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Metadata only record While conservation activities are underfunded almost everywhere, the gap between current expenditure and what is needed is particularly extreme in the tropics where threatened species and habitats are most concentrated. We examine how to bridge this funding gap. Firstly, we try to identify who in principle should pay, by comparing the spatial distribution of the costs and the benefits of tropical conservation. The immediate opportunity costs of conservation often exceed its more obvious, management-related costs, and are borne largely by local communities. Conversely, we argue that the greatest benefits of conservation derive from ecological services, and from option, existence, and bequest values; these are often widely dispersed and enjoyed in large part by wealthier national and global beneficiaries. We conclude that the gap in funding tropical conservation should be borne largely by national and especially global communities, who receive most benefit but currently pay least cost. In the second part of the paper we review recent developments in order to examine how in practice increased funding may be raised. There are many growing and novel sources of support: private philanthropy, premium pricing for biodiversity-related goods via certification schemes, and the development of entirely new markets for environmental services. Despite their potential, we conclude that the principal route for meeting the unmet costs of tropical conservation will have to be via governments, and will inevitably require the transfer of substantial resources from north to south. This will be enormously difficult, both politically and logistically, but without it we believe that much of what remains of tropical nature will be lost. PES-1 (Payments for Environmental Services Associate Award)

Metadata only record The increasing attention paid to local soil knowledge in recent years is the result of a greater recognition that the knowledge of people who have been interacting with their soils for a long time can offer many insights about the sustainable management of tropical soils. This paper describes two approaches in the process of eliciting local information. Case studies show that there is a consistent rational basis to the use of local indicators of soil quality and their relation to improved soil management. The participatory process used is shown to have considerable potential in facilitating farmer consensus about which soil-related constraints should be tackled first. Consensus building is presented as an important step prior to collective action by farming communities in integrated soil management at the landscape scale. Taking advantage of the complementary nature of local and scientific knowledge is highlighted as an overall strategy for sustainable soil management.

Innovation by farmers in land husbandry was the focus of the project Promoting Farmer Innovation (PFI), which was operational in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda from 1997 to 2001. One of the project's final activities was to document best-bet innovations. It was decided to make use of a questionnaire available under the World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT) to collect data on a selection of these technologies. Data were fed back into WOCAT's global database. Eighteen technical initiatives were recorded in this way, and the findings added to existing data and in-house knowledge. This information was analysed and a technical report produced (Mutunga and Critchley, 2001). The technologies included turning gullies into gardens, digging planting pits for millet and sorghum and harvesting water from roads. Each combined aspects of land conservation with improved plant production. While several required relatively high initial labour input, all were considered economically beneficial by the farmers. Adoption by other farmers was generally rapid, partially as a result of farmer to farmer visits under PFI. The value of the PFI-WOCAT exercise was not restricted to recording and disseminating information, however. It was also a test of the utility of WOCAT within a project. There were a number of interesting findings. Although those who filled the questionnaires found it an onerous task, they felt that they learned a good deal as they went through the process. One of the main conclusions was that the questionnaire could be a very valuable template to help guide internal monitoring and evaluation, if used from the start of a project intervention. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Metadata only record This paper provides a survey of 'first wave' economic studies of tropical deforestation and land use. These studies of tropical forest land conversion are generally at the cross-country level. We also conduct a synthesis cross-country analysis of tropical agricultural land expansion. The results show that agricultural development is the main factor determining land expansion, but institutional factors have an important influence. Income effects tend to vary from region to region, and do not always display an 'Environmental Kuznets Curve' relationship. This paper also provides a review of the more recent 'second wave' economic studies of tropical deforestation that model and analyse the economic behaviour of agricultural households, timber concessionaires and other agents within tropical forest countries who affect deforestation through their land use decisions. Further work in this area requires more country-level and local case studies into tropical deforestation and land use.

