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51. The rich meteorology of Jezero crater over the first 250 sols of Perseverance on Mars

Author

Rodriguez-Manfredi, Jose, primary, Juarez, Manuel de la Torre, additional, Sanchez-Lavega, Agustin, additional, Hueso, Ricardo, additional, Martinez, German, additional, Lemmon, Mark, additional, Newman, Claire, additional, Munguira, Asier, additional, Hieta, Maria, additional, Tamppari, Leslie, additional, Polkko, Jouni, additional, Toledo, Daniel, additional, Sebastian, Eduardo, additional, Smith, Michael, additional, Jaakonaho, Iina, additional, Genzer, Maria, additional, de Vicente-Retortillo, Alvaro, additional, Viudez-Moreiras, Daniel, additional, Ramos, Miguel, additional, Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso, additional, Lepinette, Alain, additional, Wolff, Michael, additional, Sullivan, Robert, additional, Gómez-Elvira, Javier, additional, Apestigue, Victor, additional, Conrad, Pamela, additional, Río-Gaztelurrutia, T. del, additional, Murdoch, Naomi, additional, Arruego, Ignacio, additional, Banfield, Donald, additional, Boland, Justin, additional, Brown, Adrian, additional, Ceballos, Joaquin, additional, Dominguez-Pumar, Manuel, additional, Espejo, Servando, additional, Fairen, Alberto, additional, Ferrandiz, Ricardo, additional, Fischer, Erik, additional, Garcia-Villadangos, Miriam, additional, Gimenez, Silvia, additional, Gomez-Gomez, Felipe, additional, Guzewich, Scott, additional, Harri, Ari-Matti, additional, Jimenez, Juan, additional, Jimenez, Vicente, additional, Makinen, Teemu, additional, Marin-Jimenez, Mercedes, additional, Martin-Rubio, Carolina, additional, Martin-Soler, Javier, additional, Molina, Antonio, additional, Mora-Sotomayor, Luis, additional, Lopez, Sara Navarro, additional, Peinado, Veronica, additional, Perez-Grande, Isabel, additional, Pla-Garcia, Jorge, additional, Postigo, Marina, additional, Prieto-Ballesteros, Olga, additional, Rafkin, Scot, additional, Richardson, Mark, additional, Romeral, Julio, additional, Romero, Catalina, additional, Savijärvi, Hannu, additional, Schofield, John, additional, Torres, Josefina, additional, Urqui, Roser, additional, Zurita, Sofia, additional, and team, MEDA, additional

Published
2022
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53. Hexagonal Prisms Form in Water-ice Clouds on Mars, Producing Halo Displays Seen by Perseverance Rover

Author

Lemmon, Mark T, primary, Toledo, Daniel, additional, Apéstigue, Víctor, additional, Arruego, Ignacio, additional, Wolff, Michael J., additional, Patel, Priyaben, additional, Guzewich, Scott D., additional, Colaprete, Tony, additional, Vicente-Retortillo, Alvaro, additional, Tamppari, Leslie, additional, Montmessin, Franck, additional, de la Torre Juarez, Manuel, additional, Maki, Justin N., additional, McConnochie, Timothy, additional, Brown, Adrian Jon, additional, and Bell, James F, additional

Published
2022
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55. Winds at the Mars 2020 Landing Site. 2. Wind Variability and Turbulence

Author

Física aplicada I, Fisika aplikatua I, Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel, de la Torre Juárez, Manuel, Gómez Elvira, Javier, Lorenz, Ralph D., Apestigue, Victor, Guzewich, Scott, Mischna, Michael, Sullivan, Rob, Herkenhoff, Kenneth, Toledo, Daniel, Lemmon, Mark T., Smith, Michael D., Newman, Claire E., Sánchez Lavega, Agustín María, Rodríguez Manfredi, José Antonio, Richardson, Mark I., Hueso Alonso, Ricardo, Harri, Ari Matti, Tamppari, Leslie, Arruego, Ignacio, Bell, James, Física aplicada I, Fisika aplikatua I, Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel, de la Torre Juárez, Manuel, Gómez Elvira, Javier, Lorenz, Ralph D., Apestigue, Victor, Guzewich, Scott, Mischna, Michael, Sullivan, Rob, Herkenhoff, Kenneth, Toledo, Daniel, Lemmon, Mark T., Smith, Michael D., Newman, Claire E., Sánchez Lavega, Agustín María, Rodríguez Manfredi, José Antonio, Richardson, Mark I., Hueso Alonso, Ricardo, Harri, Ari Matti, Tamppari, Leslie, Arruego, Ignacio, and Bell, James

Abstract

Wind speeds measured by the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover in Jezero crater were fitted as a Weibull distribution. InSight wind data acquired in Elysium Planitia were also used to contextualize observations. Jezero winds were found to be much calmer on average than in previous landing sites, despite the intense aeolian activity observed. However, a great influence of turbulence and wave activity was observed in the wind speed variations, thus driving the probability of reaching the highest wind speeds at Jezero, instead of sustained winds driven by local, regional, or large-scale circulation. The power spectral density of wind speed fluctuations follows a power-law, whose slope deviates depending on the time of day from that predicted considering homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. Daytime wave activity is related to convection cells and smaller eddies in the boundary layer, advected over the crater. The signature of convection cells was also found during dust storm conditions, when prevailing winds were consistent with a tidal drive. Nighttime fluctuations were also intense, suggesting strong mechanical turbulence. Convective vortices were usually involved in rapid wind fluctuations and extreme winds, with variations peaking at 9.2 times the background winds. Transient high wind events by vortex-passages, turbulence, and wave activity could be driving aeolian activity at Jezero. We report the detection of a strong dust cloud of 0.75–1.5 km in length passing over the rover. The observed aeolian activity had major implications for instrumentation, with the wind sensor suffering damage throughout the mission, probably due to flying debris advected by winds.

