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Background: Chronic kidney disease is now a global burden with an increased grade of morbidity and mortality due to the unavailability of particular medicines except for high-cost treatments like dialysis or kidney transplantation. Tribal people use their own indigenous preparation of medicinal plants for the prevention and treatment of kidney ailments. The present study was aimed at preparing Arjunakwaatha and Arjunasheeta, an indigenous preparation of the bark of Terminalia arjuna (TA) and its supplementation in the kidney injury rat model. Materials and Methods: In this study, rats were induced to kidney injury (KI) by intraperitoneal injection of paracetamol 15 mg/kg b. w. for 14 days and supplementation of Arjunakwaatha and Arjunasheeta with various doses continued the experimentation for 28 days. Results: Results showed that urea, creatinine, C-reactive protein (CRP), glutamine oxalic transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in plasma, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in kidney tissue, urinary protein, and KIM-1 were significantly (p<0.05) increased in kidney injury rats when compared to normal control rats. Supplementation of Arjunakwaatha and Arjunasheeta with kidney injury rats significantly (p<0.05) decreased urea, creatinine, CRP, GOT, GPT, MDA, SOD, CAT, and GSH levels as compared to kidney injury rats. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed new low molecular weight urinary protein bands in kidney injury rats. The protective effects of Arjunakwaatha and Arjunasheeta present no band at this molecular level in normal rats. Conclusion: It has been concluded that Arjunakwaatha is the best indigenous preparation for kidney protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal medicines were the main source of therapeutic agents in the ancestral era. Terminalia arjuna (TA) is one such medicinal plant widely known for its several medicinal properties, especially its cardiovascular properties. They have several phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, polyphenols, triterpenoids, tannins, glycosides, and several minerals, proteins, and others that are responsible for the above-mentioned medicinal properties. In this review, we have first elaborated on the various processes and their parameters for the efficient extraction of relevant phytochemicals from TA extracts. Secondly, the mechanisms behind the various medicinal properties of TA extracts are explained. We have also highlighted the role of TA extracts on the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, especially silver and gold nanoparticles, with an elucidation on the mechanisms behind the synthesis of nanoparticles. Finally, TA extracts-based polymeric formulations are discussed with limitations and future perspectives. We believe that this review could help researchers understand the importance of a well-known cardioprotective medicinal plant, TA, and its biomedical properties, as well as their role in green nanotechnology and various formulations explored for encapsulating them. This review will help researchers design better and greener nanomedicines as well as better formulations to improve the stability and bioavailability of TA extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: It is widely believed that aquaculture has the greatest potential to provide both economic and nutritional security. Bacterial infections in the culture system result from intensified aquaculture methods, resulting in a significant economic loss for fishermen. Because antibiotics are the standard treatment for bacterial infections in Southeastern countries, antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a major health concern. Herbal remedies are being promoted as a replacement for the undesired medicines. In Ayurveda, the Terminalia arjuna plant is considered a "miracle plant" since it has been used for centuries to treat serious illnesses in humans. However, applications in aquaculture remain in their early stage. The purpose of this study is to assess the therapeutic value of incorporating powdered Terminalia arjuna bark with Labeo rohita. Based on the findings, the researchers suggest adding Terminalia arjuna bark powder to fish food at a rate of 12.3 g·kg−1 (as determined by the broken line regression equation) to help the fish become resistant to disease. Utilizing agro-industrial waste and herbal products to create a circular bioeconomy is becoming increasingly popular. Terminalia arjuna is a significant ethnomedicinal plant that has not yet been exploited in animal feed. In the present study, nutritional Terminalia arjuna bark powder-based fish feed was created and supplied to a candidate fish species Labeo rohita at varied levels: 0% (0 g/kg), 0.5% (5 g/kg), 1% (10 g/kg), and 1.5% (15 g/kg). These treatment groups are denoted as CT, T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Utilizing a contemporary comprehensive biomarker response strategy, the study clarified the genomic influence of dietary herb inclusion. In response to bacterial infection, the immunogenic genes, STAT 1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1), ISG 15 (interferon stimulating gene), and Mx "myxovirus resistance gene", were shown to be elevated. The results of densitometry demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in STAT 1 and ISG 15, with Mx exhibiting maximal values at 1 g/kg TABP (Terminalia arjuna bark powder-based feed). This is the first study to identify TABP as an immunomodulator in fish and established the IBR (Integrated Bio-marker Response) as a reliable marker in evaluating the impact of multiple drivers in a holistic manner. Thus, the present study cleared the path for TABP to be utilized as an effective feed additive which enhances the specific adaptive immune system of the fish for the production of the Green fish product for a sustainable circular bioeconomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the allelopathic effects of abscised plant parts of Terminalia arjuna on germination, growth, and physio-biochemical processes of Triticum aestivum L. Different doses of plant material obtained from fruits (F100 and F50), branches (B100 and B50), leaves (L100 and L50), and the mixture of all plant parts (A100) were applied to the seedbeds of two varieties of T. aestivum, DPW-62150 and DBW-17. It was observed that both the varieties differed in the intensity of response towards the treatments measured in terms of seed germination, shoot length, root length, dry weight, vigour index, tolerance index, total chlorophyll, nitrogen and organic carbon. The mixture of all the plant parts of T. arjuna stimulated most of the studied parameters and wheat variety DBW-17 performed better as compared to DPW-62150. A total of 49 allelochemicals were identified in the GC-MS analysis, of which 28, 28, and 30 were present in the fruit, branch and leaf powder, respectively. It can be inferred from the study that T. aestivum, particularly variety DBW-17, can be successfully intercropped with T. arjuna. However, further field studies should be undertaken on a wider scale to validate the results of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytokines are proteins that play a critical role in immune cells' development, maturation, and functional activities. For the first time, we have investigated the potential role of Terminalia arjuna as IL-4 and IL-13 modulators for preventing T1DM, i.e., autoimmune diabetes. It has been well documented that the stimulation of IL-4 and IL-13 can regulate the level of type 2 cytokines which can be maintained with the level of type 1 cytokines. The present study investigated gallic acid, arjunolic acid, luteolin, ellagic acid, and arjunone for their potential modulating activity of IL-4 and IL-13. The active amino acid residues identified for IL-4 are VAL51, HIS58, ASP87, THR30, GLN54, THR63, ARG64, LYS84, and GLU60. The active amino acid residues identified for IL-13 are H: GLU46, H: TRP47, H: GLN61, L: PHE98, L: VAL97, L: GLU162, L: THR163, H: ARG105, L: GLN38, L: ASP85, H: GLY42, L: GLY41, H: PRO41, H: TRP47, and L: PHE98. The phytoconstituents demonstrated better modulating activity towards IL-13 than IL-4. Luteolin displayed better potential for both IL-4 and IL-13, and therefore we concluded that it could be used to modulate the activity of IL-4 and IL-13 for the prevention of autoimmune diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This current work revealed a single-step fabrication of tungsten oxide nanoflakes (WO3 NFs) with the help of Terminalia arjuna bark extract. Bioactive phytoconstituents of T. arjuna bark extract were involved in the nucleation process and promoted the material crystalline growth in a particular direction. The as-prepared sample thermal decomposition was analyzed by TG/DTG. The as-prepared sample was annealed at 300 °C for 2 h, and the annealed sample was characterized by UV-Vis-DRS, FTIR, Raman, XRD, SEM, EDX, and TEM. Synthesized WO3 samples showed a monoclinic phase of the flake-like structure with lengths of 25~230 nm and diameters of 25~120 nm. The WO3 NFs were evaluated against S. aureus and E. coli. Over 3 mg concentrations of WO3 NFs outperform the positive control in antibacterial activity. The pseudo-first-order kinetics of the WO3 NFs enhanced the photocatalytic performance of methylene blue (MB). These results prove that WO3 NFs have sustainable performance in antibacterial and MB degradation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examinethe protective effect of bark extract of TA (Terminalia arjuna) on HFD (high fat diet) induced biochemical and histopathological changes in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Group 1 - control rats received water ad libitum, Group 2 - HFD group received corn oil orally at a dose of 10 mL/kg, Group 3 (HFD+ Atorvastatin (ATV) 10mg/kg), Group 4 (HFD+TA125 mg/kg), and Group 5 (HFD+TA250 mg/kg) were treated as indicated 6 days a week for 5 consecutive weeks. Serum lipid profile and LCAT enzyme activity were evaluated followed by antioxidant parameters and histopathological assessment of heart tissue. Results: HFD group showed elevated levels of lipid profile and alterations in antioxidant parameters, LCAT enzyme activity and histology of heart as compared with control group. Administration of standard drug Atorvastatin (10mg/kg), aqueous bark extract of T. arjuna (125 and 250 mg/kg) to HFD group protected the biochemical alterations, LCAT enzyme activity and pathological damage caused to heart tissue. Conclusion: The study findings reveal the protective role of T. arjuna on HFD induced biochemical and cardiovascular changes implicating antioxidant and therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The look at changed into carried out for Traditional Knowledge of Medicinal Plants, Part use and their Uses in Tribal Region in Chhattisgarh. tribe is aware of overall forty one Medicinal Plant species. As in keeping with the expertise of respondents approximately Medicinal tree species Arjun (Terminaliaarjuna), Baheda (Terminaliabellirica), Harra (Terminaliachebula), Karanj (Pongamiapinnata), Neem (Azadiractaindica), Char(Buchananialanzan) Mahua (Madhucaindica) etc. are normally the use of as medicinal motive observed through Bhuineem (Andrographispaniculata), Chirchita (Achyranthesaspera) Bariyari (Sidaacuta), Satavar (Asparagus racemosus), Sher datum(Smilax macrophylla), Genda (Tegeteserecta), Hadsanghar (Nyctanthesarbortristis), Hathhjod (Cissusquadrangularis) and Kewach (Mucunapruriens) etc. are shrub and climber Species use through the tribal people. Therefore, it's miles the requisite element of holding those organic assets for a sustainable ecosystem. This statistics given through tribal's suggests the very numerous nature of Medicinal plant life they use in recovery motive & dwelling general upliftment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tasar host plants are trees with deciduous leaf fall patterns showing heavy leaf fall during autumn and consistent leaf fall at a lower rate during other seasons of the year. The leaf biomass is regenerated during spring which is subsequently fed to the silkworms. The trees require additional nutrient uptake to regenerate the lost biomass. The current research focuses on increasing the nutrient availability to the host plants through microbiological interventions in the form of microbial consortia for degrading and mineralizing the tree litter and symbiotic bioinoculants to improve nutrient use efficiency. The shred leaf biomass of the tasar host plants had an average nitrogen content of 1%. The leaf litter was allowed to degrade under different moisture levels and the microbial population and diversity were studied. A total of 29 bacteria and 10 fungi have been isolated from decaying leaf litter of arjun, asan and sal which will further be evaluated for degradation efficiency and will be utilized in the form of consortia to accelerate in situ degradation and composting/vermicomposting processes. Ectomycorrhiza are a type of mycorrhiza which form symbiotic associations exclusively with roots of trees and provide them with N, P and water in exchange to the sugars required by the fungi for their growth. Tasar growing areas are very congenial for ectomycorrhizal associations and the natural sal forests have a wealth of such associations. A total of 110 types of fungal fruiting bodies have been collected from the forests of Chaibasa, Chakradharpur, Kharsawan and tasar host plantations as well as sal forest of CTR&TI, Ranchi. The microscopic observations revealed the wide variation in hyphal structure, sporulation patterns and morphology of spores. These will be further screened for their symbiotic and bioinoculant potential. These microbiological interventions enable to improve the productivity of the tasar host plantation ecosystems in a sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantity and quality of silk produced by silkworm depend upon the food quality mainly; the protein content of the leaf which in turn depends upon the nitrogen content of the leaf. Three doses of urea, 1.5%, 2.0% & 2.5% were used as foliar spray on Terminalia arjuna plants with plain water as control. Leaf from the host plants were sampled before spray and at the 7th, 14th and 21st days after spray for protein estimation. Samples of silkworm larvae were collected at their different age viz., at beginning of the IV instar, end of the IV instar, beginning of the V instar and at the end of the V instar. The larvae at the end of IV instar showed maximum (2.327 µg/ml) haemolymph protein. The haemolymph protein of larvae at the beginning of IV instar was 1.693µg/ml and that at the beginning of V instar was 2.018µg/ml. Both these values were significantly lesser than that of at the end of IV instar (2.327µg/ml). The haemolymph protein in the larvae at the end of V instar (1.812µg/ml) was further lesser than that in the larvae at the beginning of V instar (2.018µg/ml). Maximum protein was recorded in the haemolymph of larvae at the end of their IV instar which decreases during the V instar indicating its utilization in silk formation during the V instar. Thus it may be concluded that foliar spray of nitrogen on T. arjuna plants not only improves the protein content of leaf but also increases the haemolymph protein of the larvae reared on treated plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bagworm species are commonly polyphagous and known as minor pests which damage different tree species by defoliating the leaves. Similarly damage of bagworms on primary food plants of tasar silkworm was observed at CTRTI, Ranchi. Based on this, preliminary experiment was carried out to record seasonal incidence and nature of damage of bagworms infesting Terminalia arjuna and T. tomentosa. Two years data on seasonal incidence revealed that average peak incidence of bagworms (2.20 to 3.70 larval case/plant) on T. arjuna was observed between 18 to 20 Metrological Standard Week (MSW). Similar