Search

OBJECTIVE: Differences in type 2 diabetes phenotype by age are described, but it is not known whether these differences are seen in a more uniformly defined adult population at a common early stage of care. We sought to characterize age-related clinical and metabolic characteristics of adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin monotherapy, prior to treatment intensification. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE), participants were enrolled who had type 2 diabetes duration

Knowledge of the full phonon spectrum is essential to accurately calculate the dynamic disorder (σ) and hole mobility (μ

Presented during: poster session - Wednesday 2A (Virtual), Wednesday, June 08, 2022: 10:00 AM - 11:30 AM. Poster No: WTh1051; Presented During: Poster Session - Wednesday Wednesday, June 22, 2022: 12:45 PM - 01:45 PM; Presented During: Poster Session - Thursday Thursday, June 23, 2022: 12:45 PM - 01:45 PM. Available online at: https://ww3.aievolution.com/hbm2201/index.cfm?do=abs.viewAbs&abs=2724. Leverhulme Trust early career fellowship

The goals of the present study were to assess (1) adults' patterns of beliefs about and attitudes toward children, adolescents, and adults who are obese and (2) their attitudes toward hypothetical tax-funded programs designed to combat obesity in children, adolescents, and adults. A total of 267 participants, ranging in age from 19 to 88 years old, were recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) to participate online in the present study. The participants rated adults who are obese less favorably, and as less malleable, than children or adolescents who are obese. Furthermore, they were less supportive of tax-funded programs designed to combat obesity in adults than children or adolescents. In general, the participants' relatively unfavorable response to adults who are obese appears to be associated with the beliefs that older individuals who are obese are relatively unchangeable and have heightened personal fault for their plight.

Author(s): Murrey, TL; Hertel, D; Nowak, J; Bruker, R; Limbock, T; Neudorfl, J; Ruth, S; Schelter, J; Olthof, S; Radulescu, A; Moule, AJ; Meerholz, K | Abstract: Merocyanines (MCs) are a versatile class of small-molecule dyes. Their optoelectronic properties are easily tunable by chemically controlling their donor-acceptor strength, and their structural properties can be tuned by simple side-chain substitution. This manuscript demonstrates a novel series of MCs featuring an indoline donor with varying hydrocarbon side-chain length (from 6 to 12 carbons) and a tert-butyl-thiazole acceptor, labeled InTBT. Bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics are fabricated with a [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) acceptor and characterized. Films composed of I8TBT:PCBM and I9TBT:PCBM produced the highest power conversion efficiency of 4.5%, which suggests that the morphology is optimized by controlling the side-chain length. Hierarchical structure formation in InTBT:PCBM films is studied using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). When mixed with PCBM, InTBTs with ≤8 side-chain carbons form pure crystalline domains, while InTBTs with ≥9 side-chain carbons mix well with PCBM. SANS demonstrates that increasing side-chain length increases the InTBT-rich domain size. In addition, a branched hexyl-dodecyl side-chain IHDTBT:PCBM film was studied and found to exhibit the worst-performance organic photovoltaic (OPV) device. The large-branched side chain inhibited mixing between IHDTBT and PCBM resulting in large segregated phases.

Internalising problems are common within Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); early intervention to support those with emerging signs may be warranted. One promising signal lies in how individual differences in temperament are shaped by parenting. Our longitudinal study of infants with and without an older sibling with ASD investigated how parenting associates with infant behavioural inhibition (8–14 months) and later effortful control (24 months) in relation to 3-year internalising symptoms. Mediation analyses suggest nondirective parenting (8 months) was related to fewer internalising problems through an increase in effortful control. Parenting did not moderate the stable predictive relation of behavioural inhibition on later internalising. We discuss the potential for parenting to strengthen protective factors against internalising in infants from an ASD-enriched cohort.

