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As the most basic travel mode of residents, walking trip takes place more frequently in residential districts. It is of great significance to study the land use characteristics of the residential district suitable for walking in order to create a good walking environment and land use model. In this paper, 18 residential blocks in Xi'an are taken as the research object, based on the relevant data of the pedestrian flow rate and land use of residential blocks, this paper analyzes the interactive relationship between the non-commuting hours during the week, the commuting hours during the week and the weekends by using the multiple linear regression model, and the land use characteristics of residential blocks under the guidance of walking trip are revealed. The results show that the land use factors related to pedestrian flow rate are mainly 9 factors, such as building density, buildings mixing degree, mixing degree of business functions and density of functional formats. In different hours, walking trips have different demands on various elements of land use. During the non-commuting hours during the week, the demand for walking trips for building density, mixing degree of business functions, density of functional formats and footpath area ratio is large. During the commuting hours during the week, the demand for walking trips for buildings mixing degree, density of functional formats, road network connectivity, and green area ratio of footpath is large. During the weekends, the demand for building density, density of functional formats, road network density, and footpath density is large. Through the above analysis, the optimization strategy is proposed for residential blocks in Xi 'an, which provides a theoretical basis for the optimization and transformation of the space environment of residential blocks to promote walking trip.

We reproduce an article first published in 1910 that describes in detail engineering projects, that were not only being developed but widely discussed. Those projects were dedicated to development of rapid, and particularly high-speed transportation in Berlin. The developments of that time reflected broad engineering views. It seems to be an attempt to integrate into a single project all the promising ideas regarding technical advancements as well as optimal transport modelling, routing schemes, traffic organisation, urban spatial planning. The discussion touched upon radial and ring traffic system, integration of the urban transportation system into national and even global one, splitting of passenger and freight traffic and infrastructure, and engineering decisions have reminded about contemporary monorail, elevated railways, light metro, and even personal rapid transit systems… The article attracted attention in Germany, as well as in other countries, and was reproduced in Zheleznodorozhnoe Delo [Railway Business] journal. Probably, many described aspects besides historical ones might be of interest today as well.

Automated driving in urban traffic requires extensive information from the surroundings. The most promisring approach to facilitate automated driving in mixed traffic is platooning of connected and automated vehicles (CAV). In this research, we investigate a human-leading strategy (HL) by which CAVs drive in platoons with the CAV leading the platoon driven by a human. We thoroughly formulate the problem of managing CAV platoons by the HL strategy, systematically model the platoon dynamics and the traffic system, as well as propose two approaches to implement this strategy. By conducting experiments in a simulation framework that combines the traffic and the communication network, the implementation of the HL strategy is evaluated with the consideration of travel time, automated driving experience, and communication reliability. The simulation results revealed that the HL strategy makes it feasible for CAVs to drive in automated mode in an urban mixed traffic network, while its performance relies on the CAV penetration rate and communication reliability. In addition, the results suggest that the performance of the HL strategy can be significantly improved by approaches that allow uninterrupted platooning and result in stable platoon dynamics.