Published
2022

56. The dynamic atmospheric and aeolian environment of Jezero crater, Mars

Author

Física aplicada I, Fisika aplikatua I, Newman, Claire E., Hueso Alonso, Ricardo, Lemmon, Mark T., Munguira Ruiz, Asier, Vicente Retortillo, Álvaro, Apestigue, Victor, Martínez, Germán, Toledo, Daniel, Sullivan, Rob, Herkenhoff, Kenneth, de la Torre Juárez, Manuel, Richardson, Mark I., Stott, Alexander E., Murdoch, Naomi, Sánchez Lavega, Agustín María, Wolff, Michael J., Arruego, Ignacio, Sebastián, Eduardo, Navarro, Sara, Gómez Elvira, Javier, Tamppari, Leslie, Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel, Harri, Ari Matti, Genzer, Maria, Hieta, Maria, Lorenz, Ralph D., Conrad, Pan, Gómez, Felipe, McConnochie, Timothy, Mimoun, David, Tate, Christian, Bertrand, Tanguy, Bell, James, Maki, Justin N., Rodríguez Manfredi, José Antonio, Wiens, Roger C., Chide, Baptiste, Maurice, Sylvestre, Zorzano, María Paz, Mora Sotomayor, Luis, Baker, Mariah M., Banfield, Don, Plá García, Jorge, Beyssac, Olivier, Brown, Adrian, Clark, Ben, Lepinette, Alain, Montmessin, Franck, Fischer, Erik, Patel, Priyaben, Del Río Gaztelurrutia, María Teresa, Fouchet, Thierry, Francis, Raymond, Guzewich, Scott, Física aplicada I, Fisika aplikatua I, Newman, Claire E., Hueso Alonso, Ricardo, Lemmon, Mark T., Munguira Ruiz, Asier, Vicente Retortillo, Álvaro, Apestigue, Victor, Martínez, Germán, Toledo, Daniel, Sullivan, Rob, Herkenhoff, Kenneth, de la Torre Juárez, Manuel, Richardson, Mark I., Stott, Alexander E., Murdoch, Naomi, Sánchez Lavega, Agustín María, Wolff, Michael J., Arruego, Ignacio, Sebastián, Eduardo, Navarro, Sara, Gómez Elvira, Javier, Tamppari, Leslie, Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel, Harri, Ari Matti, Genzer, Maria, Hieta, Maria, Lorenz, Ralph D., Conrad, Pan, Gómez, Felipe, McConnochie, Timothy, Mimoun, David, Tate, Christian, Bertrand, Tanguy, Bell, James, Maki, Justin N., Rodríguez Manfredi, José Antonio, Wiens, Roger C., Chide, Baptiste, Maurice, Sylvestre, Zorzano, María Paz, Mora Sotomayor, Luis, Baker, Mariah M., Banfield, Don, Plá García, Jorge, Beyssac, Olivier, Brown, Adrian, Clark, Ben, Lepinette, Alain, Montmessin, Franck, Fischer, Erik, Patel, Priyaben, Del Río Gaztelurrutia, María Teresa, Fouchet, Thierry, Francis, Raymond, and Guzewich, Scott

Abstract

Despite the importance of sand and dust to Mars geomorphology, weather, and exploration, the processes that move sand and that raise dust to maintain Mars' ubiquitous dust haze and to produce dust storms have not been well quantified in situ, with missions lacking either the necessary sensors or a sufficiently active aeolian environment. Perseverance rover's novel environmental sensors and Jezero crater's dusty environment remedy this. In Perseverance's first 216 sols, four convective vortices raised dust locally, while, on average, four passed the rover daily, over 25% of which were significantly dusty ("dust devils"). More rarely, dust lifting by nonvortex wind gusts was produced by daytime convection cells advected over the crater by strong regional daytime upslope winds, which also control aeolian surface features. One such event covered 10 times more area than the largest dust devil, suggesting that dust devils and wind gusts could raise equal amounts of dust under nonstorm conditions.

Published
2022

59. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission: Continuing a Record of Exploration from Mars Orbit

Author

Tamppari, Leslie K, Zurek, Richard W, and Johnston, M. Daniel

Abstract

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) has been on station in its low altitude, sun-synchronous, primary science orbit since September 2006 performing both scientific and Mars programmatic support functions. The spacecraft is a very capable remote sensing science platform carrying six science payloads supporting seven investigations and a UHF telecommunications radio (Electra) for surface relay. Developed to support a mix of nadir mapping and targeted, highresolution surface observations, the spacecraft’s powerful telecommunications and command & data handling (C&DH) subsystems communicate an average of 16 hours a day with the Deep Space Network (DSN). To date, more than 300 TB of scientific data has been returned to Earth. All of the original science payloads are active with standard and new observing modes contributing to the advancement of Mars science through peer-reviewed paper publications and the timely dissemination of their data to the science community as a whole. Results from the science teams have revealed an amazing diversity of ancient aqueous environments and ongoing surface change is evident through gully formation, avalanches, and cratering. Extending the MRO-MGS climate record to a decade of Mars years is contributing to a better understanding of current atmospheric and polar processes. In addition to its fundamental scientific objectives, MRO is a critical element of NASA’s Mars Exploration Program (MEP) providing needed infrastructure support for landed and future missions. Using its Electra telecommunications payload, MRO provides landers and rovers critical event coverage during their entry, descent, and landing (EDL) phases and UHF relay support once they are on the Martian surface. MRO’s high-resolution imagers are used to scout potential landing sites and certify safe zones for landing. As MRO begins its Fourth Extended Mission, the spacecraft remains fully capable of carrying out an ambitious science observing plan and the programmatic tasks assigned to it. In addition to highlighting recent discoveries of the mission, this paper describes recent challenges the spacecraft engineers have faced in flight and the plans for extending spacecraft life well into the 2020’s.