Objective. Characterize the follicular dynamics and luteal growth and regression pattern of multiparous (MB) and heifer (BH) Murrah buffaloes in Colombian tropical conditions. Material and methods. Ten MB and ten BH were synchronized with a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device. No artificial insemination was performed during the estrous and daily ultrasound examinations were performed 15 days later to determine the number and diameter of the structures present in both ovaries in the subsequent natural estrous cycle. The Student’s T test was used to evaluate differences between MB and BH. All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Results. The length of the estrous cycle was 22.00±4.50 days for MB and 22.00±2.70 days for BH. Follicular growth occurs in one (n=1; 5.89%), two (n=14; 82.35%) or three waves (n=2; 11.76%). The first wave initiated the day after ovulation with the recruitment of 8.33±2.06 and 10.00±2.72 follicles in MB and BH, while the second wave started on day 11.00±2.00 and 10.50±2.82, presenting 8.37±2.26 and 8.00±1.51 follicles. The third wave began on day 16.21±3.10 showing 6.50±1.70 follicles, only BM had three waves. The maximum luteal diameter was 19.58±4.16 mm and 17.74±3.32 mm respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups for these variables. Conclusions. These results show that the follicular development in buffaloes occurs in waves, where two waves is the most common pattern, as previously reported by other authors.

Objective. Characterize the follicular dynamics and luteal growth and regression pattern of multiparous (MB) and heifer (BH) Murrah buffaloes in Colombian tropical conditions. Material and methods. Ten MB and ten BH were synchronized with a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device. No artificial insemination was performed during the estrous and daily ultrasound examinations were performed 15 days later to determine the number and diameter of the structures present in both ovaries in the subsequent natural estrous cycle. The Student's T test was used to evaluate differences between MB and BH. All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Results. The length of the estrous cycle was 22.00±4.50 days for MB and 22.00±2.70 days for BH. Follicular growth occurs in one (n=1; 5.89%), two (n=14; 82.35%) or three waves (n=2; 11.76%). The first wave initiated the day after ovulation with the recruitment of 8.33±2.06 and 10.00±2.72 follicles in MB and BH, while the second wave started on day 11.00±2.00 and 10.50±2.82, presenting 8.37±2.26 and 8.00±1.51 follicles. The third wave began on day 16.21±3.10 showing 6.50±1.70 follicles, only BM had three waves. The maximum luteal diameter was 19.58±4.16 mm and 17.74±3.32 mm respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups for these variables. Conclusions. These results show that the follicular development in buffaloes occurs in waves, where two waves is the most common pattern, as previously reported by other authors. Objetivo. Caracterizar la dinámica folicular y el patrón de crecimiento y regresión del cuerpo lúteo de búfalas multíparas (BM) y búfalas novillas (BN) de la raza Murrah en condiciones del trópico colombiano. Materiales y métodos. Diez BM y diez BN fueron sincronizadas con dispositivo intravaginal de liberación de progesterona. No se realizó la inseminación artificial al momento del celo y 15 días después se inició el seguimiento ultrasonográfico para determinar el número y diámetro de las estructuras presentes en ambos ovarios en el subsecuente ciclo estral natural. Las diferencias entre BM y BN se evaluaron con pruebas T. Los datos se presentan como media ± desviación estándar. Resultados. La duración del ciclo estral fue de 22.00±4.50 y 22.00±2.70 días en BM y BN. El crecimiento folicular ocurrió en una (n=1; 5.89%), dos (n=14; 82.35%) o tres (n=2; 11.76%) ondas. La primera onda inicio el día siguiente a la ovulación con el reclutamiento de 8.33±2.06 y 10.00±2.72 folículos en BM y BN, mientras que la segunda onda inicio el día 11.00±2.00 y 10.50±2.82 con 8.37±2.26 y 8.00±1.51 folículos. La tercera onda inicio el día 16.21±3.10 con 6.50±1.70 folículos, sólo BM presentaron tres ondas. El diámetro máximo luteal fue de 19.58±4.16 mm y 17.74±3.32 mm. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos para estas variables. Conclusiones. Los resultados muestran que el desarrollo folicular de las búfalas se dio en ondas, siendo dos ondas el patrón más común, similar a lo reportado por otros autores.