observation was also made on T. tomentosa and it was found that incidence of bagworm was very less as compared to T.arjuna with peak incidence 0.20 to 0.30 larval case/plant on first fortnight of June (23rd & 24rd MSW). During the study it was found that incidence of bagworm starts from April, reaches peak during May in T. arjuna and June in T. tomentosa and its population starts declining from July onwards and it reaches negligible or nil between August to March. Nature of damage was also observed during the study period. Bagworm damaged leaves exhibits irregular hole at the center of leaves and also shows irregular feeding from the leaf margin leaving midrib. These damaging symptoms sometimes overlooked or mistaken for damage caused by other general defoliators like beetles and caterpillars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant species sustaining under a polluted environment for a long time are considered as potentially resistant species. Those plant species can be considered as an eco-sustainable tool used to bio-monitor and mitigate pollution. This study was carried out on a total of ten commonly available plant species to assess their anticipated performance index (API), dust capturing capacity (DCC), and metal accumulation index (MAI) in chromite mine and control areas. According to the anticipated performance index (API), Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Müll.Arg., Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don and Ficus hispida Roxb. ex Wall. are highly tolerant species while Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. and Trema orientalis (L.) Blume are intermediate tolerant species. F. hispida was also shown to have the highest dust capturing capacity (5.94 ± 0.43 mg/cm2) whereas that of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz (1.03 ± 0.11 mg/cm2) was found to be lowest. The metal accumulation index ranged from 17.29 to 4.5 and 6.38 to 1.94 at the mine and control areas, respectively. Two-way ANOVA analysis revealed area-wise significant differences between biochemical and physiological parameters. Also, results showed that the pollution level and heavy metal affected different biochemical and physiological parameters of plant species at the mining area. The plant species with the highest API, DCC, and MAI value could be recommended for greenbelt development in different polluted areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of the arboreal snail Rhachistia bengalensis was observed from randomly selected sites of an unmanaged and a managed garden of India. The relative abundance of the snail on different host plants was counted and recorded with height gradients and various positions on the host plants. Although R. bengalensis was encountered in ten different plants in unmanaged garden and three different plants in the managed garden, the snail distribution varied significantly in different host plants and different plant parts. The snail preferred Cascabela thevetia, Aegle marmelos, Musa acuminata and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in the unmanaged and Terminalia arjuna and T. elliptica in the managed garden. Based on the variance to mean ratio (s2/m), negative binomial aggregation parameter k and Lloyd mean crowding (ṁ), the distribution of the snail showed more or less clumped distribution in the host plants. Apparently, the snail exhibited various degrees of preference with different host plants and fit with arboreal habit. Information on the abundance and preference of the host plant species can be used for the conservation management of the R. bengalensis in managed and unmanaged habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis, a neglected tropical disease of zoonotic nature, is caused by the genus Brucella, specifically by Brucella abortus and B. melitensis in cattle and humans, respectively. Arjunolic acid (AA) is a triterpenoid, isolated from Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., a medicinally important plant, used to treat various diseases in the Indian system of medicine. Here, we tried to evaluate AA for its antibacterial activity against Brucella and the in vitro cytotoxicity assay on human lung adenocarcinomic alveolar basal epithelial cell line (A549). Also, we assessed the synergistic effect of arjunolic acid and aquatic extract of Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K.Schum. (syn. Chomelia asiatica) leaves against B. melitensis. AA displayed a considerable antibacterial activity [zone of inhibition (9 mm) with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 30 µg/mL] against B. melitensis. The rate of cell death for the cancer cells was 82% at 100 µg/mL concentration of AA which indicates significant membrane disruption by AA in cancer cells. The estimated IC50 of AA against the A549 cell line was 139.90 µg/mL. The highest synergistic activity was exhibited by combination of arjunolic acid and AqE of T. asiatica at the concentration of 1:1, respectively forming a zone of inhibition measuring 10 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary high fat possibly causes oxidative stress; also it makes deleterious effect on kidney functions and land up in lipotoxicity in renal tissue. Lipotoxicity is the pathological situation where lipid Peroxidation occurs and generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overproduction of ROS than antioxidant present in tissues cause oxidative stress. Terminalia arjuna is found to be potential antioxidant that counteract oxidative stress and possibly maintain glomerular integrity. Ethanolic extract of T. arjuna (ETO) was prepared and phytochemical analysis was done. Rats were divided into four groups, having six rats in each group as following; group 1-Control (20% fat); group 2 (ETO 100 mg/kg/b.wt); group 3 (30% fat) and group 4 (30% fat + ETO 100 mg/kg/b.wt). Dietary and ETO supplementation were continued for 21 days. Gravimetric, kidney functions (blood urea and serum creatinine) and oxidative stress markers like MDA, SOD and GSH were evaluated. Histopathological analysis was done on kidney along with measurement of glomerular integrity. Morphometrical analysis of glomerular integrity was evaluated by measuring glomerular length, width, glomerular area and Bowman's capsule radius. One way ANOVA was done for analysis of data. Blood urea and serum creatinine levels were significantly higher in high fat fed rats indicating renal dysfunction. High fat diet showed significant increase in MDA, decrease in SOD and GSH in rats fed with high fat diet, which indicate generation of oxidative stress. Supplementation of ETO showed amelioratic effect against high fat diet induced renal dysfunction and oxidative stress. Histopathological findings were significantly corroborated with morphometrical analysis of glomerular integrity. Ethanolic extracts of T. arjuna supplementation found to be beneficial against high fat induced renal alterations in terms of functions and architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic intoxication represents a worldwide health problem and occurs mainly through drinking water. Arsenic, a metalloid and naturally occurring element, is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust, whose toxicity depends on the reduction state. The trivalent arsenicals are more toxic than the pentavalent arsenicals. In the trivalent state, inorganic and organic arsenic may react with thiol groups in proteins inhibiting their activity, whereas inorganic arsenic in the pentavalent state may replace phosphate ions in several reactions. Arsenic induces various epigenetic changes in mammalian cells, both in vivo and in vitro, often leading to the development of various types of cancers, including skin, lung, liver, urinary tract, prostate, and hematopoietic cancers. Potential mechanisms of arsenic toxicity in cancer include genotoxicity, altered DNA methylation and cell proliferation, co-carcinogenesis, tumor promotion, and oxidative stress. On the other hand, the FDA-certified drug arsenic trioxide