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The global aim of the ecoDriver project is to increase the fuel efficiency by 20% by optimising the driver-powertrain-environment feedback loop and delivering effective advice to drivers. In the course of the project, field experiments will take place with a wide range of vehicles — e.g. cars, light trucks and vans, medium and heavy trucks and buses — covering both individual and collective transport. The last step of the project (Sub Project 5; SP5) is to scale up the results from these tests and analyse costs and benefits for a number of futurescenarios. The aim of SP5 is to predict the impact of the ecoDriver systems and solutions in the future, drawing on all the evaluations carried out in the project. With the results of SP5 it will be possible to make estimates about the costs and benefits of the suggested green driving support systems on a global (EU-27) level, both for society as a whole and for sub-groups like manufacturers and consumers. SP5 will construct a set of possible scenarios for the future depending on various road maps envisioned today. The predictions for future years will be made based on available data from within and outside of the project, and on advanced microscopic traffic modelling. SP5 takes the following steps to meet the objectives: Collect data needed for scaling up and developing scenarios Create a range of scenarios Assess the network implications of green driving support systems for future networks Predict the global impacts for a range of systems and scenarios Carry out a cost benefit analysis for a range of systems and scenarios This deliverable describes the data needs for each step. It also contains a description of the approaches proposed for the scenario building, the microscopic traffic simulations, the scaling up and the cost-benefit analysis., ecoDriver

Efficient interchange stations, where travelers are changing lines and/or travel modes, are essential for the functionality of the whole public transport system. By studying pedestrian movements, the level of service and effectiveness imposed by the design of the interchange station can be evaluated. We address the problem by microsimulation, where a social force model is used for the phenomenological description of pedestrian interactions. The contribution of this paper is the proposal of measures describing the density, delay, acceleration and discomfort for pedestrian flows. Simulation experiments are performed for the movements in two canonical pedestrian areas, a corridor and a corridor intersection. Clearly, each of the four measures gives a description for how pedestrians impede each other, and hence for the efficiency at the facility. There is, however, different information provided by each measure, and we conclude that they all are well-motivated for quantifying the level of service in a pedestrian flow. We also illustrate the outcome for a railway platform, with two trains arriving in parallel.

Variable Speed Limit Systems (VSLS) where variable message signs show speed limits based on traffic or road conditions exist on motorways in many countries. The purpose of the VSLS is to decrease the number of accidents while increasing efficiency of traffic system. Cooperative systems are a type of intelligent transport system that has received increasing interest lately. The central part of a cooperative system is communication between vehicles and/or vehicles and the infrastructure. In this paper, a cooperative systems extension of a VSLS is proposed and evaluated by means of microscopic traffic simulation. In the proposed cooperative VSLS, communication between the vehicles and the infrastructure is made available via a roadside unit communicating the speed limits to vehicles upstream on the road. Both aggregate and micro-scale emission models are used to estimate emission from vehicle states in traffic flow. The results of the study show that the cooperative VSLS has a potential to contribute to flow harmonization and to reduce environmental impacts. The emission estimates in the study are dependent on the emission models being applied., TSC import 2377 2013-12-17QC 20140129

This paper describes the implementation of a model of a driver into a computerised numerical simulation. The model is developed to capture the essential characteristics and common aspects of cognition and behaviour of a human being in control of a "vehicle" in different surface transport systems, namely trains, cars and ships. The main functions of the simulation are discussed as well as the experiments carried out in different types of driving simulators to support the estimation of the parameters utilised in the numerical simulation. The validation processes carried out in the rail and maritime domains are also discussed together with a critical review of capacities and limitations of the proposed approach.

Variable Speed Limit Systems (VSLS) where gantries are showing speed limits based on, for example, traffic volume or other road or traffic conditions exists on motorways in many countries. The aim of the VSLS is usually to improve traffic efficiency. Lately, cooperative intelligent transport systems allowing for communication between vehicles and/or vehicles and the infrastructure has received increasing interest. A cooperative VSLS, utilizing communication between vehicles and the infrastructure, could possibly result in further improved traffic efficiency and decreased exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. In this paper, a cooperative VSLS is evaluated by the use of a microscopic traffic simulator. The cooperative VSLS is described together with a discussion on how the modeling of the cooperative VSLS and the assumptions made regarding vehicles behavior will impact the final results of the evaluation. Results from the simulations are presented with in terms of traffic efficiency and exhaust emissions.

Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) is assumed to have a potentialto improve quality-of-service and safety and to reduce the environmentalimpact of the road traffic system. This paper use vehicletrajectories from traffic simulation to study impacts of ACCon vehicle acceleration and deceleration rates. The analysis isbased on traffic simulations with car-following models includingACC functionality and driver behaviour in ACC-equipped as wellas standard non-equipped vehicles. The simulation results showthat ACC can improve the traffic situation in terms of reduced accelerationand deceleration rates even though macroscopic trafficproperties may remain uninfluenced. This supports the hypothesisedpositive road safety and environmental effects of ACC. It isalso established that the results are largely dependent on the assumptionsmade regarding driver behaviour in ACC-equipped andstandard vehicles. It is consequently crucial to include appropriateassumptions regarding driver behaviour in traffic simulation basedanalyses of ACC., funding agencies|Swedish Road Administration through the Swedish network of excellence Transport Telematics Sweden||Linkoping University

A unified model of driver behaviour and driver interaction with innovative technologies was developed in the European project ITERATE. The model aims to be applicable for all surface transport modes. As a basis of the model development it was assumed that underlying factors influencing human behaviour such as age, gender, culture etc. are constant between transport modes. The model can be of great use when designing innovative technologies since it will allow for assessment and tuning of the systems in a safe and controllable environment without use in real traffic. This paper presents the results of a set of driving simulator experiments carried out to support the model development process. The experiments are unique in the sense that common scenarios were run on two identical portable driving simulator platforms circulated among project partners across five countries as well as full scale train and car driving simulators. This allowed a large number of subjects to take part in the experiment. An important finding from the experiments was that country/culture was found to be a significant factor for almost all performance indicators in both car and train experiments. Furthermore, it seems like small scale simulators provide comparable results as more advanced simulators.

Efficient interchange stations, where travelers are changing lines and/or travel modes, are essential for the functionality of the whole public transport system. By studying pedestrian movements, the level of service and effectiveness imposed by the design of the interchange station can be evaluated. We address the problem by microsimulation, where a social force model is used for the phenomenological description of pedestrian interactions. The contribution of this paper is the proposal of measures describing the density, delay, acceleration and discomfort for pedestrian flows. Simulation experiments are performed for the movements in two canonical pedestrian areas, a corridor and a corridor intersection. Clearly, each of the four measures gives a description for how pedestrians impede each other, and hence for the efficiency at the facility. There is, however, different information provided by each measure, and we conclude that they all are well-motivated for quantifying the level of service in a pedestrian flow. We also illustrate the outcome for a railway platform, with two trains arriving in parallel.

Denna rapport presenterar fyra delstudier som genomfördes med syftet att utvärdera hur elektroniskareklamskyltar (ERS) påverkar trafiksäkerheten.Delstudie 1 är en litteraturstudie som undersökte påverkan av ERS på trafiksäkerhet. Slutsatsen var attrörliga bilder samt placering av skyltarna har en stor inverkan på förarens beteende och att i mörker och iogynnsamma väderförhållanden kan ljusbilden upplevas som bländande vilket försvårar körningenspeciellt för äldre förare.Den andra och tredje delstudien jämförde trafiken före och efter installation av ERS. En jämförelse avhastighet och olyckor gjordes. Inga skillnader i trafikflöde och medelhastighet som beror på ERS kundepåvisas. Sammantaget fanns inget i det studerade olycksmaterialet som tyder på att olycksutfalletpåverkats av ERS.Den fjärde delstudien är en fältstudie som undersöker förares beteende i verklig miljö när de passerarERS på motorvägen. Mätningar av visuellt beteende samt körbeteende visar flera fall av visuell distraktionvid passage av ERS. Effekter på kördata kunde inte påvisas. Resultaten visar också en negativinställning till ERS för en majoritet av förarna.Sammanfattningsvis kan ingen påverkan från ERS på trafiksäkerhet ses på makronivå. Dock måsteeffekterna på visuell distraktion tas i beaktning och undersökas närmare innan det beslutas huruvida ERSblir en verklighet på svenska vägar., The present report presents four studies that were conducted with the aim to evaluate how electronic billboards (ERS) affect traffic safety. Study 1 is a literature review to examine how billboards impact road safety. The conclusions from the review showed that animated pictures and the location of the billboards have a major impact on driver behaviour as well as that darkness and adverse weather conditions can create glare which makes driving difficult especially for older drivers. The second and third studies compared the speed and the number of accidents before and after the installation of the billboards. Neither difference in traffic volume nor in average speed could be demonstrated. There was nothing in the studied accidents to suggest that the accident was affected by a billboard. The fourth sub-study is a field study investigating 41 drivers (driving and visual behaviour) on the E4 as they pass the billboards. Results showed several cases of visual distraction. The results also show a negative attitude to the billboards for a majority of the drivers. In summary, no effects from the billboards on traffic safety could be showed at the macro level. However, the effects of visual distraction must be taken into consideration and investigated further before deciding whether billboards will be implemented on Swedish roads.