This paper documents the events leading to the imminent collapse of an attempt to rehabilitate a degraded ecosystem in central Tanzania, focusing on the consequences of the failure to systematically monitor socio-economic and environmental indicators. A decision was taken in 1979 to evict all grazing livestock from a 1200 km2 semi-arid area, the so-called Kondoa Closed Area, in central Tanzania due to their destructive effect on contour ridges and bunds that had been constructed in an attempt to arrest land degradation. Although the closure was successful in that the vegetation quickly regenerated and soil erosion was arrested, the evictions resulted in severe hardship for the agro-pastoralists in the area. As a result, it was decided a decade later to allow the reintroduction of cattle on condition that they were totally confined and were of improved dairy breeds. Although performance and economic data have generally been positive, the top–down approach to the introduction of the cows, the lack of baseline data, followed by the withdrawal of external funding, have resulted in increased illegal free-grazing and the near collapse of the attempt to convert a degraded ecosystem to sustainable use. It is concluded that the probable collapse of the ecosystem in the Kondoa Closed Area is a result of the initial top–down approach to the introduction and implementation of the project, inadequate monitoring of socio-economic and environmental indicators, and ultimately to the withdrawal of donor funding.

The tropical wetland environments of northern Australia have ecological, social, cultural and economic values. Additionally, these areas are relatively pristine compared to the many other wetland environments in Australia, and around the world, that have been extensively altered by humans. However, as the remote northern coastline of Australia becomes more populated, environmental problems are beginning to emerge that highlight the need to manage the tropical wetland environments. Lack of information is currently considered to be a major factor restricting the effective management of many ecosystems and for the expansive wetlands of the Northern Territory, this is especially the case, as these areas are generally remote and inaccessible. Remote sensing is therefore an attractive technique for obtaining relevant information on variables such as land cover and vegetation status. In the current study, Landsat TM, SPOT (XS and PAN) and large-scale, true-colour aerial photography were evaluated for mapping the vegetation of a tropical freshwater swamp in Australia's Top End. Extensive ground truth data were obtained, using a helicopter survey method. Fourteen cover types were delineated from 1:15 000 air photos (enlarged to 1:5000 in an image processing system) using manual interpretation techniques, with 89% accuracy. This level of detail could not be extracted from any of the satellite image data sets, with only three broad land-cover types identified with accuracy above 80%. The Landsat TM and SPOT XS data provided similar results although superior accuracy was obtained from Landsat, where the additional spectral information appeared to compensate in part for the coarser spatial resolution. Two different classification algorithms produced similar results.

Metadata only record The experience in coastal management in the tropics that is presented in this special issue is considered in light of other coastal management initiatives worldwide. The major challenges confronting those working to promote cross-sectoral, participatory approaches to the management of coastal areas are discussed. Emerging conceptual frameworks are considered. Several factors critical to the design of coastal management projects and programs are identified. The article concludes with a reflection on priorities for furthering the practice of coastal management in the next decade.

Soil degradation due to loss of forest cover, water erosion and shifting cultivation LTRA-11 (CAPS among tribal societies in India and Nepal)

Conservation agriculture (CA) is increasingly promoted in Africa as an alternative for coping with the need to increase food production on the basis of more sustainable farming practices. Success with adopting CA on farms in Africa has been limited, despite more than two decades of research and development investments. Through analyzing past and on-going CA experiences in a set of case studies, this paper seeks to better understand the reasons for the limited adoption of CA and to assess where, when and for whom CA works best. CA is analyzed and understood within a framework that distinguishes the following scales of analysis: field, farm, village and region. CA has a potential to increase crop yields in the fields, especially under conditions of erratic rainfall and over the long-term as a result of a gradual increase of overall soil quality. The impact on farm income with the practice of CA on some fields of the farm is far less evident, and depends on the type of farm. The lack of an immediate increase in farm income with CA explains in many cases the non-adoption of CA. Smallholders have often short-term time horizons: future benefits do not adequately outweigh their immediate needs. Another key factor that explains the limited CA adoption in mixed crop-livestock farming systems is the fact that crop harvest residues are preferably used as fodder for livestock, preventing their use as soil cover. Finally, in most case studies good markets for purchase of inputs and sale of produce – a key prerequisite condition for adoption of new technologies – were lacking. The case studies show clear evidence for the need to target end users (not all farmers are potential end user of CA) and adapt CA systems to the local circumstances of the farmers, considering in particular the farmer's investment capacity in the practice of CA and the compatibility of CA with his/her production objectives and existing farming activities. The identification of situations where, when and for whom CA works will help future development agents to better target their investments with CA.