Integrirana turistička ponuda temelj je kohezijskog razvoja turizma. Ovakav princip zahtijeva umrežavanje turističkih resursa u jednu cjelovitu ponudu, što nije moguće bez adekvatno razvijene prometne mreže. Hercegovačko-neretvanska županija, uz vrlo dobre uvjete za razvoj turizma, već duži niz godina ne ostvaruje duži boravak turista na svome području. Razlog tomu je neusklađenost turističke ponude i nepovezanost lokacija, odnosno nedostatak integrirane turističke ponude. Uzimajući u obzir navedenu problematiku provedena je analiza trenutnog stanja turističkog sektora, postojeće i planirane prometne mreže. Rezultati rada pokazali su lošu prometnu povezanost ključnih turističkih lokacija i neusklađenost aranžmanske turističke ponude čak i u tri već prepoznata turistička centra. Rezultati rada odredili su četiri prostorno i resursno bogate cjeline kroz četiri integrirane ponude bazirane na dobroj prometnoj povezanosti s ciljem razvoja, do sada dijelom ili nikako, turistički razvijenih područja. The integrated tourist offer is the foundation of the cohesion development of tourism. This principle requires the networking of tourist resources into one comprehensive offer, which is not possible without an adequately developed transport network. The Herzegovina-Neretva County, which is in a very good conditions for the development of tourism, for many years is struggling to keep tourist on a longer time period. The reason for this is the inconsistency of the tourist offer and the incoherence of locations, is the lack of an integrated tourist offer. Taking into account the above issues, an analysis of the current state of the tourism sector, existing and planned transport network was conducted. The results of the work showed poor traffic connections of key tourist locations and inconsistencies in the arrangement of the tourist offer, even in three already recognized tourist centers. The results of the work determined four spatially and resource-rich units through four integrated offers based on good transport connections with the aim of developing, so far in part or not, tourist developed areas.

Connected and automated vehicles have become more common in recent years, increasing the need to assess their societal level impacts. In this paper a methodology is presented to explore and define these impacts as a starting point for quantitative impact assessment. The many interrelations between impacts increases the complexity of obtaining a complete overview. Therefore, a structured approach is used, which shows many similarities with the modelling of causal-loop-diagrams. Feedback loops between impacts are taken into account at an early stage and both literature review and expert interviews are used to produce a holistic overview of impacts. The methodology was developed and applied in the European H2020 project LEVITATE. The impact taxonomy and interrelations between impacts resulting from this project are presented and further steps needed to perform a quantitative evaluation of the impacts are discussed.

Transportation vehicles refer to the vehicles used to transport people's needs and goods from one area to another. Intelligent traffic signalling systems are needed due to the increase in the number of vehicles in traffic, the roads used, the insufficiency of the surrounding areas and the inability to widen these roads or construct upper / lower roads. Nowadays, there are situations where traffic control is insufficient in current density due to the traffic system mechanisms being dependent on fixed time. Therefore, some smart methods have been developed to prevent waste of time and economic problems. In this study, application of Petri Nets (PA) based on real data collected at certain times of the day for intelligent control of traffic lights at a four-way intersection. PA's performances have been compared with their classical (fixed time) performances. When the results obtained were evaluated in terms of both the number of passing vehicles and time, it was seen that the PA passed 849 vehicles in 755 seconds, 341 vehicles in 920 seconds in the classical method and a better result was obtained with PA.

This paper explores a method to improve the performance of mixed platoon when the penetration rate of automated vehicles (AVs) is low. The mixed traffic, composing of conventional vehicles and AVs, on the one hand, there is heterogeneity between conventional vehicles and AVs, on the other hand, conventional vehicles also show heterogeneity because of different drivers. Therefore, the cyber-physical relationship between vehicles is more complicated. To this end, we firstly analyze the car-following process of vehicles from the cyber-physical perspective and give the model of mixed traffic system. Then we present the descriptive method of driver heterogeneity of conventional vehicles and give the relevant evaluation indices for evaluating the performance of mixed platoon. Finally, we explore the impact of the spatial distribmution of vehicles on performance of mixed platoon in three cases, and the driver heterogeneity of conventional vehicles is also considered. What’s more, in each case, we give three spatial distribution modes and analyze the differences of mixed platoon between the three modes from multiple perspectives. The results show that when the penetration rate of AV is low in the mixed traffic, even considering driver heterogeneity, the performance of the mixed platoon can be improved by arranging regularly the spatial distribution between AVs and conventional vehicles.