The aim of Deliverable 5.1 of the ITERATE project is to present results of analyses made of the data collected in the ITERATE WP4 driving simulator experiments. The ITERATE WP4 driving simulator experiments consisted of train and car driving experiments carried out on a portable car/train driving simulator platform and in full scale car and train driving simulators. The analyses conducted and presented in this deliverable consist of hypothesis testing, cluster analysis and development of a procedure for estimation of parameters of relationships in the WP6 UMD simulation model. Findings from the analyses show that country was found to be an important factor in both the car and train driving experiment. Significant effects of the factor workload were also established in many of the events analysed. The conclusion of comparisons between the data collected in the portable and full scale simulators is that the ITERATE portable driving simulator platform is a suitable tool to studying underlying factors controlling driver behaviour at least for the car diving. However, there were differences between the portable and full scale train simulators. These differences have to be considered in later stages of the project. The next step within the ITERATE project is to estimate relevant relationships in the WP6 UMD simulation model based on the findings of the analyses presented in this deliverable. The analyses presented will also be important as inspiration for other studies outside of the present project with the ITERATE driving simulator dataset as an important source of data.

New in-vehicle driver assistance systems are currently introduced at a rapid pace. To exploit the fullpotential of these systems, it is necessary to estimate the systems future impact already at early stages of thesystem development process. This paper gives an introduction to the use of microscopic traffic simulation foranalysis and evaluation of the impacts of driver assistance systems. Application of traffic simulation foranalysis of driver assistance systems is exemplified by studies of an overtaking assistant and of adaptivecruise control., DOI not working: 10.4399/97888548388644

This paper presents a modified version of the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) [M. Treiber, A. Hennecke, and D. Helbing, Phys. Rev. E. 62, 2 (2000)]. The IDM is a car-following model. A car-following model controls the accelerations of individual vehicles in a microscopic traffic simulation model. The original IDM has been observed to result in negative vehicle accelerations in situations where the distance to the preceding vehicle is much larger than the estimated desired safety distance. In this paper, we propose a modified function for the interaction with preceding vehicles which do not include this model property. A comparison of the results of simulations with the original and the modified IDM shows that the modified IDM results in higher average speed for a specific flow, a less steep speed-flow relationship and higher capacity. The speed-flow relationships of simulations with the modified IDM are also shown to better match the speed-flow relationships in real traffic on Swedish freeways. The differences between the results for the original and the modified IDM increase if the models are extended to include drivers' anticipation of the downstream traffic condition.

The Swedish Road Administration is planning to install median barriers on narrow two-lane rural roads with paved carriageway widths down to 9 m. Overtaking lanes will be added on the road sections where barriers are installed. The added overtaking lanes will make it possible to overtake on at least 15 per cent of the road length. The narrow roads with median barrier will therefore mostly get one lane per direction. The result will be a "sparse" 2+1-road as opposed to the conventional Swedish 2+1-design with a continuous overtaking lane that is alternating between the two driving directions. VTI has, by commission of the Swedish Road Administration, constructed speed-flow relationships for "sparse" 2+1-roads with different percentages of the road lengths including an overtaking lane. The speed-flow relationships are based on simulation using the Rural Traffic Simulator (RuTSim). Speed-flow relationships for a normal two-lane road and a conventional 2+1-road have also been constructed using the same method to allow comparison of the "sparse" 2+1-road designs with conventional designs. The length of the overtaking lanes has been assumed to be 850 m on the "sparse" road designs and 1 500 m on the conventional 2+1-design. Moreover, the road alignment has been assumed not to place any additional restrictions on the quality-of-service.