provides solutions for various diseases, including several types of cancers. Detoxification from arsenic includes chelation therapy. Recently, investigations of the capability of some plants, such as Eucalyptus camadulensis L., Terminalia arjuna L. and Salix tetrasperma L., to remove arsenic from polluted soil and water have been studied. Moreover, nanophytoremediation is a green technology including the nanoscale materials used for absorption and degradation of organic and inorganic pollutants, such as arsenic compounds. This brief review represents an overview of arsenic uses, toxicity, epigenetics, and detoxification therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ethnomedicinal investigation was conducted from July 2019 to June 2020 in Raipura Upazila, Narshingdi district. The main aim of this study was to record, integrate and document all the scattered distributions of traditional healthcare knowledge of medicinal plants. Data collection of ethnomedicinal plants were performed through key informant interviews, field interviews, checklist interviews, Plant interviews, semi -structured interviews and group discussion. A total of 87 medicinal species with 114 formularies to treat 69 ailments have been recorded. These species belong to 49 families. Most frequently used plant species are trees (43%) followed by herbs (31%), shrubs (21%) and climbers (5%). Oral consumption is the main mode of treatment in the study area followed by external application. The reported ailments were classified into 15 disease categories. Maximum plant species were reported to treat diarrhoea and dysentery. The highest Factor informant consensus (Fic) value was found in respiratory category (fever, cold, cough, pneumonia).The most cited species for this category are Ocimum sanctum L., Nigella sativa L. and Jasticia adhatoda L. Cardiovascular disease showed second highest Fic value. The most cited plant species for this category are Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex D.C.) Wight & Arn., Tamarindus indica L. and Allium sativum L. In this survey, 8 species scored 100% Fl values for different disease categories. These are Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume, Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser, Tamarindus indica L., Momordica charantia L., Cocos nucifera L., Ocimum sanctum L., Leucus aspera (Willd.) Link. and Jasticia adhatoda L. Therefore, such plant species could be further analyzed for bioactive constituents that can lead to discovery of new and potential drugs. The study also revealed that the medicinal plants and traditional knowledge in Raipura Upazila are in threatened condition due to different disturbances and some suggestions have been recommended for conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and antibacterial potential of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight Arn. commonly called Arjun leaves essential oil and its major compound i.e., α-terpineol against phytopathogenic bacteria of rice and potato i.e., Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Dickeya zeae and Streptomyces scabies. The essential oil was extracted from the leaves by hydro-distillation method using Clevenger apparatus. The essential oil was characterized by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis which revealed the presence of 34 compounds having α-terpineol as a major compound. It was isolated from the essential oil by column chromatography and its purity was confirmed by 1H-NMR and IR studies. Both the essential oil and α-terpineol were tested for antibacterial activity against X. oryzae pv. oryzae, D. zeae and S. scabies using agar disc diffusion method. Arjun leaves essential oil was found ineffective against D. zeae but exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 38.5 and 40.0 ppm against X. oryzae pv. oryzae and S. scabies respectively. The major compound i.e., α-terpineol was found more effective than the essential oil against all the three tested bacteria with MIC values of 31.5, 29.5 and 27.0 ppm against X. oryzae pv. oryzae, D. zeae and S. scabies respectively. Hence it can be concluded that α-terpineol, a major compound in Arjun leaves essential oil may be used as a natural eco-friendly antibacterial agent against the above said phytopathogenic bacteria [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased accumulation of heavy metal ions such as Cr6+ and Co2+ due to release from prostheses and metallic implants has been reported. These metal ions have been shown to affect both resting and activated lymphocytes. Natural remedies towards mitigating the cytotoxic effects of metal ions are clearly warranted. Polyphenolic compounds which are part of hydrolysable tannins from natural plant sources are considered effective in cheating heavy metal ions in a biological system. We have isolated and characterized a polyphenolic compound (ellagic acid) from Terminalia arjuna fruits that has been tested for its ability to attenuate the metal ion toxicity in primary human lymphocytes in culture. Cr6+ and Co2+ (100 μM) decreased lymphocyte viability and proliferation and increased apoptosis of resting as well as CD3 and/or CD28-stimulated lymphocytes. Metal ions markedly diminished the cytokine (interleukin-2 and interferon-γ) secretion from activated lymphocytes. Pretreatment with ellagic acid at 25, 50, and 100 μM concentrations effectively improved viability and proliferative responses of both resting and activated lymphocytes, while attenuating the apoptotic index. Ellagic acid also tended to normalize the cytokine secretion from the activated lymphocytes even in the presence of metal ions, suggesting broad effects on the adaptive immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Green synthesis of Ag/RGO nanohybrid using Terminalia Arjuna bark was reported for the first time. • Nanohybrid exhibited high catalytic activity for reduction of harmful nitroaromatics and azo dyes. • Catalytic reduction of the nitroaromatics and azo dyes followed pseudo-unimolecular kinetics. • Nanohybrid exhibited excellent reusability and stability up to five recycle runs. In this study, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticle (Ag) decorated reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanohybrid using Terminalia Arjuna bark extract was reported for the first time. As-synthesized Ag/RGO nanohybrid was used as a highly active and recyclable green catalyst for the reduction of harmful nitroaromatics (p-nitrophenol and p-nitroaniline) and azo dyes (methylene blue, methyl orange and Congo red) with significant efficiency. The catalytic reduction of the nitroaromatics and azo dyes followed pseudo-unimolecular kinetics in the present study. Notably, the Ag/RGO nanohybrid exhibited excellent reusability and stability till five recycle runs. The present study can provide new insights into the growing interest of low-cost and environmentally benign methods for nanomaterial synthesis towards environmental remediation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion causes devastating damage to our machines and structures making the waste billions of dollars. Finding a proper solution to get rid of this problem is in high demand. Synthetic inhibitors are used to solve this problem but it is harmful to the environment. Stainless steel is also made which is too costly. Tremendous research is going on around the world to invent an efficient natural inhibitor. Terminalia arjuna has been used as medicine for the treatment of various diseases. In this paper, we tried to find its efficiency as a corrosion inhibitor where mild steel has been used as a specimen. It shows a maximum of 64.1% efficiency in a 0.2 M HCl medium which can further be improved by improving the experimental conditions. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy test suggests the reasons behind the inhibitions. Scanning electron microscopy test shows the surface morphology of the corroded samples and confirms less corrosion effect on mild steel in inhibited solution.

