed as having higher levels of “impulsive anger” from the histamine-driven lowered serotonin in humans especially human males. The start dates of all war battles from 2001 to 2023 and from 1900 to 2023 as listed in Wikipedia are examined by month where the ranking, as well as medical research results, support the hypothesis.

The observations of a small and informal study are presented that propose a second 40-day-long dopamine cycle in the human brain. This cycle has 10 days of low dopamine followed by 10 days of high dopamine (resembling a pulse shape), followed by 20 days of normal dopamine. The model presents specific behaviors aligned to specific dates of the calendar year that produce a map of human temperament as well as eight specific “buy low” and “sell high” stock market S&P 500 intervals.

Objectives: To compare the effect of intra vitreal bevacizumab (IVB) and intra vitreal triamcinolone (IVT) in reducing macular thickness in central retinal vein occlusion. Methods and Materials: This quasi experimental study was conducted at Department of Ophthalmology, Hayat Abad Medical Complex Peshawar in the period from 01 January 2020 to 30 June 2020. Total 40 patients presented with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Patients were divided into two groups, group A received IVB treatment and group B received IVT treatment. The patients were followed up on 6th month post treatment. The primary outcomes of the study were visual acuity and reduction in macular thickness on OCT post treatment. Results: 40 patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age of patients was 60.70±15.49 in group A and in group B 60.40±12.83. There were 13 males and 7 females in group A and 12 males and 8 females in group B. Mean VA at baseline was 1.0825±0.25 logMAR in group A and 0.9745±0.29 logMAR in group B. Mean macular thickness at baseline was 625.40±47.15 µm in group A and 642.05±44.23 µm in group B. Mean VA at 6th month post treatment follow up was 0.4195±0.23 logMAR in group A and in group B was 0.4960±0.27 logMAR. At 6th month follow up macular thickness was 261.80±26.269 µm in group A and 263.80±22.209 µm in group B. Conclusion: Intravitreal injections of bevacizumab and triamcinolone have shown a reduction in macular edema in CRVO patients along with improvement in visual acuity. Keywords: Bevacizumab, Triamcinolone, Macular Edema, Central Retinal Vein Occlusion, Visual Acuity

Objective: To find the efficacy of diagnostic laparoscopy and its role in patients with chronic abdominal pain. Study Design: Observational study Place and Duration of Study: Department of General Surgery, Ali Fatima Hospital/Abu Umara Medical & Dental College Lahore from 1st July 2021 to 31st March 2022. Methodology: Seventy patients suffering from chronic abdominal pain were enrolled. An informed written consent was taken from each of them as an approval of participation. The age of the patients was between 20-65 years. Mostly the left side of the abdomen upper-quadrant was opted. Post creation of pneumo-peritoneum a 3 trocar technique which is standardized procedure was applied and a 10mm port through umbilical while two lateral trocars of 5 mm were used. The completed abdominal-cavity was investigated in detail initializing from the liver then gall bladder as well as anterior-surface of stomach and also the spleen. In women uterus as well as Douglas pouch was examined in context to fluid consistency, colour in addition to its site. The specimens were collected and sent to the histopathological lab for analysis. Results: The mean age of the patients was 36±15.3 years with majority were males with 55.71%. Around 45.71% patient’s pain site was at the right lower quadrant while 21.42% had left lower quadrant. The outcomes of laparoscopic investigation showed 27.10% patients to have appendix related pathology, while 19% had bands of adhesion. Conclusion: Laparoscopic proved to be an effective surgical technique in evaluating exact causes of chronic abdominal pain especially in cases where traditional methods have failed to explain the particular cause. Keywords: Bowel movement, Laparoscopy, Recurrent, Prolonged, Well-being