Almost all studies of sleepy driving are carried out in driving simulators and with monotonous road conditions (no interaction with other cars). The present study investigated indicators of sleepy driving in a more challenging scenario after a night awake. 17 participants drove a high fidelity moving base driving simulator experiment while sleepiness was monitored physiologically and behaviourally. Short periods of situations of free driving (no other vehicles) alternated with short periods of following another vehicle (car following) with and without the possibility to overtake. The result showed that a night of prior sleep loss increased sleepiness levels at the wheel (eye closure duration and lateral variability) compared to after a night of normal sleep. Blink duration while overtaking was significantly lower compared to the other situations, it was at the same level as after night sleep. Speed when passing a stopped school bus was not significantly affected by sleepiness. However the warning caused a more rapid reduction of speed. In conclusion, a moderately challenging driving contest did not affect sleepiness indicators, but a very challenging one did so (overtaking). This suggests that it is important to monitor the driving situation in field operational tests of sleepy driving.

The interest in in-vehicle Advanced Driver Assistance Systems(ADAS) is increasing. New systems such as Adaptive Cruise Controlsand Collision Avoidance Systems are currently introduced ata rapid pace. ADAS can both substitute and complement traditionalinfrastructure based safety improving countermeasures. Toexploit the full potential of these systems, it is necessary to estimatethe systems future impact already at early developmentstages. This paper presents a traffic simulation framework foranalysis of the aggregation of individual driver/vehicle behaviourdue to ADAS to effects on the traffic system. Application of thesimulation framework is exemplified by a study of centre line rumblestrips on rural roads. The effects of physical milled rumblestrips are compared to the effects of “virtual” in-vehicle rumblestrips for both alert and sleep deprived drivers. The use of trafficsimulation made it possible to study the combined impact ofchanges in drivers’ free driving speed, reaction time and overtakingbehaviour. Indications that the different rumble strips have animpact on average journey speeds were found amongst the simulationresults. Changes in safety indicators that can be related tochanges in overtaking behaviour were also observed.

New areas of application of traffic micro-simulation models arecurrently being explored. Examples include analysis of IntelligentTransportation Systems, safety assessments and vehicle emissionsstudies. Many of these new applications depend on reliable andrepresentative simulated vehicle trajectories. The traffic simulationmodels used for these applications must therefore modeldriver/vehicle behavior with greater detail than what is necessaryfor traditional traffic engineering applications. In this paper,we argue that this increased model complexity may reducethe applicability of the models to other situations with differentdriver/vehicle behavior. Such situations include simulation of trafficin different countries or regions as well as simulation of roadenvironments with different properties. The objective of the paperis to bring focus to modeling considerations that are important fortoday’s increasingly detailed traffic micro-simulation applications.Model application to traffic in different regions is exemplified by acase study in which the Rural Traffic Simulator developed in Swedenis applied to simulation of traffic on a Dutch two-lane highway.Simulation of traffic in different regions and new model applicationsis to a certain extent facilitated by the model calibrationand validation. The high level of detail of micro-simulation modelsmay however require use of different modeling assumptions for different applications. Advances in vehicle trajectory measurementtechniques will allow developments of more detailed traffic microsimulationmodels. It is therefore increasingly important that themodels are estimated and cross-validated using data sets that arecollected in the regions and traffic conditions that the models aredeveloped for.

Road safety is a major concern in all countries, and large effortsare constantly dedicated to create safer traffic environments. Todayincreasing attention is turned toward active safety improvingcountermeasures that improve road safety by reducing accidentrisks. Such active countermeasures include advanced driver assistancesystems (ADAS). To ensure that these new applicationsresult in real safety improvements, a priori estimations of safetyeffects are needed. This paper considers estimation of the safetyeffects of ADAS through traffic simulation. Requirements imposedon a traffic simulation model to be used for ADAS evaluation arepresented, and a car-following model to be used in simulations thatinclude ADAS-equipped vehicles is proposed. ADAS have an impacton traffic through the functionalities of ADAS and throughchanges in driver behavior for ADAS-equipped vehicles. Driverbehavior for ADAS-equipped vehicles has usually not been consideredin previous simulation studies, including those for ADASequippedvehicles. Simulation runs of rural road traffic that usedthe proposed car-following model did, however, indicate that behavioralchanges caused by the ADAS were important factors forthe safety impact. Modeling of the behavior of drivers in ADASequippedvehicles is therefore essential for reliable conclusions onthe road safety effects of ADAS.