Metadata only record The nutrient Phosphorous (P) can be available in forms not available for plant uptake, and it is often a limiting factor in tropical crop production. However, certain plants are particularly efficient at extracting phosphorous. These plants can be effective cover crops because they improve phosphorous availability and uptake for the subsequent crop. This study examines the ability of seven different crops to improve phosphorous availability for farmers in Haiti’s Central Plateau. Surface soil from the Central Plateau was air dried and shipped to researchers in the US, where treatments of black bean (Phaseolus sp.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.), grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), lablab, pigeon pea, and velvet bean were applied in a controlled-environment chamber. After forty-nine days the plants were uprooted and samples of rhizosphere and bulk soil were analyzed. Phosphorous uptake did not differ among the seven species studied. However, researchers found that P uptake positively correlated with rhizosphere P and dry weight. Velvet bean was found to have the high quantity of dry mass, a positive characteristic for a cover crop. LTRA-6 (A CAPS program for the Central Plateau of Haiti)

This presentation describes a study conducted by the East Africa SANREM team which examines the following questions: (1) How do alternative tillage treatments that eliminate plows impact soil quality? (2)How do alternative cropping systems that include cover crops impact soil quality? (3) How do combined alternative cropping and tillage systems affect soil quality? LTRA-10 (CAPS for smallholder farms in eastern Uganda and western Kenya)

This poster presents a study to evaluate the impact oftillage: conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and notill(NT) combined with 3 cropping systems: intercrop, relay andstrip system on: (i.) Total and labile SOC and N pools and (ii.) Bulk density (BD), penetration resistance (PR) and water in eastern Uganda and western Kenya. LTRA-10 (CAPS for smallholder farms in eastern Uganda and western Kenya)

Metadata only record This paper assesses the effects of slope length (10-60m) and tillage method (conventional versus no-till) on soil chemical properties and nutrient loss in runoff water, evaluating both aggregate seasonal effects and month-by-month variation.

The farm-level economics of conservation agriculture (zero tillage, mulching and crop rotation) are described, reviewed and modelled. The economics are defined broadly to include not just short-term financial benefits and costs, but also the whole-farm management context, constraints on key resources such as labour and capital, risk and uncertainty, interactions between enterprises, and time-related factors, such as interest rates and the urgency of providing for the farm family. A wealth of evidence shows that these economic factors and variables related to them have significant influences on farmers’ decisions about adoption of conservation agriculture. Literature on the farm-level economics of conservation agriculture for resource-poor farmers is reviewed. There is not a large body of high-quality relevant studies. Those that have been published highlight that the economics are highly heterogeneous and need to be considered on a case-by-case basis. Their results tend to indicate that it would be profitable to adopt conservation agriculture or components of it (although not in all cases). This contrasts with disappointing adoption in many of the regions of interest. Potential reasons for this disparity are discussed. A general model of the farm-level economics of conservation agriculture and its components is presented, and used to illustrate influences on the overall economic attractiveness of conservation agriculture. Key factors that would tend to discourage adoption in situations that otherwise look favourable include: the opportunity cost of crop residues for feed rather than mulch, the short-term reduction in yields under zero tillage plus mulching in some cases, combined with short planning horizons and/or high discount rates of farmers, farmer aversion to uncertainty, and constraints on the availability of land, labour and capital at key times of year. Good quality economic analysis should be used more extensively to guide research and extension in this area, particularly in relation to the targeting of effort, and adaptation of the system to suit local conditions.