Published
2017

61. The dynamic atmospheric and aeolian environment of Jezero crater, Mars

Author

Newman, Claire E., primary, Hueso, Ricardo, additional, Lemmon, Mark T., additional, Munguira, Asier, additional, Vicente-Retortillo, Álvaro, additional, Apestigue, Víctor, additional, Martínez, Germán M., additional, Toledo, Daniel, additional, Sullivan, Rob, additional, Herkenhoff, Ken E., additional, de la Torre Juárez, Manuel, additional, Richardson, Mark I., additional, Stott, Alexander E., additional, Murdoch, Naomi, additional, Sanchez-Lavega, Agustín, additional, Wolff, Michael J., additional, Arruego, Ignacio, additional, Sebastián, Eduardo, additional, Navarro, Sara, additional, Gómez-Elvira, Javier, additional, Tamppari, Leslie, additional, Smith, Michael D., additional, Lepinette, Alain, additional, Viúdez-Moreiras, Daniel, additional, Harri, Ari-Matti, additional, Genzer, Maria, additional, Hieta, Maria, additional, Lorenz, Ralph D., additional, Conrad, Pan, additional, Gómez, Felipe, additional, McConnochie, Timothy H., additional, Mimoun, David, additional, Tate, Christian, additional, Bertrand, Tanguy, additional, Bell, James F., additional, Maki, Justin N., additional, Rodriguez-Manfredi, Jose Antonio, additional, Wiens, Roger C., additional, Chide, Baptiste, additional, Maurice, Sylvestre, additional, Zorzano, Maria-Paz, additional, Mora, Luis, additional, Baker, Mariah M., additional, Banfield, Don, additional, Pla-Garcia, Jorge, additional, Beyssac, Olivier, additional, Brown, Adrian, additional, Clark, Ben, additional, Montmessin, Franck, additional, Fischer, Erik, additional, Patel, Priyaben, additional, del Río-Gaztelurrutia, Teresa, additional, Fouchet, Thierry, additional, Francis, Raymond, additional, and Guzewich, Scott D., additional

Published
2022
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63. The near-surface wind patterns as observed by NASA’s Mars 2020 Mission at Jezero Crater, Mars

Author

Viúdez-Moreiras, Daniel, primary, Newman, Claire E., additional, Gómez-Elvira, Javier, additional, Harri, Ari-Matti, additional, Genzer, María, additional, Tamppari, Leslie, additional, de la Torre, Manuel, additional, Sánchez, Agustín, additional, Hueso, Ricardo, additional, Guzewich, Scott, additional, Sullivan, Rob, additional, Pla, Jorge, additional, Navarro, Sara, additional, Munguira, Asier, additional, Lorenz, Ralph, additional, Herkenhoff, Kenneth, additional, Rodríguez-Manfredi, Jose Antonio, additional, and MEDA team, the, additional

Published
2022
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68. Water vapor at Jezero Crater, Mars

Author

Tamppari, Leslie K., Martínez, Germán, Rodríguez Manfredi, Jose, de la Torre-Juárez, Manuel, Hieta, Maria, Polkko, Jouni, Jaakonaho, Iina, Genzer, Maria, Harri, Ari-Matti, Mcconnochie, Timothy H., Montmessin, Franck, Smith, Michael D., Wolff, Michael, Fischer, Erik, Gomez, Felipe, Zorzano, Maria‐paz, Viudez-Moreiras, Daniel, Patel, Priyaben, Lemmon, Mark, Knutsen, Elise Wright, Pla‐garcía, Jorge, Fouchet, Thierry, and Cardon, Catherine

Subjects
[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract

Water on Mars is of interest today to assess the current cycling of water in and out of the regolith, cycling of water on and off of the polar caps, and to understand the current habitability potential of Mars. The regolith at polar and non-polar latitudes is an important reservoir for water storage, and an important resource for human exploration, and exchange of water between the regolith and atmosphere may play an important role in the global water cycle. Understanding water on Mars today helps us model the water cycle during different epochs on Mars, during which there was much more liquid water present in the system and Mars may have been inhabited.Additional time coverage and an additional location on the surface of Mars provided by the Perseverance MEDA relative humidity measurements at Jezero crater help reveal the regional similarities and differences across Mars. In addition, the Perseverance SuperCam or TIRS instruments can be used with the MEDA measurements of relative humidity to detect frost formation [2], to assess diurnal changes in the near-surface water content, possibly due to subsurface exchange (e.g., [5-6, 1]) or consistent with surface frost [2], and to check whether the environmental conditions at the surface and in the near surface are compatible with the formation of liquid brines [3-4].We examine the water vapor in the Martian atmosphere in the vicinity of Jezero Crater, Mars, where the Perseverance Rover is currently operating and acquiring data. We place the new water measurements from the rover instruments into the broader context, relating measurements to those of orbiters and other landers.

Published
2022

69. Overview of Near-Surface Atmospheric Processes at Jezero from Meda Observations

Author

de la Torre-Juárez, Manuel, Rodríguez Manfredi, Jose, Martínez, Germán, Newman, Claire, Lemmon, Mark, Hueso, Ricardo, Munguira, Asier, Tamppari, Leslie, Sanchez-Lavega, Augustin, Apestigue, Victor, Arruego, Ignacio, Banfield, Donald, Boland, Justin, Conrad, Pamela, del Rio, Teresa, Vicente -Retortillo, Álvaro, Dominguez-Pumar, Manuel, Fischer, Erik, Genzer, Maria, Gimenez, S., Gómez Elvira, Javier, Gómez, Felipe, Guzewich, Scott, Harri, Ari-Matti, Hieta, M., Jimenez, Victor, Lepinette, Alain, Marín, M., Martin-Rubio, Carolina, Molina, Antonio, Montmessin, Franck, Mora-Sotomayor, Luis, Navarro, Sara, Peinado, Veronica, Pérez‐hoyos, Santiago, Pla‐garcía, Jorge, Polkko, Jouni, Romeral, Julio, Romero, C., Savijärvi, Hannu, Sebastian, E., Smith, M.D., Sullivan, Rob, Tate, Christian, Toledo-Carrasco, Daniel, Torres, Josefina, Urquí, Roser, Viudez-Moreiras, Daniel, Wolff, Michael, Zorzano, Maria-Paz, Zurita, Sofia, and Cardon, Catherine

Subjects
[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Published
2022

70. Relative humidity and vapor amount at Jezero Crater

Author

Tamppari, Leslie K., Martinez, German, Rodríguez Manfredi, Jose, de la Torre-Juárez, Manuel, Hieta, M., Polkko, Jouni, Jaakonaho, I., Genzer, M., Harri, Ari-Matti, Mcconnochie, Timothy, Montmessin, Franck, Smith, Michael D., Wolff, Mike, Fisher, Erik, Conrad, Pamela, Gómez, Felipe, Zorzano, María‐paz, Viudez-Moreiras, Daniel, Patel, Priyaben, Lemmon, Mark, and Cardon, Catherine