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasingly recognised as being responsible for a substantial proportion of the global burden of disease. Neurosurgical interventions are an important aspect of care for patients with TBI, but there is little epidemiological data available on this patient population. We aimed to characterise differences in casemix, management, and mortality of patients receiving emergency neurosurgery for TBI across different levels of human development. Methods: We did a prospective observational cohort study of consecutive patients with TBI undergoing emergency neurosurgery, in a convenience sample of hospitals identified by open invitation, through international and regional scientific societies and meetings, individual contacts, and social media. Patients receiving emergency neurosurgery for TBI in each hospital's 30-day study period were all eligible for inclusion, with the exception of patients undergoing insertion of an intracranial pressure monitor only, ventriculostomy placement only, or a procedure for drainage of a chronic subdural haematoma. The primary outcome was mortality at 14 days postoperatively (or last point of observation if the patient was discharged before this time point). Countries were stratified according to their Human Development Index (HDI)—a composite of life expectancy, education, and income measures—into very high HDI, high HDI, medium HDI, and low HDI tiers. Mixed effects logistic regression was used to examine the effect of HDI on mortality while accounting for and quantifying between-hospital and between-country variation. Findings: Our study included 1635 records from 159 hospitals in 57 countries, collected between Nov 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2020. 328 (20%) records were from countries in the very high HDI tier, 539 (33%) from countries in the high HDI tier, 614 (38%) from countries in the medium HDI tier, and 154 (9%) from countries in the low HDI tier. The median age was 35 years (IQR 24–51), with the oldest patients in the very high HDI tier (median 54 years, IQR 34–69) and the youngest in the low HDI tier (median 28 years, IQR 20–38). The most common procedures were elevation of a depressed skull fracture in the low HDI tier (69 [45%]), evacuation of a supratentorial extradural haematoma in the medium HDI tier (189 [31%]) and high HDI tier (173 [32%]), and evacuation of a supratentorial acute subdural haematoma in the very high HDI tier (155 [47%]). Median time from injury to surgery was 13 h (IQR 6–32). Overall mortality was 18% (299 of 1635). After adjustment for casemix, the odds of mortality were greater in the medium HDI tier (odds ratio [OR] 2·84, 95% CI 1·55–5·2) and high HDI tier (2·26, 1·23–4·15), but not the low HDI tier (1·66, 0·61–4·46), relative to the very high HDI tier. There was significant between-hospital variation in mortality (median OR 2·04, 95% CI 1·17–2·49). Interpretation: Patients receiving emergency neurosurgery for TBI differed considerably in their admission characteristics and management across human development settings. Level of human development was associated with mortality. Substantial opportunities to improve care globally were identified, including reducing delays to surgery. Between-hospital variation in mortality suggests changes at an institutional level could influence outcome and comparative effectiveness research could identify best practices. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Group.

Phytophthora infestans causing late blight is one of the most devastating tomato and potato disease that caused considerable yield losses globally including Pakistan. Due to repeated and injudicious synthetic fungicides applications for the control of late blight of potato, the fungicide resistance in P. infestans led to persistence and surveillance late blight of potato. The study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of Garlic (Allium sativum), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Mint (Mentha) at 10%, 20% and 30% concentration as bio-fungicides against late blight of potato. In-vitro effect of plant extracts of A. sativum, A. indica, C. longa and Mentha were evaluated on percent inhibition and radial growth of pathogen. A. sativum and A. indica at 30% concentration was found more effective in minimizing the mycelial growth of P. infestans with inhibition of 58.4% and 43.9% respectively as compared to control. In the greenhouse trial, overall potato late blight disease incidence was minimum 5.81% where A. sativum extract was used followed by A. indica at 30% concentration resulted 8.45% incidence as compared to control 61.18%. Furthermore, the 30% aqueous extracts of A. sativum found highly effective against late blight disease with 15.4% severity, as compared to control with 54.13% disease coverage. Application of A. sativum and A. indica aqueous plant extracts with a concentration of 30% was found most promising and effective measure against late blight pathogen. Study provides environmentally benign mileage in organic vegetable production against hazardous synthetic agro-chemicals.

Objective of study: To evaluate the ophthalmology faculty perspective on why they fail to fail undergraduate medical students. Place and duration: Medical colleges and universities of both public and private sectors, duration was three (3) months Study design: It was a cross sectional survey. Non-probability conventional non interventional sample was used. The data was analyzed by SPSS-25. Methods: Total 134 university examiners for undergraduate medical students from ophthalmology faculty were identified from the websites of both private and public sector medical universities and colleges of the Punjab, Pakistan. The ophthalmology faculty members with more than five years of experience as a faculty were included in the study. An online survey questionnaire was sent out through Google forms. The faculty members were given reminder twice. The responses are analyzed with SPSS-25. Results: Out of 134 ophthalmology examiners, 98 (73.13%) examiners responded to the questionnaire. Among the respondents, only 80 faculty members, 58 (72.5%) males and 22 (27.5%) females, with teaching experience of more than five years, are included in the data analysis. Fifty-four (55.10%) participants declared teaching experience of more than ten years while 26 (26.53%) had experience between five to ten years. Twenty-seven (33.75%) respondents had additional qualification in the field of medical education like certification, diploma, or master’s degree (CHPE or MHPE). Fifty-five respondents (68.75%) opted that a few unmerited students passed fourth professional medical university exam. Further, 47 (58.75%) respondents also agreed that they were failed to fail a few ineligible and inefficient undergraduate 4th year medical student while marking a viva voce interactive session, a mandatory section in practical examination, as an internal or external examiner, whereas 33 (41.25%) respondents disagreed with this statement. The top five reasons behind failure to fail, as identified by the respondents were poor assessment methods (50%), lenient examiners (37.5%), commendation by colleagues or administration (22.5%), irrelevant syllabus (12.5%) and pressure from college administration (10%). Mixed opinion regarding the standards of medical education in Pakistan was emerged, according to 45% participants “it is improving”, while 55% had opinion “it is deteriorating”. The top four suggestions opted by the participants regarding improvement in medical students’ assessment to avoid fail to fail phenomena, were “teachers should be more experienced” (60%), “strictly following the criteria of 75% mandatory attendance set by university while sending students admission for university exam” (50%), “revision of admission criteria while selecting first year medical students” (25%) and “adoption of honest policy by administration while selecting students for admission in medical college” (10%). About 60 (75%) examiners felt the need to revise ophthalmology syllabus for under graduates. Conclusion: Being a medical teacher and an examiner is considered as an honour as well as a great responsibility because their students are going to be the future serving doctors, dealing with human life. An unsafe physician or surgeons is neither desirable for doctors’ community nor for the society. Examiners should be more trained, more experienced, and able to assess the failing student if he or she is inadequate, deficient, or not meeting the required standard without any bias. The formative assessment should be dependable, reliable, and rigid as compared to summative assessment and failing a student should be considered as providing them a second chance for their improvement rather than producing an inadequate or incompetent doctor. The standardized admission criteria and merit policies need to be followed. The ophthalmology syllabus should be revised as it needs to be more community oriented and precise. Key Word: Medical student, medical teacher, ophthalmology, examiner, fail.