Because women share much of the burden of agricultural production, it is critical to examine the impact that agricultural innovations will have on the distribution of labor between genders. Conservation agriculture has been identified as an innovation to improve agricultural production in the Mid-hills of Nepal by reducing erosion and increasing soil organic matter. This paper identifies the gendered distribution of agricultural labor in three Chepang tribal villages of central Nepal, in order to estimate the changes in labor required by conservation agriculture interventions, and assess the implications of labor shifts with respect to the potential for adoption of conservation agriculture practices. Three tribal villages in Chepang were surveyed, with the male and female heads for each household questioned separately to assess the labor hours from each gender for cropping activities under conventional and conservation agricultural systems. Field experiments were also conducted to determine labor hours necessary for the adoption of conservation agriculture practices. Conservation agriculture was found to increase women’s share of agricultural labor, with a greater increase for intercropping with conventional tillage than for intercropping and minimal tillage. LTRA-11 (CAPS among tribal societies in India and Nepal)

Metadata only record The publication provides 25 summaries of the impacts on climate change on 22 natural, agroforestry, forest and water resources. Each summary explains how each resource is valuable, how each is threatened by climate change and how individuals who rely upon that resource are at risk for socio-economic disruption. It remains largely unknown how climate change will impact important natural resources and the strength and patterns of diseases, weeds, and pests. It remains to be discovered how food security will be impacted by climate change-induced variability in temperature, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and rainfall. The summaries in this document seek to clarify these concerns.

Metadata only record During this time of environmental change, the management of natural resources may be our wisest pursuit; specifically, where it relates to international agricultural development. This research has studied the potential for agricultural development in the tribal villages of Kendujhar, one of the poorest districts in the East Indian state of Odisha. With a population primarily consisting of smallholder farming systems characterized by poor soil fertility and moisture retention, limited irrigation, and susceptibility to erosion, agricultural productivity in this region has been adversely impacted. As such, this study’s research evaluates the impact of conservation agriculture (CA) practices in these villages. This dynamic approach of CA focuses on two interventions: minimum tillage and intercropping. Primary data collection through face-to-face interviews was completed to establish agricultural household baselines in the district, while a field experiment was used to assess the productivity of the two CA practices. Maize/cowpea intercropping and minimum tillage treatments were established to determine differences in yields and labor requirements. The results showed that with a maize/cowpea intercrop, the greatest returns occur when we consider labor without the opportunity for off-farm employment. On the other hand, if labor has opportunity for off-farm employment, it is more economical to work off-farm; however, this applies primarily to young male household members who have greater opportunity for employment. The implications for gender, in terms of labor, are such that with CA, male labor reduces while female labor increases. Based on the results, there are multiple recommendations for agribusiness and policy-makers: (1) assist farmers with input and seed subsidies and access to credit for CA adoption to enhance yields, increase returns, and improve food security; (2) increase extension efforts for farmer education on the benefits of CA; and (3) train farmers on the benefits of high-yielding commercial seeds and improved farming practices. LTRA-11 (CAPS among tribal societies in India and Nepal)

This presentation introduces UH staff and students to LIBIRD and Tribhuan University, both in Nepal. It also introduces the farming conditions and crops at each study site. LTRA-11 (CAPS among tribal societies in India and Nepal)

This poster presents the results from implimenting CAPS methods in tribal villages located in Odessa State, India. It gives socio-economic data for households in the study villages as well as project objectives and methods. It presents the results of the experimental plots and socio-economic survey data. Finally, it gives conclusions and implications for future research. LTRA-11 (CAPS among tribal societies in India and Nepal)

A presentation presenting detailed steps in conducting AHP to determine tribal Indian farmers' preference for cropping strategies that improve profit, labor savings, yield, or soil quality. These strategies are in pursuit of the overall goal of improving income. This presentation served as both an explanation of AHP and a tool for administering AHP surveys in a classroom setting. LTRA-11 (CAPS among tribal societies in India and Nepal)

This presentation introduces the SMARTS project and gives 1st year results of CAPS implementation in Odessa, India. The presentation uses yield data as well as socio-economic analysis to develop conclusions and implications for future research. LTRA-11 (CAPS among tribal societies in India and Nepal)

Metadata only record "This report describes a study undertaken to identify areas that are food insecure and vulnerable to the