Background: Alcohol is a widely abused drug with many health implications, mainly caused by the oxidative and nitrosative stress on different body parts. Ayurvedic herbalism authenticates the multiple therapeutic applications of Terminalia arjuna bark due to its rich phytochemical repertoire. Objective: To observe the extent of oxidative damage caused to erythrocytes by alcohol and assess the protective ability of T. arjuna bark powder aqueous extract (AETA) against the damage. Materials and methods: Wister albino rats were categorized into four groups of eight rats per group; first group (control) was fed with glucose, second group was given alcohol at a dose of 20% v/v; 5g alcohol/kg b. wt/day, third group was co-administered with AETA (0.5 g/kg b. wt/day) and alcohol and the fourth group was kept on bark extract alone. Blood samples were collected and evaluated for different biochemical parameters after the completion of the treatment period. Results: Alcohol significantly increased the erythrocyte membrane protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, along with a concomitant decrease in the membrane antioxidant status, when compared to the control group. Chromatographic analysis of the alcohol-treated rat erythrocyte membranes revealed altered membrane individual phospholipid contents and fluidity properties. Alcohol-induced morphological changes in the erythrocytes and its effect on decreasing the resistance of hypotonic shock induced by NaCl are evident from the hemolysis curves. However, AETA administration to alcoholic rats beneficially modulated the membrane properties anvd protected erythrocytes from damage. Conclusion: Results suggest that AETA protects erythrocytes from alcohol-induced oxidative stress, biophysical, and biochemical changes very effectively.

Fungal pathogens are able to cause serious infections to human. Candidiasis caused by Candida species and pulmonary aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus may occur as secondary complication in immunocompromised patients. Meanwhile, biologically guided isolation of bioactive constituents from natural sources represents a promising strategy in drug discovery process. In this concern, the antimicrobial screening of 11 plants collected from Egypt was performed against several microbes. Terminalia arjuna flower extract was among the most active extracts against C. albicans. The antifungal potential of n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions of T. arjuna flower were tested against C. albicans, A. fumigatus and Fusarium avenaceum. Results revealed a potent activity of EtOAc extract against C. albicans (100% inhibition, MIC=7.81 µg/mL). Chromatographic investigation of T. arjuna flower afforded nine compounds; ß-sitosterol (1), stigmasterol (2), ß-sitosterol-3-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (3), rosamultin (4), niga-ichigoside Fl (5), luteolin (6), apigenin (7), gallic acid (8) and methyl gallate (9). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using different spectroscopic techniques especially 1D and 2D NMR. Among the isolated compounds, the two triterpenoid glycosides (4) and (5) have not been previously tested for antifungal potential. The current study indicated moderate activity of rosamultin (4) and niga-ichigoside Fl (5) (MIC 250 µg/mL) against C. albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethanol extracts of Terminalia chebula and Terminalia arjuna were studied for the determination of phytochemical constituents, in vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase, inhibitory, and antimicrobial activities. Results of phytochemical analysis showed that T. arjuna has significant phenolic and flavonoid contents (108.2 mg PEs/mg extract and 74.2 mg QEs/mg extract) respectively. T. chebula also showed good phenolic contents 113.4 mg PEs/mg extract and low value of flavonoids contents 8.91 QEs/mg extract correspondingly. The antioxidant activity was performed using three complementary assays, including lipid peroxidation inhibitory, metal chelating, and reducing power assays. The acetylcholinesterase assay was performed according to Ellman's method spectrophotometrically. The antibacterial and antifungal activity, however, was determined by the disc and well diffusion methods. Terminalia arjuna exhibited higher lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity (IC 50 : 57.7 ± 3.7 μg/mL), higher reducing power (A 0.5 : 0.63 ± 0.4 mg/mL), and higher metal chelating activity (IC 50 : 115 ± 5.01 μg/mL) that Terminalia arjuna. Both Terminalia species indicated high acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (IC 50 : 29.6 ± 3.9 and 29.7 ± 0.5 μg/mL, respectively). Promising antibacterial activity was recorded for Terminalia chebula (72.44 % and 60.0 %) against Bacillus sp. and Staphylococcus species with MIC values of 5.0 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively. Similarly, Terminalia arjuna (72.41 % and 63.33 %) revealed activity against Bacillus sp. and Staphylococcus species with MIC values of 2.5 mg/mL and 5.0 mg/mL. However, all the tested fungal strains were resistible to both species. In conclusion, Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia chebula may be significant sources of potential new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, which could be utilized to treat Alzheimer's disease. The plants are also recommended for further studies to isolate antimicrobial agents and lipid peroxidation inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rearing of tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), is practiced in outdoor conditions by the tribal communities on the forest-grown trees Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., and Terminalia tomentosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., under natural conditions. Insect pests and birds are the major threats to healthy cocoon production in the wild rearing of A. mylitta. The study assessed the pest problems faced by farmers in tasar sericulture and the traditional and innovative methods used for managing pests of the tasar silkworm. A total of 600 tasar silkworm rearers were interviewed from the study area in order to achieve objectives. The study revealed that the nine insect species belonging to seven families of four insect orders and eighteen bird species were the major pests of A. mylitta. Only sticky stick (Lassa) is a traditional method that was widely adopted by the farmers of Odisha (66.3%) and Madhya Pradesh (25.3%) for the management of insect pests of A. mylitta. The innovative methods included a polythene strip smeared with used engine oil for ants, the wind operated auditory device and bird scaring gun were found effective in scaring the birds under field conditions. These traditional and innovative methods appeared as efficient, low cost and an alternative to the chemical and other methods currently employed for pest management in tasar sericulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major objective of the study was to understand regrowth after an injury in 11 tropical tree species such as Albizia lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Delonix regia, Lannea coromandelica, Madhuca longifolia, Pongamia glabra, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Terminalia catappa, Senna siamea, Syzygium cumini and Terminalia arjuna. The study was conducted from January 2019 to January 2020 at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India. In the experiment, wood incision with a dimension of 15 cm x 15 cm was made on the outside of the tree trunks and its growth was calculated by graph paper drawing method. The results indicated that Lannea coromandelica which has no timber value, exhibited the fastest cambial growth compared to the other tree species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a facile synthesis method for bio-derived (from the bark of Terminalia arjuna and tea powder) phosphorus-functionalized materials (AB-P and TP-P). The resulting biobased flame-retardant (FR) materials exhibit excellent flame retardancy properties as they contain high amounts of polyphenolics, which can easily incorporate phosphorus functional groups in the composites. To investigate the effect of graphene on the flame retardancy property, we prepare graphene-functionalized AB-P and TP-P (i.e. GAB-P and GTP-P) FR materials. These FR materials are coated on cotton fabrics and their properties are examined by conducting a simple spirit flame test, a limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, and a vertical flammability test. The GAB-P- and GTP-P-coated cotton fabrics initially emit little smoke without catching fire and sustain up to 564 s and 540 s, respectively on continuous application of flame. By contrast, the control fabric burns within 5 s. The GO-coated fabric sustains up to 20 s. The LOIs and char lengths of AB-P, TP-P, GAB-P, and GTP-P are 36.4, 37.4, 49.5, and 51.9% and 11.3, 16.4, 2.2, and 3.5 cm, respectively. These results reveal that the use of graphene enhances the flame retardancy properties of the synthesized materials. This new approach could be useful for the mass production of cost-effective, bio-derived, phosphorus-functionalized materials for different applications, including as safe and efficient FRs. The present study based on the preparation of phosphorus containing flame retardants from natural extracts such as Terminalia arjuna bark and tea powder extract for cotton fabric. The as prepared FR materials shows excellent flame retardancy which have conformed from spirit lamp test, limiting oxygen index and vertical flammability test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is a multifactorial clinical condition and therefore can be managed in multiple pathways. Long time period use of modern antihypertensive drugs is associated with a spectrum of toxic and side effects. Modern antihypertensive drugs are not ideally effective owing to dependence, side effects, and cost. However, therapeutic interventions using herbal drugs for HTN have gained widespread attention worldwide. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the antihypertensive activity of polyherbal formulation (NIA/DG/2015/01) as an adjuvant with modern antihypertensive drug or as a stand-alone drug in cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced hypertensive albino rat model. Methods: The polyherbal formulation (NIA/DG/2015/01) comprises the bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) W and A, the root of Withania somnifera (Linn.), the rhizome of Nardostachys jatamansi DC., the root of Boerhaavia diffusa (Linn.), and whole plant of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. All the herbs were separately extracted in aqueous medium. Polyherbal formulation (90 mg/kg., p.o.), was evaluated using the CdCl2-induced hypertensive rat model using the Verapamil as a standard reference drug. HTN was induced in albino rats by intraperitoneal administration of CdCl2 (0.1% CdCl2 solution) 1 mg/kg/day for 15 days. After 15 days, intervention was started for 28 days, and blood pressure (B.P.) was measured in every 7th day. Results: Polyherbal formulation significantly reduced (P < 0.001, one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test and Dunnett's multiple comparison test) systolic and diastolic B.P. in CdCl2-induced HTN model when compared with Verapamil. Conclusion: Polyherbal formulation (NIA/DG/2015/01) possesses significant antihypertensive activity.

Introduction: Acne vulgaris has always been one of the most burning problems of the young population. Acne vulgaris like presentation in Ayurveda has been described as Shalmali thorn like eruptions on the face due to vitiation of Kapha, Vata, and Rakta under the heading of Mukhadushika. Very less scientific data is available depicting the effect of Ayurvedic intervention in such cases. Main Clinical Finding: Present case reports a 26 years old female having multiple acne for the past 6 months. She had papules and pustule with itching, pain, and blackish spots on cheeks. Diagnosis: Condition was diagnosed as Acne vulgaris (Ayurvedic diagnosis – Pitta-Kapha dominant Tridoshika Mukhadushika). Interventions: The patient was treated with Kaishor Guggulu, Raktaprasadakahima, and the local application of Terminalia arjuna powder mixed with honey daily for 1 month. Outcome: The patient had relief in all the symptoms after 15 days of treatment with no new eruptions. Complete remission of the disease was observed after 1 month of treatment with the improved skin condition. Conclusion: This case study demonstrates the potential and usefulness of Ayurveda in the management of acne vulgaris.

Terminalia arjuna(Roxb.) Wight and Arn. (family: Combretaceae) is a large evergreen cardioactive plant drug available throughout India. The bark of T. arjuna is medicinally used as a tonic and is chemically characterized by the presence of tannins and related compounds with 20.0–24.0% tannin content. This research study investigates the use of barks of T. arjuna for the extraction of color components to develop natural and beautiful shades on wool with different hues and tones using binary and ternary metal salt combinations (aluminum potassium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and stannous chloride). The dyeing was carried by exhaustion method and dyed samples were analyzed using a reflective spectrophotometer in terms of CIELAB (L*, a*, and b*) and color strength (K/S) values. Wash and light fastnesses were investigated according to (International Organization for Standardization)ISO standards. pH has marked effect on the K/S values of dyed woolen yarn. The results showed that overall 54 different shades having good to very good fastness properties were produced by control dyeing (un-mordanted) and the use of different metallic salt combinations in dyeing of wool using T. arjuna bark extract as a source of natural dye.