The study was conducted to determine the effect of sustained stretch with and without kinesio tapping in spastic cp, Total of 28 patients were taken from Physiofitt blue area, Islamabad and Al-Nafees Medical College Hospital Islamabad. The data was collected through convenient sampling and patients were allocated randomly via lottery method. This study was initiated after approval from advanced study & research committee (ASRC) of Isra Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences, Isra University, Islamabad. The results in MAS score between KT group and non KT group in 0, 2nd and 4th week assessment were non-significant with the p-value of 0.57, 0.80 and 0.33 respectively and among non KT group and KT group 0, 2nd and 4th week assessment in ROM dorsiflexion the results were also non-significant with p- value 0.40, 0.07 and 0.059 respectively. Repeated measure ANOVA showed that in MAS score of non KT group the results were significant with the p-value between 2nd and 4th week assessment is 0.00, p- value between 0 and 4th week assessment is 0.03 and p-value between 0 and 2nd week assessment is 0.03 while in KT group the p-value between 2nd and 4thweek assessment is 0.00, p- value between 0 and 4th week assessment is 0.01 and p-value between 0 and 2nd week assessment is 0.01. Repeated measure ANOVA in ROM dorsiflexion in non KT group shows the significant results with the p-value between 2nd and 4th week assessment is 0.00, p- value between 0 and 4th week assessment is 0.00 and p-value between 0 and 2ndweek assessment is 0.00 while KT group also showed significant results with the p-value between 2nd and 4th week assessment is 0.00, p- value between 0 and 4th week assessment is 0.01 and p-value between 0 and 2nd week assessment is 0.01. Null hypothesis is accepted Keywords: Cerebral Palsy, spasticity, sustained stretching, Kinesio taping, spastic cerebral palsy

The aim of this research is to study the wind speed, wind direction and the temperature of 15 stations of Thailand at 5 levels from 16 November 2019 - 13 February 2020. WAsP application is used in this research to calculate the two parameters Weibull distribution namely K shape and C scale. Furthermore, maximum and minimum wind speed is recorded. Data from Nakhon Si Thammarat shows the maximum mean wind speed 5.02 m/s. and Nan shows the minimum mean wind speed 0.8 m/s. Additionally, the prominent wind direction of every station is observed as well. Main wind direction for Nakhon Si Thammarat is from (Southwest). These results facilitate for the further research on wind characteristic feasible for small wind farm by increasing the timeline of data recorded.

Benzimidazole ring system is an important pharmacophore with diverse pharmacological activities. In this study, we explored the anti-arthritic effects of newly synthesized acetamide derivatives of 2-aminobenzimidazole (N1 and N2) in rats. FTIR and NMR spectroscopies were used to characterize these compounds. Carrageenan (CRG) induced paw edema model was used to test the acute anti-inflammatory activity of various doses (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) of N1 and N2 compounds. Based on acute anti-inflammatory effects, the most potent dose of each compound was selected and investigated in complete freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced inflammatory arthritis (RA) model (n = 4 in each group). Histopathological, hematological, radiographic, and RT-qPCR analyses were performed to assess the progression or resolution of inflammatory arthritis. The tested compounds produced a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity against CRG induced paw inflammation and similarly reduced edema in CFA induced inflammatory arthritis model. Histopathological and X-ray analyses of ankle joints revealed minimal inflammation and normal joint structures in N1 and N2 treated groups. The tested compounds also reduced the levels of autoantibodies and restored hematological parameters. Interestingly, the tested compounds did not elevate aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase levels and displayed a better safety profile than methotrexate. N1 and N2 compounds also attenuated the transcript levels of IRAK1, NF-kB1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL17 and MMP1. In addition, N1 displayed a greater inhibition of mRNA levels of COX1, COX2, mPGES1 and PTGDS as compared to N2. Our findings demonstrate that N1 and N2 compounds possess strong anti-arthritic activity which can be attributed to the suppression of pro-inflammatory mediators.