Existing traffic flow models do not consider the effects of road static bottlenecks on traffic flow. In this paper, a modified macroscopic continuum model for traffic flow on urban road network with static bottlenecks is presented. The model takes into account the fluctuations of traffic flow considering static bottlenecks during the morning peak period. The model results show that existence of static road bottlenecks with various configurations cause traffic flow instabilities. This phenomenon lead into stop-and-go traffic flow conditions under the moderate density and reduction of the traffic system’s efficiency. Furthermore, results show that an increase in traffic density is accompanied by a significant decrease of speed which adversely influences performance of roadway and decrease the traffic system’s efficiency and thus resulting to the occurrence of congestions. The methodological aspects of the study and results will enable traffic engineers and planners to assess and improve existing urbanroad networks. Keywords: Traffic flow, Bottlenecks, stability, Stop-and-go traffic, System’s efficiency, Congestion.

The future transportation systems demand an intelligent traffic system that can be achieved by connecting the vehicles to the Internet of Things (IoT) which in turn forms an Internet of Vehicles (I...

In recent years, there have been a rise in the number of problems in the existing traffic management system particularly in the developing countries such as Bangladesh, India and Vietnam. Due to this, many accidents have occurred every now and then. Violating the traffic rules such as unpermitted change of lanes and over speeding are the two main reasons for increased number of accidents. In this paper, an attempt is made to solve the problem using Raspberry-pi and OpenCV contour detection technology. A prototype device has been developed to solve the problems regarding lane-based rule violations. The device will be installed in traffic surveillance cameras which will be connected to the metropolitan traffic servers. The device will communicate with the server via Gigabit Ethernet. It will also increase the time efficiency and reduce the manual monitoring cost. Moreover, it will help the traffic management department to find the person responsible for traffic rule violation and assist them to apply the laws strictly. The main contribution of this article is to develop a device that will detect any kind of unpermitted lane changes by any vehicles and identify the license plates. The proposed model has about 80% accuracy according to our evaluation.

Traffic sign recognition and lane detection play an important role in traffic flow planning, avoiding traffic accidents, and alleviating traffic chaos. At present, the traffic intelligent recognition rate still needs to be improved. In view of this, based on the neural network algorithm, this study constructs an intelligent transportation system based on neural network algorithm, and combines machine vision technology to carry out intelligent monitoring and intelligent diagnosis of traffic system. In addition, this study discusses in detail the core of the monitoring system: multi-target tracking algorithm, and introduces the complete implementation process and details of the system, and highlights the implementation and tracking effect of the multi-target tracker. Finally, this study uses case identification to analyze the effectiveness of the algorithm proposed by this paper. The research results show that the proposed method has certain practical effects and can be used as a reference for subsequent system construction.

Driver lane-changing behaviours have a significant impact on the safety and the capacity of the vehicle-based traffic system. Therefore, modeling lane-changing maneuvers has become an essential com...

In order to reduce the fluctuations of traffic flow and the impacts of traffic flow fluctuations, thereby increasing the level of service of roads and constructing the Internet of Things-based traffic system, based on the various causes of traffic flow fluctuations, the countermeasures were taken, such as the optimization of lanes, the management of intersections, the improvement and perfection of slow-vehicle lanes and bus stops, the timely renewal of traffic signs and marks, the rational arrangements of road operations, and the removal of visual obstacles, etc. The research results showed that these countermeasures could effectively reduce the hidden peril of accidents and improve the road capacity, thereby improving the level of service of roads, which provided a theoretical foundation and basis for road engineering design and traffic management. It can be seen that improving urban traffic through rational management and control measures can effectively improve the level of service of urban traffic.