En la búsqueda de nuevas opciones forrajeras para alimentación animal en el trópico, se evaluó una colección de Tadehagi triquetrum con 84 accesiones suministradas por la Unidad de Recursos Genéticos del Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical – CIAT, en suelos ácidos del norte del Cauca. La evaluación se realizó en la subestación Experimental CIAT Quilichao, ubicada en el Municipio de Santander de Quilichao, Departamento del Cauca a 3º 06´ de latitud norte y 76º 31´de longitud oeste, a una altitud de 990 m.s.n.m., con una temperatura promedio de 23º C. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones para evaluación agronómica y calidad; además, una cuarta repetición para caracterización morfológica. Se sembraron en hileras 5 plantas por accesión y repetición para la evaluación agronómica, con una distancia entre plantas de 1 m y 1.5 m entre accesiones. El área de muestreo comprendió las tres plantas centrales. En la repetición 4, por disponibilidad de semilla, se sembró 3 plantas por accesión con el mismo patrón de siembra. //Abstrac: Searching new options for tropical animal feed it was evaluated a Tadehagi triquetrum collection with 84 accessions supplied by Unidad de Recursos Genéticos del Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical – CIAT, in North Cauca acid soils. Evaluation was made in CIAT Quilichao experimental substation located in the Municipality of Santander de Quilichao, department of Cauca, at 3º 06´ north latitude and 76º 31´west longitude, an 990 m.a.s.l altitude and 23 °C mean temperature. It was used a completely randomized blocks experimental design with three replications for agronomic evaluation and quality and a fourth additional for morphological characterization. It was planted in rows five plants by accession and replication for agronomic evaluation, with 1 m of plants distance and 1.5 among accessions. The sampling area was formed by the three central plants. In replication 4, because seed availability, it was planted 3 plants by accession with the same planting pattern. Maestría

Metadata only record Extensive networks of unpaved roads and trails often exist in rural areas. These particular routes of transportation can be significant sources of sediment in a tropical watershed. Past research has offered little insight on comparisons between erosion prediction models. The purpose of this preliminary assessment was to offer a comparison between seven erosion prediction models (KINEROS2, SEDD model, WARSEM, ROADMOD, STJ-EROS, WEPP, and SEDMODL) in order to determine their suitability for assessment of an Eastern Brazil tropical watershed. The seven models were evaluated based upon ease of use, considerations of erodible features and processes, data requirements, temporal and spatial scales, ability to simulate management practices, level of output, and applicability to tropical environments. This comparison also employed a 13 km2 mixed land use watershed as a case study. Three models (SEDMODL, STJ-EROS, and WEPP) were selected for future application to the erosion analysis of the Alegre watershed and will be compared to field observations in order to identify roads of high erosion potential and true applicability to this particular watershed. CCRA-2 (Watershed Modeling)

Proper fertilization of a crop is knowing the crop nutrient requirement for production of maximum yield and the potential level of nutrient availability from the soil. In addition to yield obtained, quality of the commodity is an important factor of profit and shelf-life for high-value crops. Nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium availability are the most limiting factors for maximum growth and yield. Yard Long Bean (Vigna unguilata L.) were grown to evaluate optimum rate of N, P, and K fertilizer in Ultisol Jasinga soil with low pH (5.5), low C-Organic (1.54%), very low N-total (0.12 %), low K content (0.29 me/100 g), but very high soil P2O5 concentration (19.2 ppm) to evaluate the best crop management practices with starter solution. LTRA-5 (Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production)

This presentation gives an introduction of study villages and OUAT to UH staff. It also contains preliminary data on current farming practices and trial plot sites. LTRA-11 (CAPS among tribal societies in India and Nepal)

International audience; Partitioning of gross rainfall into throughfall, stemflow and rainfall interception was assessed in Costa Rica during two rainy seasons (mean annual rainfall of 2900 mm) in two coffee systems: (1) a monoculture (MC) and (2) an agroforestry system (AFS) including Inga densiflora as the associated shade tree species. Coffee architecture, not LAI, appeared to be the main driver of stemflow as stemflow was higher for shaded coffee plants (10.6% of incident rainfall) than for coffee plants in MC (7.2%), despite the fact that these shaded plants had lower LAI. The presence of Inga trees modified coffee architecture with shaded coffee plants presenting larger stems and branches resulting in higher coffee funneling ratio under shade. In AFS, coffee plants and trees accounted respectively for 88% and 12% of total stemflow which represented 11.8% of incident rainfall. AFS displayed larger cumulative stemflow and smaller total throughfall compared to MC. Cumulative throughfall expressed in % of the gross rainfall, differed between systems and monitoring periods and the trend showed a decrease with increasing LAI. Nevertheless, as stemflow measurement and interception loss estimation were done only during the second year of the study, the shade tree showed a low influence in increasing interception loss, as the combined LAI of coffee plants and shade trees was rather similar in AFS as that of coffee in MC. Furthermore, coffee plants accounted for the largest fraction of the interception loss in AFS as the coffee LAI was more than 3-fold that of shade trees.