Background The Trickle-Down Engagement Model posits that instructor engagement promotes student engagement which, in turn, has positive implications for student learning. Objective Our goal was to provide evidence-based practical recommendations for instructors to communicate their engagement with course material to students, activating the trickle-down process. Method In two experiments, we used recorded mock lectures in which we manipulated instructor movement within the classroom (Study 1) and enthusiastic statements that cued instructor engagement (Study 2). In both studies, we measured student learning and assessed perceptions of the instructor's engagement, their own engagement, and the presented material. Results Engaged cue statements successfully communicated instructor engagement but physical movement did not. Consistent with the Trickle-Down Engagement Model and our hypotheses, perceptions of instructors’ engagement positively related to participants’ own engagement, which was also positively related to better learning outcomes. Conclusion When instructors verbally communicate their engagement with course material, students are more engaged and demonstrate better learning. Teaching Implications Channeling explicit, positive instructor engagement has numerous benefits, including enhanced student learning and educational experiences.

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is a persistent deficiency or absence of sexual fantasies and desire resulting in significant distress or interpersonal difficulty. Women with this disorder may display a lack of motivation for sexual activity, reduced responsiveness to erotic cues, a loss of interest during sexual activity, and avoidance of situations that could lead to sexual activity. The pathophysiology of HSDD is thought to be centered around inhibitory and excitatory hormones, neurotransmitters, and specific brain anatomy. Due to the multifactorial nature of HSDD, treatment can be complex and must attempt to target the biological and psychosocial aspects of the disorder. Bremelanotide is a melanocortin receptor agonist and has been recently approved by the FDA to treat HSDD. Bremelanotide is administered intranasally or as a subcutaneous injection. The recommended dosage of bremelanotide is 1.75 mg injected subcutaneously in the abdomen or thigh at least 45 min before sexual activity. Studies showed improvements in desire, arousal, and orgasm scores when 1.75 mg of bremelanotide was administered before sexual activity compared to a placebo. Bremelanotide is a promising way to treat HSDD.

Introduction In psoriatic arthritis (PsA), treatment recommendations support first line use of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). There are few treatment strategy trials and no previous studies have investigated tailored treatment choice by disease severity. Studies in oligoarthritis ( Methods This trial was embedded within the MONITOR-PsA cohort, which uses a Trials Within Cohorts (TWiCs) design. Patients with newly diagnosed psoriatic oligoarthritis, with low disease activity (PASDAS ≤3.2) and the absence of poor prognostic factors (CRP Results Over the 15-month study period, only 1 eligible patient was randomised. Although oligoarthritis patients represented 45% of patients in this early PsA cohort, the majority did not have mild disease (24% raised CRP, 51% moderate disease activity, 13% radiographic damage and/or poor function). Of those meeting trial inclusion criteria, many patients refused treatment in the observational cohort prior to an invitation into the trial as they did not wish to be treated with DMARDs. Conclusion The study was not feasible as designed. Oligoarthritis represents around half of initial PsA presentations, but the majority starting therapy have high impact disease. A small proportion have mild oligoarticular disease but many are not keen on treatment with DMARDs, given the potential side effects of these medications. Further research is needed to support evidence-based treatment in this subgroup.

Sequential solution doping is a processing technique that allows a conjugated polymer film to be doped from a solvent that will not dissolve the polymer. We present here a method to predict the film doping level in cm-3 from the solution concentration used to dope the film. We show using four polymers and three different and newly synthesized dopants that the doping level can me modeled using a simple Langmuir isotherm. In addition, analysis of the UV/vis spectra shows filling of the density of states. Polymers with a sharper band edge demonstrate much high conductivity for the same hole density. We analyze a series of DPP polymers and show how the polymer order changes as a function of the doping level. A second recent discovery is that the anion in sequentially doped films can be exchanged with another anion after doping. This means that the reactive molecule used to doped the polymer can be removed and replaced with a different ion that is not reactive. We present a multi-ion Langmuir isotherm model and show that the film doping level in mixed ion solutions can also be predicted.