Целью исследования является изучение параметров транспортного потока посетителей, прибывающих в рабочий поселок Листвянка, а также продолжительности паркирования автомобилей на рассматриваемой территории. Объектом исследования является транспортная система п. Листвянка, расположенного в 70 км от г. Иркутск. Задачами исследования являются: оценка загрузки транспортной сети территории в течении дня, расчет среднего времени паркирования автомобилей на территории поселка Листвянка, выявление пиковых часов нагрузки и поиск решений по снижению транспортной нагрузки на территорию. В ходе исследования проводились замеры на территории объекта исследования. В результате обследований были получены распределение прибывающих и убывающих автомобилей по часам суток, максимальное и среднее время паркирования на территории поселка. Сформулированы предложения по повышению эффективности организации дорожного движения в границах улично-дорожной сети п. Листвянка., The aim of the study is to investigate the parameters of the traffic flow of visitors arriving to the Listvyanka workers' settlement and the duration of car parking in the area in question. The object of the study is the transport system of Listvyanka, located 70 km from Irkutsk. The objectives of the study are to estimate the traffic load of the area during the day, calculate the average parking time in Listvyanka settlement, identify peak load hours and find solutions to reduce the traffic load on the area. In the course of the study, measurements were taken in the study area. As a result of the surveys, the distribution of arriving and departing cars by hours of the day and the maximum and average parking time in the settlement were obtained. Proposals were formulated to improve the efficiency of traffic management within the boundaries of the street and road network of Listvyanka settlement. Listvyanka.

Health is not only derived from a good personal lifestyle, but also from a good external social environment. This article summarizes relevant researches on healthy cities and slow-moving systems at home and abroad, and discusses how to understand the environmental space of historical locations from a human perspective, and use the concept of healthy cities to study the use of various spaces. Taking the Tanhualin Historic District in Wuhan as an example, this paper analyzes the current situation of the Tanhualin Historic District and the existing problems in the transportation system, and proposes a new design model for the slow system design of Tanhualin from the perspective of a healthy city.

Intelligent mass train has become the crucial method to solve or improve traffic problems and enhance their image for many third-and fourth-tier cities because of its characteristics of speed, convenience, environmental protection and high efficiency, and compliance with policy requirements of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality. They are crucial to study the comprehensive accessibility of intelligent mass transit system and put forward effective traffic system management measures. In this paper, the accessibility of Yibin’s intelligent mass transit system on time and space is analyzed by using Arc GIS technology and the related models of geographical mathematical analysis methods, and the accessibility status of Yibin’s intelligent mass transit system is determined. Finally, according to the above actual analysis results, the optimization strategy of Yibin’s intelligent mass transit system is put forward.

U ovom završnom radu opisane su sve prometne grane koje su od velikog značaja u gradu Zagrebu. Grad Zagreb je glavni i najveći grad u Republici Hrvatskoj, te je kulturno, znanstveno, gospodarsko i upravno središte RH. Grad Zagreb ima vrlo razvijen prometni sustav, no ima mnogo nedostataka koji ometaju ostvarenje njegovog punog potencijala. U radu će se analizirati postojeće stanje prometnog sustava, te prikazati nedostaci kod svih prometnih grana. Uz to, predložit će se moguća rješenja za nedostatke, kako bi se pomoću njih prikazao kvalitetniji prometni sustav i potencijal svih prometnih grana. Uz prometni sustav, u radu je prikazana urbana logistika, te izazovi koji idu uz nju. Također je prikazan primjer uspješne prakse kod urbane logistike, koji rješava probleme prostora i zagađenja u gradovima. This study describes all traffic branches that are of great importance in the city of Zagreb. The City of Zagreb is the capital and largest city in the Republic of Croatia, and is the cultural, scientific, economic and administrative center of the Republic of Croatia. The city of Zagreb has a very developed transport system, but it has many shortcomings that hinder the realization of its full potential. The paper will analyze the current state of the transport system, and present the shortcomings in all transport branches. In addition, possible solutions to the shortcomings will be proposed, in order to show a better quality transport system and the potential of all transport branches. In addition to the transport system, the paper presents urban logistics and the challenges that go with it. An example of successful practice in urban logistics, which solves the problems of space and pollution in cities, is also presented.

Connected and automated vehicles have become more common in recent years, increasing the need to assess their societal level impacts. In this paper a methodology is presented to explore and define these impacts as a starting point for quantitative impact assessment. The many interrelations between impacts increases the complexity of obtaining a complete overview. Therefore, a structured approach is used, which shows many similarities with the modelling of causal-loop-diagrams. Feedback loops between impacts are taken into account at an early stage and both literature review and expert interviews are used to produce a holistic overview of impacts. The methodology was developed and applied in the European H2020 project LEVITATE. Results from the qualitative assessments in this project are presented and further steps needed to perform a quantitative evaluation of the impacts are discussed.

U radu je na primjeru dionice Šibenik-Tromilja opisan postupak izrade SCADA-e cestovnog sustava. Objašnjena je velika važnost cestovnog prometa, kao danas najvažnijeg sustava za prijevoz robe i ljudi. Objašnjeni su korišteni protokoli TLS, MODBUS te je objašnjen SQL jezik za rad s bazama podataka. Također, detaljno je objašnjeno programsko okruženje GENESIS64, odnosno njegovi alati Workbench i GraphWorX64 koji se koriste pri izradi SCADA sustava. Na kraju prikazano je završno PrecisionX sučelje te su objašnjeni objekti koji se koriste i njihova uloga u cestovnom sustavu. This work describes the process of making a SCADA road system in the example of the Šibenik-Tromilje section. The great importance of road transport – today's most important system for the transport of goods and people, is explained. TLS and MODBUS protocols used in this work are axplained as well as the SQL language for working with databases is also explained. Also, the GENESIS64 software environment is explained in detail and specifically its Workbench and GraphWorX64 tools used in the development of SCADA systems. Finally, the final PrecisionX interface is presented, and also, the objects used in the road system, as well as their role, are explained.

The increase of safety for the vulnerable road users (VRUs) can be managed by an effective traffic system that implies users’ interactions through a smart application. This paper proposes an interactive traffic application based on the strong connectivity of all traffic participants and with the smart infrastructure. Thus, the proposed architectural solution is based on two main components: one part running on the user equipment (UE) with a mobile application that has an intuitive interface, and the other one running in the backbone network, where the pieces of information are collected from different sensors, fused and processed in a proper amount of time.

The Vessel Traffic Services is a control system in the maritime traffic system where the VTS operators need to cope with a complex environment to contribute to safe and efficient ship movements. By...

Field measurements and numerical modelling were used to study the acoustic performance of a low screen in an urban road setting. The results show the usefulness of low screens as well as suggests improvements in screen design. For the measurements, an acoustic screen built up from concrete modules was temporarily installed beside a small park on the reservation between a two-lane road and a track for walking and cycling. A larger traffic system, of which the two-lane road is a part, determines the daytime equivalent noise level within the urban area. The screen height was about 1.4 m as measured from the level of the road surface and the width of the screen top was 0.3 m. Measurements were carried out both at 20 m distance from the road (within the park) and at 5 m distance from the road (at the cycle track). Insertion loss in maximum level, using controlled lightvehicle pass-by at 50 km/h, was measured to 10 dB at 5 m distance and to 6 dB at 20 m distance, at 1.5 m height. Insertion loss in equivalent level was measured within the park to 4 dB at 1.5 m height. A listening experiment confirmed a perceived improvement from installing the screen. The measured results were also compared with predicted results using a boundary element method (BEM) and a noise mapping software, the latter showing good agreement, overestimating the equivalent level insertion loss by 1 dB in the park. The BEM comparison showed reasonable agreement in maximum level insertion loss considering that facade reflections were excluded, with an overestimation of 5 dB at the cycle track, and good agreement in the park, overestimating by up to 1 dB the equivalent and maximum level insertion losses. BEM predictions were used to also investigate other screen designs, showing a positive effect of an acoustically soft screen top, significant for a screen width of 0.2 m and increasing for wider screens.

