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The European climate is changing displaying profound impacts on agriculture, thus strongly reaching the scientific community's attention. In this review, the compilation of selected scientific research on the agroclimatic conditions' changes and their impact on the productivity parameters (phenology timing, product quality and quantity) of grapevines and on the spatiotemporal characteristics of the viticultural areas are attempted for the first time. For this purpose, a thorough investigation through multiple search queries was conducted for the period (2005–2021). Overall, increasing (decreasing) trends in critical temperature (precipitation) parameters are the reality of the recent past with visible impacts on viticulture. The observed climate warming already enforces emerging phenomena related to the modification of the developmental rate (earlier phenological events, shortening of phenological intervals, lengthening of the growing season, earlier harvest), the alteration of product quality, the heterogeneous effects on grapevine yield and the emergence of new cool-climate viticulture areas highlighting the cultivation's rebirth in the northern and central parts of the continent. The vulnerability of the wine-growing ecosystem urges the integration of innovative and sustainable solutions for confronting the impacts of climate change and safeguarding the production (quantity and quality) capacity of viticultural systems in Europe under a continuously changing environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent severe droughts and climate change projections have caused rising worries about the impacts of a warmer and drier climate on forests and the future of timber production. While recent trends in thermal and hydrometeorological climate factors have been studied in many regions on earth, less is known about long-term change in climate variables most relevant for tree health and productivity, i.e., temperature (T), precipitation (P), climatic water balance (CWB), and SPEI aridity index in early and mid-summer, when leaf unfolding and peak stem growth take place. Here, we analyze T, P, CWB, and SPEI trends separately for all growing season months (April-September) during the 1948–1982 (before the recent warming) and 1983–2017 periods (after the onset of warming) in their spatial variation across the North German Lowlands based on a dense climate station network. While trends in thermal and hydrometeorological variables were weak from 1948 to 1982, we find a significant decrease in April precipitation and increase in July precipitation from 1983 to 2017 throughout much of the study region, while June precipitation has decreased locally by 10 mm or more (or up to 20%). The cumulated growing-season CWB has deteriorated by up to 30 mm from 1948–1982 to 1983–2017 in most of the region except at the North Sea coast, where it became more favorable. Recent climate aridification is more pronounced in the drier South-east of the study region with a more continental climate, as indicated by stronger negative P, CWB, and SPEI trends for April, May, and June. We conclude that water availability especially in the physiologically important months April and June has deteriorated in the larger part of the North German Lowlands since the 1980s, increasingly impairing hydrometeorological forest growth conditions. The identified trends may serve as early-warning signals of anticipated future loss in tree vitality.