Metadata only record Four small watersheds, Kamwamphula, Luelo, Kanyanga and Mphiri, near Emusa (Lundazi District) in Eastern Province, Zambia, were studied to document transitions in land use over time and to project the impacts of land use and topography on runoff, erosion and sediment delivery. Land use was delineated from 2007 IKONOS image (one meter pixel), and Landsat imagery was used to depict the historic changes in lands between the period of 1989 and 2007. The GWLF model was used to predict the impact of the laundress on the hydrology of the area. There has been an increase in clearing of forest area mainly due to the expansion of cropland area. The highest rate of clearing was predicted for the Kamwamphula watershed where the forest cover decreased from 95% to 71% over the 18 year period. The GWLF model was used to predict the impact of the lands on the hydrology and sediment delivery. In comparison with the limited field data available from the four watersheds, the GWLF model gave poor prediction of streamflow, probably because the hydrology of the area is poorly understood and dambo function in the landscape is not well represented in the model. Highest runoff, erosion and sediment yields came from Luelo watershed which has steeper slopes and less vegetative cover and poor permeability of soils. CCRA-2 (Watershed Modeling)

Metadata only record Review of literature to determine appropriate parameters for nutrient relationships in tropical conditions. Comparison specifically to the GLEAMS model. Recommendations of parameter values and new relationships for modeling nitrogen dynamics in tropical environment. CCRA-2 (Watershed Modeling)

Metadata only record Recognizing that globalization has led to increased movement of plants and the introduction of invasive plant species across the tropics, this book explores how arthropods may be used as an alternative to chemical means of weed control in tropic and aquatic environments. This involves analysis of the ecology and origins of 20 invasive species and offers multiple options for their management through different arthropod species.

Overall objective of socioeconomic team is to assess the socio-economic impacts of integrated vegetable-agroforestry systems on small (women and men) farmers in Nanggung Sub-district. In Year 3, series of activities have been done partly to achieve this objective. In collaboration with T team, vegetable cultivation technologies/practices within agroforestry systems were observed to assess financial viability. Secondly, we collected all farm inputs data (including labor used) of drip irrigation trial and NPK application trial in vegetable farming. With Marketing Team, in order to support marketing development, we provided technical assistance regarding financial viability of indigenous vegetable farming. Using profitability assessment technique (simple Cost-Benefit Analysis) in combination with biophysical parameter, it is found that the medium light plot seems to be more feasible than other plots. LTRA-5 (Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production)

Tree-crop interactions in agroforestry systems involving vegetable crops have not been studied extensively, for previous research in agroforestry focused on agronomic arable field crops. A vegetable agroforestry system was established at the World Vegetable Center (AVRDC) to study tree-crop interactions in alley cropping vegetables with tropical fruit trees in terms of competition and/or complementarity; to investigate the influence of tree crops on natural habitat and insect pest population in vegetable alley cropping systems; and to evaluate total productivity and economic return from high-value horticultural crops in an agroforestry system. In December 2005, seedlings of 12 tropical fruit tree species were planted: Anona reticulata, Artocarpus heterohyllus, Chrysophyllum caimito, Coffea arabica, Eugenia brasiliensis, Eugenia uniflora, Pouteria caimito, Pouteria campechiana, Psydium littorale, Rollinia mucosa, Syzygium samarangense and Tamarindus indica. The trees were on raised beds 50 cm high and 1 m wide with hedgerow spacing of 8.0 m. Tree spacing within beds varied from 1.5 to 3.0 m. Vegetable crops were sequentially grown in alley beds between tree hedgerows starting in October 2006, 10 months after tree establishment, until April 2007. Three sources of organic fertilizer (compost) were compared and evaluated for effects on growth and yield of vegetable crops. The trial used a randomized complete block design with four replications. LTRA-5 (Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production)