Subjects
[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Published
2022

71. Past, Present, and Future of Mars Polar Science: Outcomes and Outlook from the 7th International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration

Author

Becerra, Patricio, primary, Smith, Isaac B., additional, Hibbard, Shannon, additional, Andres, Chimira, additional, Bapst, Jonathan, additional, Bramson, Ali M., additional, Buhler, Peter B., additional, Coronato, Andrea, additional, Diniega, Serina, additional, Emmett, Jeremy, additional, Grau Galofre, Anna, additional, Herny, Clémence, additional, Kahre, Melinda, additional, Paul Knightly, J., additional, Nerozzi, Stefano, additional, Pascuzzo, Alyssa, additional, Portyankina, Ganna, additional, Rabassa, Jorge, additional, Tamppari, Leslie K., additional, Titus, Timothy N., additional, Whitten, Jennifer, additional, and Yoldi, Zuriñe, additional

Published
2021
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72. MOSAIC: A Satellite Constellation to Enable Groundbreaking Mars Climate System Science and Prepare for Human Exploration

Author

Lillis, Robert J., primary, Mitchell, David, additional, Montabone, Luca, additional, Heavens, Nicholas, additional, Harrison, Tanya, additional, Stuurman, Cassie, additional, Guzewich, Scott, additional, England, Scott, additional, Withers, Paul, additional, Chaffin, Mike, additional, Curry, Shannon, additional, Ao, Chi, additional, Matousek, Steven, additional, Barba, Nathan, additional, Woolley, Ryan, additional, Smith, Isaac, additional, Osinski, Gordon R., additional, Kleinböhl, Armin, additional, Tamppari, Leslie, additional, Mischna, Michael, additional, Kass, David, additional, Smith, Michael, additional, Wolff, Michael, additional, Kahre, Melinda, additional, Spiga, Aymeric, additional, Forget, François, additional, Cantor, Bruce, additional, Deighan, Justin, additional, Brecht, Amanda, additional, Bougher, Stephen, additional, Fowler, Christopher M., additional, Andrews, David, additional, Patzold, Martin, additional, Peter, Kerstin, additional, Tellmann, Silvia, additional, Lester, Mark, additional, Sánchez-Cano, Beatriz, additional, Luhmann, Janet, additional, Leblanc, François, additional, Halekas, Jasper, additional, Brain, David, additional, Fang, Xiaohua, additional, Espley, Jared, additional, Opgenoorth, Hermann, additional, Vaisberg, Oleg, additional, Hinson, David, additional, Asmar, Sami, additional, Vander Hook, Joshua, additional, Karatekin, Ozgur, additional, Barjatya, Aroh, additional, and Tripathi, Abhishek, additional

Published
2021
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75. MOSAIC: A satellite constellation to enable groundbreaking mars climate system science and prepare for human exploration

Author

Lillis, Robert J., Mitchell, David, Montabone, Luca, Heavens, Nicholas, Harrison, Tanya, Stuurman, Cassie, Guzewich, Scott, England, Scott, Withers, Paul, Chaffin, Mike, Curry, Shannon, Ao, Chi, Matousek, Steven, Barba, Nathan, Woolley, Ryan, Smith, Isaac, Osinski, Gordon R., Kleinböhl, Armin, Tamppari, Leslie, Mischna, Michael, Kass, David, Smith, Michael, Wolff, Michael, Kahre, Melinda, Spiga, Aymeric, Forget, François, Cantor, Bruce, Deighan, Justin, Brecht, Amanda, Bougher, Stephen, Fowler, Christopher M., Andrews, David, Patzold, Martin, Peter, Kerstin, Tellmann, Silvia, Lester, Mark, Sánchez-Cano, Beatriz, Luhmann, Janet, Leblanc, François, Halekas, Jasper, Brain, David, Fang, Xiaohua, Espley, Jared, Opgenoorth, Hermann J., Vaisberg, Oleg, Hinson, David, Asmar, Sami, Vander Hook, Joshua, Karatekin, Ozgur, Barjatya, Aroh, Tripathi, Abhishek, Lillis, Robert J., Mitchell, David, Montabone, Luca, Heavens, Nicholas, Harrison, Tanya, Stuurman, Cassie, Guzewich, Scott, England, Scott, Withers, Paul, Chaffin, Mike, Curry, Shannon, Ao, Chi, Matousek, Steven, Barba, Nathan, Woolley, Ryan, Smith, Isaac, Osinski, Gordon R., Kleinböhl, Armin, Tamppari, Leslie, Mischna, Michael, Kass, David, Smith, Michael, Wolff, Michael, Kahre, Melinda, Spiga, Aymeric, Forget, François, Cantor, Bruce, Deighan, Justin, Brecht, Amanda, Bougher, Stephen, Fowler, Christopher M., Andrews, David, Patzold, Martin, Peter, Kerstin, Tellmann, Silvia, Lester, Mark, Sánchez-Cano, Beatriz, Luhmann, Janet, Leblanc, François, Halekas, Jasper, Brain, David, Fang, Xiaohua, Espley, Jared, Opgenoorth, Hermann J., Vaisberg, Oleg, Hinson, David, Asmar, Sami, Vander Hook, Joshua, Karatekin, Ozgur, Barjatya, Aroh, and Tripathi, Abhishek

Abstract

The Martian climate system has been revealed to rival the complexity of Earth's. Over the last 20 yr, a fragmented and incomplete picture has emerged of its structure and variability; we remain largely ignorant of many of the physical processes driving matter and energy flow between and within Mars' diverse climate domains. Mars Orbiters for Surface, Atmosphere, and Ionosphere Connections (MOSAIC) is a constellation of ten platforms focused on understanding these climate connections, with orbits and instruments tailored to observe the Martian climate system from three complementary perspectives. First, low-circular near-polar Sun-synchronous orbits (a large mothership and three smallsats spaced in local time) enable vertical profiling of wind, aerosols, water, and temperature, as well as mapping of surface and subsurface ice. Second, elliptical orbits sampling all of Mars' plasma regions enable multipoint measurements necessary to understand mass/energy transport and ion-driven escape, also enabling, with the polar orbiters, dense radio occultation coverage. Last, longitudinally spaced areostationary orbits enable synoptic views of the lower atmosphere necessary to understand global and mesoscale dynamics, global views of the hydrogen and oxygen exospheres, and upstream measurements of space weather conditions. MOSAIC will characterize climate system variability diurnally and seasonally, on meso-, regional, and global scales, targeting the shallow subsurface all the way out to the solar wind, making many first-of-their-kind measurements. Importantly, these measurements will also prepare for human exploration and habitation of Mars by providing water resource prospecting, operational forecasting of dust and radiation hazards, and ionospheric communication/positioning disruptions.