The present study was carried out to explore and document traditional ethnobotanical knowledge of indigenous rural communities of Shiwalik mountainous range regarding tree flora of the area, District Bhimber of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The local people of the area primarily depend on wild flora for life sustenance and cure of different infirmities. In this research, data was collected through visual appraisal and participatory rural approach using questionnaire method by applying semi-structured and structured-interview protocols (S4 Table). To validate and explore novelty of research work, various quantitative ethnobotanical indices like informant consensus factor, use value index, fidelity level, relative frequency of citation, relative importance of plants, rank order of priority, Jaccard index and priority ranking were used. The highest ICF was found for jaundice with 0.91 value followed by ICF values of 0.89, 0.86 and 0.85 for wounds, skin diseases and stomach pains, respectively. Fidelity level predicted that Azadirachta indica (Indian lilac tree) ranked first (100%) for its prevalent use in ethnomedicines. Highest use value index (0.61) was found for Azadirachta indica while the highest relative frequency of citation (55) was measured for Melia azedarach. The relative order of priority index was the highest for Azadirachta indica and Acacia arabica L. (ROP = 100) depicting their prevalent use in ethnomedicines. For EB study, the highest relative importance (50.8) was found for Azadirachta indica with good number of agro-uses and its seeds and bark are sold or marketed in local markets to prepare herbal therapeutics by indigenous practioners. The Jaccard index depicted that many traditional ethnomedicinal uses of prescribed trees were novel in recipe form or first time reported such as Senegalia modesta (Phulai) resin was used to prepare 'Panjoori' a local tonic prepared from cow or buffalo butter mixing with seeds of Papaver somnifera (Kashkhash) and Prunus amygdalus (Badaam). The wood of many trees like Pinus roxburghii (pine), Dalbergia sissoo (rosewood), Senegalia modesta (Phulai), Acacia. Arabica (kikar), Bombax cieba (cotton tree) is commercially sold as timber in markets (S3 Table). The research proved that population explosion and climate changes have triggered severe biotic and abiotic pressure on tree flora of the study area of Bhimber, AJK. The research describes that plants like Terminalia belerica (belerica), Terminalia arjuna (arjun tree), Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum), Butea monosperma (bastard teak), Phyllanthus emblica (Indian gooseberry), Morus laevigata (Shah toot), Bauhinia variegata (orchid tree) and Flacourtia indica (Indian plum/ kakoo) are threatened species and their population is highly reduced and if reclamation measures for their conservation are not taken, it may lead towards their complete loss from the area. This research recommends sustainable ethnobotanical use of tree flora, their growth and conservation for green and ecofriendly environment for safe and secure future of human generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in the laboratory to investigate the insecticidal potency of some plant powders (Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Lantana camara, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Malaleuca alternifolia, Terminalia arjuna, Ficus nitida, Taxodium distichum, Origanum majorana, Stems and covers of wheat kernels Triticum aestivum L) against the adult stage of Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Rhizopertha dominica (Fab). Mortality percentages were registered at three exposure periods (3, 6, and 9 days). Obtained results showed an increase in the mortality percentages of S. granarius and R. dominica in relation to the increase in concentration from 0.0625 to 1.0 g/g and of the exposure time from 3 to 9 days. Data revealed that O. majorana, with the lowest LC50 value (0.136 g), was the most toxic to S. granarius while M. alternifoli with LC50 value had the lowest toxic for the same insect pest. Among the tested plant powders for insecticidal activity, T. arjuna was the most effective in controlling adult R. dominica, with the LC50 of 0.140 g/g; while the least was in M. alternifolia with the LC50 of 0.306 g/g. The median lethal time (LT50) required to kill 50% was recorded. Although the mortality time of all treatments was decreased with increasing concentrations, differences in the median lethal time were found between the plant powders. The tested botanical powders represent valuable tools with the potential of integration into the management of both tested insect pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jatupalathika is composed of four dried fruit of Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb, Terminalia chebula Retz. var. chebula, Terminalia arjuna Roxb., and Phyllanthus emblica L. This research aimed to investigate the antiobesity potential of Jatupalathika aqueous extracts on the inhibition of fat accumulation and the induction of lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, compared with individual herbs in the formula, gallic acid, and ellagic acid at a series of concentrations of 10-100 µg/ml. The viability and proliferation of preadipocytes and differentiated adipocytes were analysed by the MTT technique. Lipid accumulation was measured by oil red O staining. The amount of triglycerides and glycerol released in the medium was analysed by a colorimetric method. Compared with the control, Jatupalathika extracts reduced fat accumulation (3.5 folds at 100 µg/ml) and triglyceride content (3 folds at 100 µg/ml), but increased glycerol release (4.5 folds at 10 µg/ml). These activities could be attributed to the synergy between gallic acid and other bioactive components in the formula. Moreover, Jatupalathika extract (100 µg/ml) decreased the % viability of both preadipocytes and differentiated adipocytes by 28.85±1.87% and 32.36±2.66%, respectively. It could be concluded that Jatupalathika extract effectively reduced fat accumulation by the inhibition of lipogenesis and adipogenesis and the induction of lipolysis, which could be related to the induction of cell apoptosis or a reduction in cell proliferation. This herbal formula might potentially be used in the prevention and treatment of obesity. However, further investigations on mechanism of action, in vivo effects, and toxicity of the formula need to be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Wang-Nam-Yen hospital recipe used as a traditional antidiabetic for a long time, but its beneficial properties have not been described. Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic mechanisms including anti-α-glucosidase, anti-α-amylase, anti-dipeptidyl-peptidase-4, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities, and wound healing effects of 26 medicinal plants that make up the Wang-Nam-Yen preparation were investigated. Results: Interestingly, most plants in this study inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase at excellent levels with higher potency than standard acarbose (18.2% ± 0.5). Hydnophytum formicarum, Urceola minutiflora, and Lagerstroemia speciosa, inhibited DPP-4 with more than 70% inhibition at 50 μg/mL (82.8%± 0.8, 71.9% ± 0.3, and 71.1% ± 0.1, respectively compared with standard Diprotin A at 50 μg/mL, 90.1% ± 0.4). Terminalia arjuna showed the highest inhibition in all anti-oxidation assays. Andrographis paniculata inhibited NO production at 90.1% ± 2.4, which was more effective than indomethacin (34.3% ± 2.4). Most of the herbs contained high amounts of terpenoids and flavonoids, which might play an important role in antidiabetic activity. The results demonstrated that H. formicarum extract exhibited the highest anti-DPP-4 activity (IC50 = 33.87 ± 0.02 μg/mL). When H. formicarum ethanolic extract was isolated, Palmitic acid (1) exhibited DPP-4 inhibitory activity at IC50 value of 73.82 ± 2.64 μg/mL, and a mixture of stigmasterol (2) and ß-sitosterol (3) at 78.58 ± 0.92 μg/mL. Conclusion: Many herbs in the Wang-Nam-Yen preparation possessed properties predictive for antidiabetic treatment. The results also suggest the possibility of further use of H. formicarum and its isolated compounds as a standard diabetic drug in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) is used to treat the turbid water at water treatment plants. As an alternative, natural coagulants are being tested as those are biodegradable and safe for human health. The study focused to test the locally available five different plant species as natural coagulants. Research Method: Turbid water samples were treated separately by 50ppm to 100ppm of PAC as a control, and powdered Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Arjun (Terminalia arjuna), Jack fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Clearing nut (Strychnos potatorum L.) seeds and Aloe (Aloe vera) as treatments. Turbidity, pH, and EC were measured before and after the treatments. The experiments were conducted as a full nested design to test the effect of coagulant variety and concentration on the turbidity removal with a mean comparison using Turkey's Studentized Range Test at 0.05 significant level. Findings: Moringa showed the highest turbidity removal efficiency of 84.8 (± 8.9) %. Arjun and Aloe demonstrated turbidity removal efficiency of 42.6 (± 6.71) %, and 34.9 (± 6.03) % respectively and it was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of Jack fruit 18.2 (± 9.3) % and Clearing nut 30.4 (± 23.7) %. This study concludes that among natural coagulants tested, Moringa has the highest capability of removing the turbidity of water. Research Limitations: Clearing nut seed powder was taken from a shop which may be of inferior quality compared to the fresh seed powder. Originality/value: There is a higher potential to use Moringa seed collected from the dry zone as a natural coagulant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the major causes of death in the world. Medicinal plants with thrombolytic properties may be used as an alternative to modern medicines for CVDs. The present study was aimed to evaluate the thrombolytic potential of six medicinal plants available in Bangladesh using an in vitro clot lysis method where streptokinase and ethanol were used as a positive and negative control, respectively. Ethanolic extract at a dose of 10 mg/ml of Arjun tree (Terminalia arjuna), Garlic (Allium sativum), Elephant apple (Dillenia indica), Amla (Phyllanthus emblica), Yellow mombin (Spondias pinnata) and Burmese grape (Baccaurea ramiflora) showed 14.18 ± 1.23%, 10.72 ± 0.78%, 8.25 ± 0.42%, 7.08 ± 0.64%, 5.42 ± 0.47% and 2.47 ± 0.19% clot lysis, respectively, whereas the standard drug streptokinase lysed 41.11±0.31% clot at a dose of 30,000 IU. From the data, it is evident that ethanolic extracts of six selected medicinal plants possess a moderate to insignificant thrombolytic activities. Among these plants, Arjun tree and Garlic exhibited the highest thrombolytic activity and the Burmese grape showed the lowest thrombolytic activity. Through our study, it could be concluded that Arjun tree, Garlic, and Elephant apple might be used as traditional healing purposes of CVDs. However, further animal studies will prove the scientific justification of their uses. Conservation efforts should be given for Arjun tree, Elephant apple, Yellow mombin, Burmese grape, and Amla to save these plants from extinction in [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A permanent forest dynamics study plot was established in Bannerghatta National Park (BNP) to understand the impact of climatic variability on deciduous forest trees. A 1 ha (100 m × 100 m) Permanent Preservation Plot (PPP) was established following the Centre for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS) protocol. All the woody plants (trees, shrubs, climbers) greater than 1 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) were tagged and measured. A total of 1,586 individuals were identified, tagged and included trees, shrubs, and climbers belonging to 28 flowering plant families with Olea dioica, Cipadessa baccifera and Ziziphus oenoplia as the dominant species. The tagged 1,586 individuals included 68 species with the top 10 species accounting for 74% of total abundance. The most ubiquitous species were Hiptage benghalensis and Ziziphus oenoplia occupying 23 quadrats out of the total 25. Terminalia arjuna had the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) followed by Olea dioica and Terminalia bellirica. Combretaceae with three species had the highest Family Importance Value (FIV) followed by Euphorbiaceae, Oleaceae and Rhamnaceae. A large number of species showed random dispersion which is not significant. However, in species having aggregated dispersion, the dispersion pattern is significant (P < 0.05). The plot has a mild undulation with 40% of the quadrats occupied by the presence of stream that comes alive during the monsoon. Plot is being monitored for recruitment, mortality and growth to understand the effects of climate variability on trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using cost effective and greener approach for water decontamination is the need of the time. Present work deals with the batch mode removal of anionic dye (Alizarin Red S) from water using biological materials Acacia nilotica leaves (KL), Terminalia arjuna nuts (AN) and Berri ptta capsule (BPC). Various parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, temperature, time were optimized to further conduct the isothermal, kinetics and thermodynamic studies. Isothermal studies revealed that qmax values were in the order. AN nuts (52.95 mg/g) > KL (42.546 mg/g) > BPC (40.60 mg/g) following pseudo second order kinetics model. The process of anionic dye removal is spontaneous and exothermic in nature. These biological materials proved very useful for water decontamination and therefore can be used on large scale.

Background and Aims: Periodontitis is irreversible plaque-mediated damage to gums and its supporting structures. Plaque is a niche of complex organisms forming biological associations for their attachment and sustenance, forming the basis for periodontal diseases. There is a vast diversity in oral microbiota, depending on the site. Dentition creates natural surfaces and barriers for the diversification of bacteria. For instance, periodontal bacteria differ between supra and subgingival tissues. The plaque mounted on the subgingival area chiefly houses gram-negative anaerobes such as Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The current study aims to compare and contrast the antimicrobial potential of Terminalia arjuna with commercially available mouth rinses against clinical isolates of periodontal bacteria based on the well-diffusion method. Materials and Methods: Preparation of Terminalia arjuna bark extract was done. For the detection of periodontal bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used. The well-diffusion method was used to test the antimicrobial activity. Results: The aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna showed minimum zone of inhibition of 23.33 ± 0.577 for Porphyromonas gingivalis and 24.33 ± 0.577 for Treponema denticola while the commercially available mouthwashes M1, M2, M3showed 29.33 ± 0.577, 29.33 ± 0.577, 24.33 ± 0.577, respectively towards Porphyromonas gingivalis and 29.66 ± 0.577, 27.33 ± 0.577, 25.66 ± 0.577, respectively towards Treponema denticola The results depicted nearly equal efficacy of Terminalia arjuna aqueous extract similar to those of commercial mouthwashes against the test bacteria. Conclusion: Antibacterial tests of Terminalia arjuna bark extracts showed promising results even at low concentrations. Hence, it can be an alternative to commercially available mouthwashes, which suffer from having numerous drawbacks ranging from burning sensation while in use to yellowing of teeth surfaces. Herbal medicines are considered to be much safer than other synthetic formulations and possess wide acceptance by people. Hence, this study forms a basis for future studies in this area.

Objective: To enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract by formulating its nanosuspension. Methods: Nanoprecipitation approach was used for the formulation of nanosuspension using polysorbate-80 as a stabilizer. The formulated nanosuspension was assessed for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential value and for in vitro dissolution study. Oral bioavailability studies were carried out in Wistar male albino rats by administering a single dose (50 mg/kg. b. wt) of the formulated nanosuspension and coarse suspension. The storage stability of the formulated nanosuspension was determined after three months of storage at room temperature and under the refrigerated condition. Mutagenicity assay was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of the formulated nanosuspension using two mutant strains (Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and Salmonella typhimurium TA98). Results: The mean particle size of the formulated nanosuspension was 90.53 nm with polydispersity index and zeta potential values of 0.175 and -15.7 mV, respectively. Terminalia arjuna nanosuspension showed improved dissolution rate and 1.33 fold higher oral bioavailability than its coarse suspension. The formulated nanosuspension also showed better stability under the refrigerated condition and was non-mutagenic against both strains. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that nanosuspension technology can effectively enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract.