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Background: Current guidelines emphasize the assistance of the emergency dispatcher in bystander cardiopulmonary resusitation (CPR). Its quality, however, has varied across cases. Objective: To determine the effect of repetitive coaching by dispatchers using verbal encouragement on the quality of lay-rescuer CPR. Methods: We conducted a dispatch-assisted CPR (DACPR) simulation study. Participants with no CPR training within the previous year were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 DACPR simulations. One was the No Coaching Group: callers were told to perform CPR and the dispatcher periodically confirmed that the caller was performing CPR. The second group was the Coaching Group: the dispatcher repetitively coached, encouraged, and counted aloud using a metronome. Participants performed CPR for 2 min under instruction from the study dispatcher. Parameters including chest compression depth, rate, and chest compression fraction were recorded by video camera and CPR manikin. Results: Forty-nine participants 20 to 50 years of age were recruited, and 48 completed the simulation (Coaching Group, n = 27; No Coaching Group, n = 21). The chest compression fraction was higher in the Coaching Group (99.4% vs. 93.0%, p = 0.005) and no participants interrupted chest compression more than 10 s in this group. When comparing the average depth of each 30-s period in each group, the depth increased over time in the Coaching Group (40.9 mm, 43.9 mm, 44.1 mm, and 42.8 mm), while it slightly decreased in the No Coaching Group (40.6 mm, 40.1 mm, 39.4 mm, and 39.8 mm). Conclusions: Repetitive verbal encouragements augmented chest compression depth with less-hands off time. Continuous coaching by dispatchers can optimize lay-rescuer CPR., 博士（医学）・甲第852号・令和4年9月28日, © 2022 Elsevier Inc., © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Using survey data to investigate the transdiagnostic role of perfectionism in cross-sectional as well as longitudinal symptom networks, including symptoms of eating disorders, OCD, anxiety, and depression.

Depression is one of the most common mental health problems in adolescence, affecting 8-20% of all youth (Kessler et al., 2007)]. What is more, no less than 20 to 50% (!) of adolescents report subsyndromal yet clinically significant levels of depression (Kessler et al., 2001). Negative self-referent thinking (NSP) and a lack of positive self-referent thinking (PSP) have previously been related to depressive symptoms in adolescents (e.g., Belmans et al., in preparation; Timbremont et al., 2004). However, these two processes have been typically studied in isolation (Auerbach et al., 2015) even though researchers have repeatedly called for a focus not solely on the negative cognitive-emotional dimension. Studying these biases together may give us a broader perspective into the mechanisms underlying depression and depressive symptoms (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Watson, 2005; Vazquez, 2015). The first and primary objective of this study is twofold: that is, (1) to disentangle the two processes (NSP and PSP) and (2) to examine to what extent NSP and PSP are predictive of specific depressive symptoms, such as anhedonia symptoms. The second objective is to examine two mediational models including temperament or emotion regulation: a) Model A: a mediational model that examines whether NSP and PSP mediate the relationship between temperament and depressive symptoms, b) Model B: a mediational model that examines to which extent the associations of NSP and PSP with depressive symptoms are mediated by emotion regulation.

Exploring the interplay of different cognitive biases, attention control, and social anxiety symptoms, using two statistical approaches: (1) network analysis to identify the unique associations between cognitive functions, and (2) cluster analysis to reveal how these associations (or combinations) are manifested in a population.

The present study seeks to examine how the way individuals seek support influences both the quality and quantity of support they receive from their peers. We will be extracting support-seeking discussion threads posted on r/Anxiety and r/Depression on Reddit, examining whether individual differences in the patterns of the narrative variables in these posts influence both the quantity and quality of the social support they receive. Through this process, we aim to gain a big-picture, naturalistic understanding of the support-seeking functions of autobiographical narratives, the results of which can be used to inform future experimental studies on the matter. Please see attached document "Reddit Study PreReg" for full pre-registration details.

The pre-registration of this study is similar to the previous pre-registration of this study. More specifically, we only would like to change some aspects our data collection procedure as we encountered difficulties to obtain the necessary sample size. Further, we made the necessary adjustments in order to conduct the whole experiment online. This pre-registration, thus only differs slightly from the previous pre-registration. Negative self-referent processing (NSP) has been implicated in the occurrence and maintenance of emotional problems, but it is unclear how this NSP develop and why it starts. A learning theory of depression (Ramnerö, Folke, & Kanter, 2016) proposes that negative self-thoughts temporally increase when they are repeatedly paired with rewarding experiences; however, those negative self-thoughts are easily extinguished in the long term due to clear adverse consequences such as rejection of others. This theory further predicts that vulnerable people have, however, difficulty in disengaging from the acquired negative self-thoughts even when those thoughts are no longer being rewarded. This difficulty in disengaging from negative self-thoughts can be measured by an innovative lab-based paradigm, called the Emotional Reversal-Learning Task (ERLT). This negative self-referent processing could be a valuable target for prevention and treatment of emotional difficulties. (Watkins & Nolen Hoeksema, 2014). It is suggested that persistent NSP is difficult to treat as NSP tends to be a mental habit. NSP may become a mental habit after extended repetition and reinforcement. If this NSP is a mental habit, the key trick will be to replace it with a more adaptive response through the training of a new ‘counter-habit’ response. For example, in order to counteract NSP we suggest to enhance positive self-referent processing, which is incompatible with NSP. In this study, we will use the Positive self-referent Memory Specificity Training (PMST), in which participant are trained to increase the specificity with which they retrieve positive self-referent memories. PMST is a variant of Memory Specificity training, which has been found to significantly decrease depression in the past (Serrano, Latorre, Gatz, & Montanes, 2004). In the current study, we want to examine whether PMST can counteract persistent NSP. Specifically, we will randomly allocate participants to PMST and a bogus control condition, and test whether the PMST is associated with lower levels of persistent NSP measured by the ERLT after the training. The second aim of the present study is to investigate some secondary outcomes that are shown to be related to negative self-referent processing. We will focus on depressive symptoms, emotion regulation strategies and fear of positive emotions. First, depressive symptoms are shown to be related to negative self-referent processing (Belmans, Takano & Raes, in preparation; Takano, Iijima, Boddez, Raes, & Tanno, 2017; Takano, Van Grieken, & Raes, 2019; Wisco, Gilbert, & Marroquin, 2014). Second, for emotion regulation strategies, we will specifically examine two maladaptive types of regulation for negative (i.e., rumination) and positive emotions (i.e., dampening) (Aldoa, Nolen-Hoeksema,& Schweizer, 2010; Gilbert, Gruber, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2013). Third, fear of positive emotions may play a role in persistent NSP. For instance, participants may not choose to retrieve positive memories by such a fear of positive emotions and will therefore be more persistent in NSP. As the PMST training will ask participants to retrieve several positive memories, it could be expected that this training will decrease the fear of positive emotions. Thus, we want to examine whether PMST is related to decreases in these secondary outcomes. Finally, if this is the case, we will check if NSP mediates these effects.