Published
2021
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76. Past, present, and future of mars polar science:Outcomes and outlook from the 7th international conference on mars polar science and exploration

Author

Becerra, Patricio, Smith, Isaac B., Hibbard, Shannon, Andres, Chimira, Bapst, Jonathan, Bramson, Ali M., Buhler, Peter B., Coronato, Andrea, Diniega, Serina, Emmett, Jeremy, Galofre, Anna Grau, Herny, Clémence, Kahre, Melinda, Knightly, J. Paul, Nerozzi, Stefano, Pascuzzo, Alyssa, Portyankina, Ganna, Rabassa, Jorge, Tamppari, Leslie K., Titus, Timothy N., Whitten, Jennifer, Yoldi, Zuriñe, Becerra, Patricio, Smith, Isaac B., Hibbard, Shannon, Andres, Chimira, Bapst, Jonathan, Bramson, Ali M., Buhler, Peter B., Coronato, Andrea, Diniega, Serina, Emmett, Jeremy, Galofre, Anna Grau, Herny, Clémence, Kahre, Melinda, Knightly, J. Paul, Nerozzi, Stefano, Pascuzzo, Alyssa, Portyankina, Ganna, Rabassa, Jorge, Tamppari, Leslie K., Titus, Timothy N., Whitten, Jennifer, and Yoldi, Zuriñe

Abstract

Mars Polar Science is a subfield of Mars science that encompasses all studies of the cryosphere of Mars and its interaction with the Martian environment. Every 4 yr, the community of scientists dedicated to this subfield meets to discuss new findings and debate open issues in the International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration (ICMPSE). This paper summarizes the proceedings of the seventh ICMPSE and the progress made since the sixth edition. We highlight the most important advances and present the most salient open questions in the field today, as discussed and agreed upon by the participants of the conference. We also feature agreed-upon suggestions for future methods, measurements, instruments, and missions that would be essential to answering the main open questions presented. This work is thus an overview of the current status of Mars Polar Science and is intended to serve as a road map for the direction of the field during the next 4 yr and beyond, helping to shape its contribution within the larger context of planetary science and exploration.

Published
2021

77. Photogeologic Map of the Perseverance Rover Field Site in Jezero Crater Constructed by the Mars 2020 Science Team

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Stack, Kathryn M., Williams, Nathan R., Calef, Fred, Sun, Vivian Z., Williford, Kenneth H., Farley, Kenneth A., Eide, Sigurd, Flannery, David, Hughes, Cory, Jacob, Samantha R., Kah, Linda C., Meyen, Forrest, Molina, Antonio, Nataf, Cathy Quantin, Rice, Melissa, Russell, Patrick, Scheller, Eva, Seeger, Christina H., Abbey, William J., Adler, Jacob B., Amundsen, Hans, Anderson, Ryan B., Angel, Stanley M., Arana, Gorka, Atkins, James, Barrington, Megan, Berger, Tor, Borden, Rose, Boring, Beau, Brown, Adrian, Carrier, Brandi L., Conrad, Pamela, Dypvik, Henning, Fagents, Sarah A., Gallegos, Zachary E., Garczynski, Brad, Golder, Keenan, Gomez, Felipe, Goreva, Yulia, Gupta, Sanjeev, Hamran, Svein-Erik, Hicks, Taryn, Hinterman, Eric Daniel, Horgan, Briony N., Hurowitz, Joel, Johnson, Jeffrey R., Lasue, Jeremie, Kronyak, Rachel E., Liu, Yang, Madariaga, Juan Manuel, Mangold, Nicolas, McClean, John, Miklusicak, Noah, Nunes, Daniel, Rojas, Corrine, Runyon, Kirby, Schmitz, Nicole, Scudder, Noel, Shaver, Emily, SooHoo, Jason G., Spaulding, Russell, Stanish, Evan, Tamppari, Leslie K., Tice, Michael M., Turenne, Nathalie, Willis, Peter A., Aileen Yingst, R., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Stack, Kathryn M., Williams, Nathan R., Calef, Fred, Sun, Vivian Z., Williford, Kenneth H., Farley, Kenneth A., Eide, Sigurd, Flannery, David, Hughes, Cory, Jacob, Samantha R., Kah, Linda C., Meyen, Forrest, Molina, Antonio, Nataf, Cathy Quantin, Rice, Melissa, Russell, Patrick, Scheller, Eva, Seeger, Christina H., Abbey, William J., Adler, Jacob B., Amundsen, Hans, Anderson, Ryan B., Angel, Stanley M., Arana, Gorka, Atkins, James, Barrington, Megan, Berger, Tor, Borden, Rose, Boring, Beau, Brown, Adrian, Carrier, Brandi L., Conrad, Pamela, Dypvik, Henning, Fagents, Sarah A., Gallegos, Zachary E., Garczynski, Brad, Golder, Keenan, Gomez, Felipe, Goreva, Yulia, Gupta, Sanjeev, Hamran, Svein-Erik, Hicks, Taryn, Hinterman, Eric Daniel, Horgan, Briony N., Hurowitz, Joel, Johnson, Jeffrey R., Lasue, Jeremie, Kronyak, Rachel E., Liu, Yang, Madariaga, Juan Manuel, Mangold, Nicolas, McClean, John, Miklusicak, Noah, Nunes, Daniel, Rojas, Corrine, Runyon, Kirby, Schmitz, Nicole, Scudder, Noel, Shaver, Emily, SooHoo, Jason G., Spaulding, Russell, Stanish, Evan, Tamppari, Leslie K., Tice, Michael M., Turenne, Nathalie, Willis, Peter A., and Aileen Yingst, R.