Driverless car, as a direction for future automobile development, greatly improves the efficiency and safety of the traffic system. It’s one of the most popular technical fields. In recent years, driverless car has developed rapidly. The related development is concerned by governments, businesses, consumers and stakeholders widely, and most of countries have been actively studying this technology. This paper first introduces the current development of driverless car at home and abroad. Besides, the basic technologies of driverless car are briefly analyzed. In addition, the author compares the American government’s attitudes with Chinese government’s attitudes towards driverless car. Specifically, the article makes an analysis of contents of literature and periodicals at home and abroad and policies and documents which have already been published. The analysis shows that there is no great difference between the attitudes of Chinese and American governments. Both of two governments actively support the development of driverless car. Finally, this paper expounds the development direction of the driverless car field in future by dividing into two categories through road conditions: automatic driving on expressways and automatic driving in cities.

Currently, car manufacturers, suppliers, and IT companies are surpassing each other with ambitious plans regarding their driving automation technology. However, even the most optimistic announcements grant that, for a certain time, a human driver cannot be replaced in all driving situations. Hence, human drivers will still be a part of future traffic by working together with automation systems. Analyzing the joint decision-making process of such a human–machine system in automated driving provides a better understanding of the resulting traffic system. In this paper, a driving simulator study with 33 participants focusing on the utility of cooperative driver–vehicle systems with the use case of highway driving is presented. Based on the study’s results, a model that explains the linkage between subjective measures such as the perceived utility and objective driving data is derived. Moreover, on an individual level, models are parameterized by using driving states as predictors and the individual utility perceived in a driving situation as response. This individual utility can be used for predicting driving actions such as the initiation of overtaking maneuvers.

Environmental concerns are increasingly important targets in urban traffic management. The way traffic spreads over routes in a network can affect substantially the environments well as the level of congestion. This paper explores the selection and location of control measures that influence route choice aimed at optimizing traffic system performance subject to environmental constraints (OSP-EC problems). We address two groups of link-based control instruments commonly considered in urban traffic management: tolls and additional delays. Tolls penalize drivers monetarily (e.g. congestion charging) while additional delays represent those measures directly increasing travel time (e.g. speed limits) on the controlled links. We first identify the parallels and differences of how tolls and delays reallocate traffic flows over routes and links in a network, how they affect total system cost and total emission, and finally how they produce different solutions for the OSP-EC problem. When only tolls can be used, one intuitive solution to the OSP-EC problem is a set of tolls that superimposes environmental shadow prices for actively constrained links onto the marginal system cost pricing that is to be charged on all links. When only delays are considered, the selection of the best locations to implement control variables is more complex. We show that the monotonicity of emission factors with speed plays a crucial role for the selection of the type of control variables. If both tolls and delays are available, tolls work better than additional delays in most cases. The theoretical results can contribute to the development of efficient algorithms for solving the OSP-EC problem, and help authorities to solve this policy problem.

Drivers can move with the real-time traffic information under the connected vehicle environment. Meanwhile, individual driving behavior (e.g., route choice) can influence the traffic state of the connected vehicle. This study contributes to investigate the relationship between the performance of traffic system and the driver route choice behavior in the connected vehicle environment. Especially, the heterogeneity of drivers in attention to fuel consumption and travel time is considered. A dynamic process of commuter day-to-day route choice behavior under the connected vehicle environment was proposed, the driving experience and the real-time information that affect the driver route choice are taken into considered simultaneously. Using the multi-agent simulation approach, the microcosmic and macroscopic behaviors of driver-vehicle-unit agents were described. A series of simulation experiments were conducted under the different percentages of drivers who pay enough attention to fuel consumption, and then simulation results were compared. The simulation results demonstrated that the performance of traffic state is better when enough drivers put emphasis on fuel consumption, and the optimal percentage of these drivers is about 60%. It is indicated that the travel time is more sensitive to the change of traffic state than fuel consumption, and the traffic system with enough drivers who care the fuel consumption could bring the better performance. This study has a guidance function to the application and promotion of eco-driving for government to optimize the structure of different types of drivers in the connected vehicle environment.