The study is a four-year project launched in 2006 with funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It will be undertaken until 2009 by a collaborative partnership between the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (lead institution) and multiple institutions particularly from the countries of Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines in the Southeast Asian (SEA) region. The project belongs to an umbrella program called the Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management-Collaborative Research Support Program (SANREM-CRSP) managed by Virginia Tech. LTRA-5 (Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production)

Metadata only record

Proper fertilization of a crop is knowing the crop nutrient requirement for production of maximum yield and the potential level of nutrient availability from the soil. In addition to yield obtained, quality of the commodity is an important factor of profit and shelf-life for high-value crops. Nitrogen, phosphor, and potassium availability are the most limiting factors for maximum growth and yield. Kangkong (Ipomoea reptans L.) are important traditional leafy vegetables crops cultivated in Indonesia. Kangkong (Ipomoea reptans L.) were grown to evaluate optimum rate of N, P, and K fertilizer in Ultisol Jasinga soil with low pH (5.5), low C-Organic (1.54%), very low N-total (0.12 %), low K content (0.29 me/100 g), but very high soil P2O5 concentration (19.2 ppm), to evaluate the best crop management practices with starter solution. LTRA-5 (Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production)

Upland corn production using inappropriate techniques often leads to a host of environmental problems which can be partly internalized by farmers whenever it affects their production. Among the most prominent environmental externalities associated with upland corn production is soil erosion. Evidence shows that cultivation techniques such as crop combinations and tillage practices indeed affect the rate of soil erosion. However, there is not much evidence of the inverse - does soil erosion affect agricultural productivity. LTRA-5 (Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production)

Amaranth (Amaranthus sp), Kangkung (Ipomoea aquatica L), Eggplant (Solanum melongena L), Chili (Capsicum annuum L), Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), Green Bean (Pahaseolus vulgaris L), and Yard Long Bean (Vigna unguilata L) were grown on Ultisol Nanggung soil with low pH (5.2), low C-Organic (1.70%), very low N-total (0.21 %), low K content (0.33 me/100 g), but high soil P2O5 concentration (10.8 ppm) to optimize P rate application. Treatments were P rate : 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 kg P2O5ha-1 or equal to 0, 125, 250, 375 and 500 kg SP36 (36% P2O5) ha-1. Treatments were arranged in Randomized Completely Block design with three replications. In the level of soil P concentration of 10.8 ppm (Bray-1) of Ultisol, application of P fertilizer up 180 kg P2O5 ha-1 increased linearly plant height of kangkung, eggplant, chili, tomato, yard long bean and green bean and increased linearly yield of amaranth, kangkung, eggplant, chili, tomato and green bean. To achieve optimum P fertilizer rate, the range of P rate application needs to be increased. LTRA-5 (Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production)

In the rain-fed production system area, vegetables normally can be grown in wet season (> 200 mm/month) between December and April. During dry season ( LTRA-5 (Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production)

To promote sustainable land use in the Manupali Watershed in Bukidnon, upland farmers adopted the practice of agroforestry on mountain slopes. However, the introduction of commercially viable cash crops particularly vegetables has encouraged the integration of monoculture gardens in agroforestry and dotted the landscape with vegetable-agroforestry (VAF) systems. This paper discusses selected findings from an ongoing collaborative study on the VAF system that seeks, among other goals, to investigate how linkages between small upland farmers and the markets can serve as a major driver of sustainable agroforestry and eventually lead to the betterment of the farmers' socioeconomic situation. Initial findings reveal the importance of gender considerations in linking farmers to markets. In spite of growing modernization influences, the productive and market roles of women and men heads of farm households are distinct and gender-differentiated, vary by crop, but reflect a persistently traditional pattern. Although conjugal partners share in much of the activities relating to vegetable production, the men who still assume the lead role handle the heavier or more laborious tasks, while their wives are responsible for less strenuous work but figure prominently in marketing vegetable commodities either on-farm or at the marketplace. In growing trees, women may help in tree crop maintenance but timber marketing is a male domain. While gender roles should guide any endeavor to develop VAF enterprises, it is evident that vegetable-related enterprises will most likely impact positively and directly on upland farm women. LTRA-5 (Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production)