Abstract

The Mars 2020 Perseverance rover landing site is located within Jezero crater, a ∼50 km diameter impact crater interpreted to be a Noachian-aged lake basin inside the western edge of the Isidis impact structure. Jezero hosts remnants of a fluvial delta, inlet and outlet valleys, and infill deposits containing diverse carbonate, mafic, and hydrated minerals. Prior to the launch of the Mars 2020 mission, members of the Science Team collaborated to produce a photogeologic map of the Perseverance landing site in Jezero crater. Mapping was performed at a 1:5000 digital map scale using a 25 cm/pixel High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) orthoimage mosaic base map and a 1 m/pixel HiRISE stereo digital terrain model. Mapped bedrock and surficial units were distinguished by differences in relative brightness, tone, topography, surface texture, and apparent roughness. Mapped bedrock units are generally consistent with those identified in previously published mapping efforts, but this study’s map includes the distribution of surficial deposits and sub-units of the Jezero delta at a higher level of detail than previous studies. This study considers four possible unit correlations to explain the relative age relationships of major units within the map area. Unit correlations include previously published interpretations as well as those that consider more complex interfingering relationships and alternative relative age relationships. The photogeologic map presented here is the foundation for scientific hypothesis development and strategic planning for Perseverance’s exploration of Jezero crater.

Published
2021

78. MGS TES observations of the water vapor above the seasonal and perennial ice caps during northern spring and summer

Author

Pankine, Alexey A., Tamppari, Leslie K., and Smith, Michael D.

Subjects
Planets -- Atmosphere, Ice caps, Mars (Planet), Astronomy, Earth sciences
Abstract

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.06.043 Byline: Alexey A. Pankine (a), Leslie K. Tamppari (a), Michael D. Smith (b) Keywords: Mars; Mars, Atmosphere; Mars, Climate; Mars, Polar caps Abstract: We report on new retrievals of water vapor column abundances from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) data. The new retrievals are from the TES nadir data taken above the 'cold' surface areas in the North polar region (T.sub.surf Author Affiliation: (a) Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, MS 183-301, Pasadena, CA 91109, United States (b) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, MS 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, United States Article History: Received 17 March 2010; Revised 11 June 2010; Accepted 27 June 2010

Published
2010

79. Water vapor variability in the north polar region of Mars from Viking MAWD and MGS TES datasets

Author

Pankine, Alexey A., Tamppari, Leslie K., and Smith, Michael D.

Subjects
Planets -- Atmosphere, Astrogeology, Planetary meteorology, Public radio, Mars (Planet), Astronomy, Earth sciences
Abstract

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.06.009 Byline: Alexey A. Pankine (a), Leslie K. Tamppari (a), Michael D. Smith (b) Keywords: Mars; Mars, atmosphere; Mars, climate; Mars, polar caps Abstract: Atmospheric water vapor abundances in Mars' north polar region (NPR, from 60[degrees] to 90[degrees]N) are mapped as function of latitude and longitude for spring and summer seasons, and their spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability is discussed. Water vapor data are from Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) and the Viking Orbiter (VO) Mars Atmospheric Water Detector (MAWD). The data cover three complete northern spring-summer seasons in 1977-1978, 2000-2001 and 2002-2003, and shorter periods of spring-summer seasons during 1975, 1999 and 2004. Long term interannual variability in the averaged NPR abundances may exist, with Viking MAWD observations showing twice as much water vapor during summer as the MGS TES observations more than 10 martian years (MY) later. While the averaged abundances are very similar in TES observations for the same season in different years, the spatial distributions in the early summer season do vary significantly year over year. Spatial and temporal variabilities increase between L.sub.s [approximately equal to]80-140[degrees], which may be related to vapor sublimation from the North Polar Residual Cap (NPRC), or to changes in circulation. Spatial variability is observed on scales of [approximately equal to]100km and temporal variability is observed on scales of Author Affiliation: (a) Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, MS 183-301, Pasadena, CA 91109, United States (b) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, MS 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, United States Article History: Received 26 November 2008; Revised 9 April 2009; Accepted 15 June 2009

Published
2009

81. White Paper Summary of the Final Report from the Ice and Climate Evolution Science Analysis group (ICE-SAG)

Author

Diniega, Serina, primary, Putzig, Than, additional, Byrne, Shane, additional, Calvin, Wendy, additional, Dundas, Colin, additional, Fenton, Lori, additional, Hayne, Paul, additional, Baker, David Hollibaugh, additional, Holt, Jack, additional, Hvidberg, Christine, additional, Kahre, Melinda, additional, Mischna, Michael, additional, Morgan, Gareth, additional, Oehler, Dorothy, additional, Portyankina, Anya, additional, Rogers, Deanne, additional, Sizemore, Hanna, additional, Smith, Isaac, additional, Soto, Alejandro, additional, Tamppari, Leslie, additional, Titus, Timothy, additional, and Webster, Chris, additional

Published
2021
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82. The Importance of the Climate Record in the Martian Polar Layered Deposits

Author

Becerra, Patricio, primary, Bramson, Ali, additional, Brown, Adrian, additional, Byrne, Shane, additional, Coronato, Andrea, additional, Diniega, Serina, additional, Galofre, Anna Grau, additional, Hayne, Paul, additional, Horgan, Briony, additional, Hvidberg, Christine, additional, Landis, Margaret, additional, Obbard, Rachel W., additional, Pascuzzo, Alyssa, additional, Plaut, Jeffrey J., additional, Portyankina, Ganna, additional, Putzig, Nathaniel, additional, Rabassa, Jorge, additional, Smith, Isaac, additional, Sori, Michael, additional, Tamppari, Leslie, additional, Thomas, Nicolas, additional, and Whitten, Jennifer, additional

Published
2021
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83. The case for a multi-channel polarization sensitive LIDAR for investigation of insolation-driven ices and atmospheres