In Sweden, rural roads with separated oncoming lanes are becomingincreasingly important due to their superior safety properties.The level-of-service of such roads may however be reducedsince traffic is restricted by the barrier between the oncoming lanes.This level-of-service impact can be evaluated through traffic microsimulation.Such simulation based assessments of rural highwaysrequire simulation models capable of modeling rural road traffic.This paper presents a simulation study of different rural road designswith separated oncoming lanes using a rural road traffic simulationmodel. The presentation illustrates the use of simulationfor rural highways and the result of the study indicates that oncominglane separation is a competitive alternative despite slightlevel-of-service reductions compared to undivided two-lane highways.

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In many countries the road mileage is dominated by rural highways.For that reason it is important to have access to efficienttools for evaluation of the performance of such roads. For otherroad types, e. g., freeways and urban street networks, a wealth ofmicro-simulation models is available. However, only a few modelsdedicated to rural roads have been developed. None of thesemodels handles traffic flows interrupted by intersections or roundabouts,nor are the models capable of describing the traffic flow onrural roads with a cable barrier between oncoming lanes. Theseare major drawbacks when Swedish roads, on which cable barriersand roundabouts are becoming increasingly important, aremodeled. Moreover, as new areas of application for rural roadsimulation arise, a flexible and detailed model is needed. Suchapplications include, among other things, simulation of driver assistancesystems and estimation of pollutant emissions. This paperintroduces a versatile traffic micro-simulation model for the ruralroads of today and of the future. The model system presented,the Rural Traffic Simulator (RuTSim), is capable of handling allcommon types of rural roads, including the effects of roundaboutsand intersections on the traffic on the main road. The purpose ofthe paper is to describe the simulation approach and the trafficmodeling used in RuTSim. A verification of the RuTSim model isalso included. RuTSim is found to produce outputs representativeof all common types of rural roads in Sweden.

Vägtrafiken är för många ämnen den enskilt största källan till luftföroreningsproblem i Sverige. Miljökvalitetsnormer som föreskriver godtagbar luftkvalitet har införts eller kommer att träda i kraft under det nuvarande decenniet. För att minska trafikens miljöpåverkan kan trafikledningsåtgärder komma att vara ett viktigt verktyg. Effektiv utformning av sådana åtgärder kräver dock modeller och metoder för att bestämma och uppskatta den resulterande luftkvaliteten. Denna rapport redovisar kunskapsläget för trafikledning för minskade utsläpp och därigenom minskad miljöpåverkan. I arbetet beskrivs vägtrafikens miljöpåverkan och kommande gränsvärden för luftföroreningshalter. Vidare presenteras ett antal exempel på möjliga trafikledningsåtgärder samt de modeller som krävs för att uppskatta trafikens miljöpåverkan. De system som idag används för att beräkna luftkvalitet används främst i övervakningstillämpningar. För att möjliggöra miljöstyrd trafikledning kan en mera detaljerad modellering med en finare upplösning behövas. Det är dessutom oklart hur stora miljövinster som faktiskt kan uppnås genom trafikledningsåtgärder. Ett ytterligare problem som kräver vidare undersökning är hur avvägningen mellan miljö och övriga kostnader kan ske., Road traffic is the most important source of many air pollutants in Sweden. Environment Quality Standards which prescribe acceptable air quality have been, or will be, introduced within the current decade. Due to the environmental influence of road traffic there is a significant possibility to use traffic management measures in order to reduce the negative environmental effects of traffic. Efficient design of such measures demands models and methods for estimation of the resulting air quality. This report presents the state of the art in environmentally based traffic management. The work includes a description of the environmental consequences of road traffic and coming air quality standards. Further more, models for estimation of the environmental impact of traffic are presented along with examples of possible traffic management measures for a sustainable environment. Today's airquality estimation systems are used mostly in pollution level controlapplications. Air quality based traffic management may need a more detaileddescription of traffic related pollutants. Moreover, the possibility for lessnegative environmental impact through traffic management in Sweden is notclear. Finally, the question of how to choose between a possible improvementof the environment and other costs needs further investigation.