Extracellular dopamine (DA) levels are constrained by the presynaptic DA transporter (DAT), a major psychostimulant target. Despite its necessity for DA neurotransmission, DAT regulation in situ is poorly understood, and it is unknown whether regulated DAT trafficking impacts dopaminergic signaling and/or behaviors. Leveraging chemogenetics and conditional gene silencing, we found that activating presynaptic Gq-coupled receptors, either hM3Dq or mGluR5, drove rapid biphasic DAT membrane trafficking, with region-specific differences in ventral and dorsal striata. DAT insertion required DRD2 autoreceptors and intact retromer, whereas DAT retrieval required PKC activation and Rit2. Ex vivo voltammetry revealed that DAT trafficking impacts DA clearance. Importantly, dopaminergic mGluR5 silencing elevated surface DAT, which abolished motor learning and was rescued by inhibiting DAT. We found that presynaptic DAT trafficking is complex, multimodal, and region-specific, and identify cell autonomous mechanisms governing presynaptic DAT tone. Importantly, the findings suggest regulated DAT trafficking impacts both DA clearance and motor function.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic made it difficult to proctor exams after the forced transition to remote teaching and learning.ObjectiveWe evaluated students’ experiences creating and answering their own exam items in an upper-level psychology course during the transition to remote teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodStudents in an advanced social psychology course wrote and answered exam items to demonstrate their learning when proctored exams became impossible during the COVID-19 pandemic. The exams were graded for breadth, depth, and accuracy, and compared to other demonstrations of learning, including traditional in-class exams taken prior to the transition to remote teaching and learning.ResultsStudents performed well on these exams. Students reported positive perceptions of these exams during the COVID-19 pandemic, but reported that, while these exams reduced test anxiety, they were time-intensive.ConclusionStudents can demonstrate their learning by writing and completing their own exams. Their higher grades may be related to reduced test anxiety and greater time investments.Teaching ImplicationsInstructors should consider having students write and complete their own exams to demonstrate their learning, especially when proctoring exams is difficult or impossible.

High electron affinity (EA) molecules p-type dope low ionization energy (IE) polymers, resulting in an equilibrium doping level based on the energetic driving force (IE-EA), reorganization energy, and dopant concentration. Anion exchange doping (AED) is a process whereby the dopant anion is exchanged with a stable ion from an electrolyte. We show that the AED level can be predicted using an isotherm equilibrium model. The exchange of the dopant anion (FeCl3-) for a bis(trifluoromethanesulfonamide) (TFSI-) anion in the polymers poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and poly[3-(2,2-bithien-5-yl)-2,5-bis(2-hexyldecyl)-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione-6,5-diyl] (PDPP-2T) highlights two cases in which the process is nonspontaneous and spontaneous, respectively. For P3HT, FeCl3 provides a high doping level but an unstable counterion, so exchange results in an air stable counterion with a marginal increase in doping. For PDPP-2T, FeCl3 is a weak dopant, but the exchange of FeCl3- for TFSI- is spontaneous, so the doping level increases by >10× with AED.

Hazing is a prevalent issue on many college campuses, and individuals higher in Masculine Honor Beliefs (MHB; i.e., prioritizing a tough social reputation) may think hazing is a test of one's honor. Across two studies (N = 366), we assessed the influence of MHB and various hazing circumstances on third-person perceptions of hazing (Study 1) and (hypothetical) first-person hazing endurance (Study 2). Study 1 used vignettes of a newcomer's hazing experience in an all men's group at three levels of severity. Individuals higher in MHB had more favorable attitudes toward hazing and perceived it as less harmful. Study 2 participants identified when, if at all, they would stop participating in a (hypothetical) hazing progression to gain ingroup membership that manipulated if the hazing was 1) primarily humiliating or physical and 2) posted on Snapchat or not. We found both higher MHB and the Snapchat condition uniquely predicted longer (hypothetical) hazing endurance, suggesting one's social reputation and the increased possibility of others seeing one's hazing progress may motivate longer (hypothetical) hazing endurance, respectively. These studies present MHB as a novel contribution in understanding third-person and first-person perceptions of undergraduate hazing.