Author

Brown, Adrian, primary, Videen, Gorden, additional, Byrne, Shane, additional, Zubko, Evgenij, additional, Diniega, Serina, additional, Heavens, Nicholas, additional, Mishchenko, Michael, additional, Schlegel, Nicole-Jeanne, additional, Kim, Sungsoo, additional, Becerra, Patricio, additional, Conway, Susan, additional, Choi, Young-Jun, additional, Herkenhoff, Ken, additional, Meyer, Colin R., additional, Mischna, Michael, additional, Harrison, Tanya N., additional, Colaprete, Anthony, additional, Hayne, Paul, additional, Jeong, Minsup, additional, Obbard, Rachel W., additional, Smith, Isaac, additional, Michaels, Tim I., additional, Perry, Matthew R., additional, Wolff, Michael J., additional, Moores, John E., additional, Guzewich, Scott, additional, Hvidberg, Christine S., additional, Hu, Yongxiang, additional, Rall, Jonathan A. R., additional, Newman, Claire, additional, Piqueux, Sylvain, additional, Sim, Chae Kyung, additional, Lillis, Robert, additional, Tamppari, Leslie, additional, Buhler, Peter B., additional, Calvin, Wendy M., additional, Landis, Margaret, additional, Hanley, Jennifer, additional, Stubbs, Timothy J., additional, Putzig, Nathaniel, additional, Spiga, Aymeric, additional, Titus, Timothy N., additional, Bramson, Ali M., additional, Meineke, Bonnie, additional, Veto, Michael, additional, Holt, Jack, additional, Henderson, Bryana L., additional, Fenton, Lori K., additional, Khayat, Alain, additional, McConnochie, Tim, additional, and Jha, Devanshu, additional

Published
2021
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84. Observing Mars from Areostationary Orbit: Benefits and Applications

Author

Montabone, Luca, primary, Heavens, Nicholas, additional, Alvarellos, Jose L., additional, Aye, Michael, additional, Babuscia, Alessandra, additional, Barba, Nathan, additional, Battalio, J. Michael, additional, Bertrand, Tanguy, additional, Cantor, Bruce, additional, Capderou, Michel, additional, Chojnacki, Matthew, additional, Curry, Shannon M., additional, Edwards, Charles D., additional, Elrod, Meredith K., additional, Fenton, Lori K., additional, Fergason, Robin L., additional, Gebhardt, Claus, additional, Guzewich, Scott D., additional, Kahre, Melinda A., additional, Karatekin, Ozgur, additional, Kass, David M., additional, Lillis, Robert, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Mischna, Michael A., additional, Newman, Claire E., additional, Pajola, Maurizio, additional, Pankine, Alexey, additional, Piqueux, Sylvain, additional, Rahmati, Ali, additional, Romero-Perez, M. Pilar, additional, Sanchez-Net, Marc, additional, Smith, Michael D., additional, Soto, Alejandro, additional, Spiga, Aymeric, additional, Tamppari, Leslie, additional, Hook, Joshua Vander, additional, Wolkenberg, Paulina, additional, Wolff, Michael D., additional, Woolley, Ryan C., additional, and Young, Roland M. B., additional

Published
2021
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85. Terrestrial Planets Comparative Climatology (TPCC) mission concept

Author

Tamppari, Leslie, primary, Brecht, Amanda, additional, Baines, Kevin, additional, Drouin, Brian, additional, Esposito, Larry, additional, Guzewich, Scott, additional, Hofer, Richard, additional, Jessup, Kandis Lea, additional, Kleinböhl, Armin, additional, Kremic, Tibor, additional, Mischna, Michael, additional, Schneider, Nicholas, additional, and Spiga, Aymeric, additional

Published
2021
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86. Toward More Realistic Simulation and Prediction of Dust Storms on Mars

Author

Newman, Claire, primary, Bertrand, Tanguy, additional, Battalio, Joseph, additional, Day, Mackenzie, additional, Juárez, Manuel De La Torre, additional, Elrod, Meredith K., additional, Esposito, Francesca, additional, Fenton, Lori, additional, Gebhardt, Claus, additional, Greybush, Steven J., additional, Guzewich, Scott D., additional, Kahanpää, Henrik, additional, Kahre, Melinda, additional, Karatekin, Özgür, additional, Jackson, Brian, additional, Lapotre, Mathieu, additional, Lee, Christopher, additional, Lewis, Stephen R., additional, Lorenz, Ralph D., additional, Martínez, Germán, additional, Martin-Torres, Javier, additional, Mischna, Michael A., additional, Montabone, Luca, additional, Neakrase, Lynn, additional, Pankine, Alexey, additional, Pla-Garcia, Jorge, additional, Read, Peter L., additional, Smith, Isaac B., additional, Smith, Michael D., additional, Soto, Alejandro, additional, Spiga, Aymeric, additional, Swann, Christy, additional, Tamppari, Leslie, additional, Temel, Orkun, additional, Moreiras, Daniel Viudez, additional, Wellington, Danika, additional, Wolkenberg, Paulina, additional, Wurm, Gerhard, additional, and Zorzano, María-Paz, additional

Published
2021
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87. Calibration and first results of relative humidity sensor MEDA HS on board M2020 rover

Author

Hieta, Maria, primary, Genzer, Maria, additional, Polkko, Jouni, additional, Jaakonaho, Iina, additional, Lorek, Andreas, additional, Garland, Stephen, additional, de Vera, Jean-Pierre, additional, Martinez, German, additional, Fischer, Erik, additional, Rodríguez Manfredi, José Antonio, additional, Tamppari, Leslie, additional, and de la Torre Juarez, Manuel, additional

Published
2021
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88. TransFormers for Extreme Environments: Projecting Favorable Micro-Environments Around Robots and Areas of Interest

Author

Stoica, Adrian, Ingham, Michael, Tamppari, Leslie, Mitchell, Karl, and Quadrelli, Marco

Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Abstract

“Surviving Extreme Space Environments” (EE) is one of NASA’s Space Technology Grand Challenges; we propose a paradigm shift in addressing this challenge. TransFormers (TFs) transform a region of an extreme environment into a favorable micro-environment, projecting energy at the precise location where robots or humans operate. TFs often use shape transformation to control the energy projection.

Published
2014

89. Millimeter- and Submillimeter-Wave Differential Absorption Radar

Author

Cooper, Ken B., primary, Roy, Richard J., additional, Siles, Jose, additional, Lebsock, Matthew, additional, Millan, Luis, additional, Rodriguez-Monje, Raquel, additional, Dengler, Robert, additional, Pradhan, Omkar, additional, Tamppari, Leslie, additional, and Drouin, Brian, additional

Published
2021
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90. N/A

Author

McEwen, Alfred, primary, Schaefer, Ethan Immanuel, additional, Dundas, Colin, additional, Sutton, Sarah, additional, Tamppari, Leslie, additional, and Chojnacki, Matthew, additional

Published
2020
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92. Toward More Realistic Simulation and Prediction of Dust Storms on Mars

Author

Newman, Claire E, primary, Bertrand, Tanguy, additional, Battalio, Joseph, additional, Day, Mackenzie, additional, de la Torre Juarez, Manuel, additional, Elrod, Meredith K, additional, Esposito, Francesca, additional, Fenton, Lori K, additional, Gebhardt, Claus, additional, Greybush, Steven J, additional, Guzewich, Scott D, additional, Kahre, Melinda A, additional, Kahanpää, Henrik, additional, Karatekin, Özgür, additional, Jackson, Brian, additional, Lapotre, Mathieu, additional, Lee, Christopher, additional, Lewis, Stephen R, additional, Lorenz, Ralph D, additional, Martínez Martínez, Germán, additional, Martin-Torres, Javier, additional, Mischna, Michael A, additional, Montabone, Luca, additional, Neakrase, Lynn, additional, Pankine, Alexey, additional, Pla-Garcia, Jorge, additional, Read, Peter L, additional, Smith, Isaac B, additional, Smith, Michael D, additional, Soto, Alejandro, additional, Spiga, Aymeric, additional, Swann, Christy, additional, Tamppari, Leslie, additional, Temel, Orkun, additional, Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel, additional, Wellington, Danika, additional, Wolkenberg, Paulina, additional, Wurm, Gerhard, additional, and Zorzano, María-Paz, additional

Published
2020
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94. The Phoenix Mars Mission

Author

Tamppari, Leslie K and Smith, Peter H

Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Abstract

This slide presentation details the Phoenix Mission which was designed to enhance our understanding of water and the potential for habitability on the north polar regions of Mars. The slides show the instruments and the robotics designed to scrape Martian surface material, and analyze it in hopes of identifying water in the form of ice, and other chemicals.

Published
2008

95. Polar Gateways Arctic Circle Sunrise Conference 2008, Barrow, Alaska: IHY-IPY Outreach on Exploration of Polar and Icy Worlds in the Solar System

Author

Cooper, John F, Kauristie, Kirsti, Weatherwax, Allan T, Sheehan, Glenn W, Smith, Roger W, Sandahl, Ingrid, Ostgaard, Nikolai, Chernouss, Sergey, Thompson, Barbara J, Peticolas, Laura, Moore, Marla H, Senske, David A, Tamppari, Leslie K, and Lewis, Elaine M

Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Abstract

Polar, heliophysical, and planetary science topics related to the International Heliophysical and Polar Years 2007-2009 were addressed during this circumpolar video conference hosted January 23-29, 2808 at the new Barrow Arctic Research Center of the Barrow Arctic Science Consortium in Barrow, Alaska. This conference was planned as an IHY-IPY event science outreach event bringing together scientists and educational specialists for the first week of sunrise at subzero Arctic temperatures in Barrow. Science presentations spanned the solar system from the polar Sun to Earth, Moon, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Kuiper Belt. On-site participants experienced look and feel of icy worlds like Europa and Titan by being in the Barrow tundra and sea ice environment and by going "on the ice" during snowmobile expeditions to the near-shore sea ice environment and to Point Barrow, closest geographic point in the U.S. to the North Pole. Many science presentations were made remotely via video conference or teleconference from Sweden, Norway, Russia, Canada, Antarctica, and the United States, spanning up to thirteen time zones (Alaska to Russia) at various times. Extensive educational outreach activities were conducted with the local Barrow and Alaska North Slope communities and through the NASA Digital Learning Network live from the "top of the world" at Barrow. The Sun- Earth Day team from Goddard, and a videographer from the Passport to Knowledge project, carried out extensive educational interviews with many participants and native Inupiaq Eskimo residents of Barrow. Video and podcast recordings of selected interviews are available at http://sunearthday.nasa.gov/2008/multimedidpodcasts.php. Excerpts from these and other interviews will be included in a new high definition video documentary called "From the Sun to the Stars: The New Science of Heliophysics" from Passport to Knowledge that will later broadcast on NASA TV and other educational networks. Full conference proceedings are accessible at http://polargateways2008.org/.

Published
2008

96. Dust Devil Tracks and Wind Streaks in the North Polar Region of Mars: A Study of the 2007 Phoenix Mars Lander Sites

Author

Drake, Nathan B, Tamppari, Leslie K, Baker, R. David, Cantor, Bruce A, and Hale, Amy S

Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Abstract

The 65-72 latitude band of the North Polar Region of Mars, where the 2007 Phoenix Mars Lander will land, was studied using satellite images from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera Narrow-Angle (MOC-NA) camera. Dust devil tracks (DDT) and wind streaks (WS) were observed and recorded as surface evidence for winds. No active dust devils (DDs) were observed. 162 MOC-NA images, 10.3% of total images, contained DDT/WS. Phoenix landing Region C (295-315W) had the highest concentration of images containing DDT/WS per number of available images (20.9%); Region D (130-150W) had the lowest (3.5%). DDT and WS direction were recorded for Phoenix landing regions A (110-130W), B (240-260W), and C to infer local wind direction. Region A showed dominant northwest-southeast DDT/WS, Region B showed dominant north-south, east-west and northeast-southwest DDT/WS, and region C showed dominant west/northwest - east/southeast DDT/ WS. Results indicate the 2007 Phoenix Lander has the highest probability of landing near DDT/WS in landing Region C. Based on DDT/WS linearity, we infer Phoenix would likely encounter directionally consistent background wind in any of the three regions.

Published
2006
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99. Seasonal aldedo variations on the Martian north polar cap as seen by MGS

Author

Hale, Amy S, Bass, Deborah S, and Tamppari, Leslie K

Abstract

The Viking Orbiters determined that the surface of Mars' northern redisual cap is water ice. Many researchers have related observed atmospheric water vapor abundances to seasonal exchange between reservoirs such as the polar caps, but the extent to which the exchange between the surface and the atmosphere remains uncertain.

Published
2003

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