Previous studies demonstrated decreasing body size of birds in response to rising temperatures. Recently, Neate-Clegg et al. documented that birds have been becoming larger in an Afromontane forest over four decades. This highlights the complexity of morphological responses to climate, the importance of context, and the need to study phenomena in a diversity of regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship between the main characteristics of animal husbandry in the regions of the Russian Federation and the most common types of hazardous weather phenomena that occur on their territories. Empirical data for 1991-2019 were obtained from the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet) and the Federal Statistical Service of the Russian Federation. Using the methods of classification and mathematical-statistical analysis, five classification groups of regions of the Russian Federation with different livestock specialization were obtained and described. In each of the selected classification groups, the features of the manifestation of a whole spectrum of adverse weather phenomena of a hydrometeorological nature were studied. It has been determined that the most prone to weather risks are highly productive regions (the share of livestock products reaches from 4% to 8% in the Russian Federation) and regions with a low level of self-sufficiency in livestock products (less than 0.5%, respectively). In the course of the study, special attention was paid to small businesses, as the category of rural producers most vulnerable to climate risks. It has been established that large agricultural organizations are less affected by them. Over the past 30 years, heat waves, wind and floods have become the main damaging weather risks in the regions of livestock specialization over the past 30 years. Heat stress is the main climatic trigger for the decrease in the number of farm animals in farms of all categories. It is shown that the greatest influence of changes in the parameters of the climate system on the development of animal husbandry occurs through indirect links: the emergence of new pests and the emergence of diseases, new ways of their transmission; changes in the quality of forage crops and the availability of feed and water; reproductive and genetic variation. The impact is long-term and cumulative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel viscoelastic-viscoplastic thermo-mechanical model is proposed in the article. • Material model simulates viscoelastic, viscoplastic deformation, and impact response. • Model captures energy components: viscous dissipation, plastic work, residual energy. • Temperature increase is calculated via apparent heat capacity method. • Effectiveness and accuracy of the model have been validated with experimental data. In hypervelocity impact (HVI) events, the thermo-mechanical behaviors of polymer materials are significantly influenced by viscous effects, thereby affecting energy absorption and shielding performance. A viscoelastic-viscoplastic thermo-mechanical model was newly developed to simulate the mechanical behavior and heat generation of polymer materials under HVI. The viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive equation and the Mie-Grüneisen equation of state (EOS) were applied to describe the deviatoric deformation and strongly nonlinear volumetric compression behavior. Moreover, the heat generation was calculated considering contributions from plastic work, irreversible entropy increase, and viscous dissipation which was not considered in the previous HVI numerical model. The temperature increase was calculated through adopting the apparent heat capacity method. The model was coded and seamlessly integrated into the LS-DYNA program through a user-defined material subroutine. Additionally, the FEM-SPH adaptive method was adopted to accurately simulate the fragmentation which always accompanies in the HVI event, wherein the finite element method (FEM) handles contact and deformation behavior, while the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method addresses the formation and motion of debris clouds. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) was selected as the sample material, and its model parameters were calibrated based on the data from quasi-static and dynamic experiments. Good effectiveness and accuracy have been validated through comparing the simulation results and experimental results from the literatures. A noteworthy feature is that the model has the capability to capture the temperature distribution and various energy components induced by the impact, including viscous dissipation, plastic work, and residual energy. Finally, a comparison was made to explore the influence of viscosity on the impact response of UHMWPE plates. The analysis results indicate that material viscosity significantly improves energy absorption capabilities and overall shielding performance. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We addressed the single impact of soil warming on tree water use and canopy stomatal conductance of two different tree species. • Tree species with anisohydric stomatal strategy could enhance water use under soil warming, while isohydric species like S. superba decrease tree transpiration with warming in subtropical regions. • Whole-tree hydraulic traits are hardly affected by climate warming. • Soil water content is less influenced under warming in subtropical regions. As air temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) increase continuously, forests are losing more water through evapotranspiration, with large consequences for local and global hydrological cycles. In regions with high vegetation cover, soil warming can be more pronounced than warming of the air because of reduced air movement in the forest understory and high heat conduction in the soil. Hence, soil warming could further amplify climate change impacts on forest water uptake and use. Yet, the independent effects of persistent soil warming on tree transpiration remain highly uncertain, especially in sub-tropical forests where soil temperature rise has been considerable in recent years. We carried out a long-term soil warming experiment (+2 °C) in a mixed subtropical forest dominated by the relatively anisohydric Acacia auriculiformis and isohydric Schima superba. Throughout the dry and wet seasons, we tracked whole-tree transpiration (E L), night-time water recharge (E L_night), hydraulic conductivity (K), and canopy stomatal conductance (G s) on mature trees of both species. We found that E L and G s of A. auriculiformis increased (+ 41 % and + 5 %, respectively) while it decreased in S. superba (- 5 % and - 21 %, respectively) with soil warming. However, no changes in K were found for either species. Moreover, soil warming did not change the sensitivity of E L and G s to VPD in both species, but the reference canopy stomatal conductance (G sref) was influenced. Our results suggest that soil warming significantly alters tree canopy transpiration, independently of air temperature. In sub-tropical climates, species with anisohydric stomatal strategy, such as A. auriculiformis , could take up more water and continue to transpire under both high and low VPD, potentially leading to increased nutrient and carbon uptake, and growth. In contrast, isohydric species like S. superba seem adversely affected by soil warming, which may compromise its dominance in subtropical forests in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Increasing temperature trends are expected to impact yields of major field crops by affecting various plant processes, such as phenology, growth, and evapotranspiration. However, future projections typically do not consider the effects of agronomic adaptation in farming practices. We use an ensemble of seven Global Gridded Crop Models to quantify the impacts and adaptation potential of field crops under increasing temperature up to 6 K, accounting for model uncertainty. We find that without adaptation, the dominant effect of temperature increase is to shorten the growing period and to reduce grain yields and production. We then test the potential of two agronomic measures to combat warming‐induced yield reduction: (i) use of cultivars with adjusted phenology to regain the reference growing period duration and (ii) conversion of rainfed systems to irrigated ones in order to alleviate the negative temperature effects that are mediated by crop evapotranspiration. We find that cultivar adaptation can fully compensate global production losses up to 2 K of temperature increase, with larger potentials in continental and temperate regions. Irrigation could also compensate production losses, but its potential is highest in arid regions, where irrigation expansion would be constrained by water scarcity. Moreover, we discuss that irrigation is not a true adaptation measure but rather an intensification strategy, as it equally increases production under any temperature level. In the tropics, even when introducing both adapted cultivars and irrigation, crop production declines already at moderate warming, making adaptation particularly challenging in these areas.

Grassland provides high nutritive forages for ruminants being a main factor in feeding beef and especially dairy cattle. Changes in precipitation patterns, asides rising temperature and CO2 concentration, will severely affect forage species and modify the nutritive value, and this in turn will also impact animal performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of water stress on agronomic parameters and the nutritive value of orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) in mountainous permanent grassland, under i) ambient (C0T0) and ii) future (C2T2) climate conditions with increased temperature (+3 °C) and elevated CO2 (+300 ppm). To simulate water stress, a drought experiment was conducted during the experimental period. The experiment took place at the Agricultural Research and Education Centre (AREC) Raumberg-Gumpenstein in Styria (Austria) from 2016 to 2018. Experimental plots were harvested in a 3-cut-system and plant samples were analysed for development stage, leaf weight ratio (LWR) and tiller height and weight. The nutritive value was determined by analysing crude protein (CP) and its fractionation, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), NDForg, ADForg, metabolizable energy (ME) and digestibility of organic matter (DOM), among others. The results showed that water stress did not alter the development stage of orchard grass, but decreased tiller height and weight under ambient climate conditions. Furthermore, an increase in ME and DOM, and a decrease in NDForg and ADForg occurred under water stress. In combination with elevated temperature and CO2, water stress improved CP, WSC, ME and DOM, and decreased NDForg and ADForg. Conclusively, water stress improved specific nutritive parameters but, in some circumstances, caused a decline in biomass production.

The stability and balance of forest ecosystems have been seriously affected by climate change. Herein, we use dendrochronological methods to investigate the radial growth and climate response of pioneer tree species in the southern margin of cold temperate coniferous forest based on Populus davidiana growing on the Greater Hinggan Mountains in northeastern China. Correlations of P. davidiana growth with temperature and precipitation in a year (October–September) were rhythmically opposed: while temperatures in previous October–June (winter and spring) and in May–September (growing season) respectively inhibited and promoted radial growth on P. davidiana (p

Temperature changes and their differences were analyzed and compared in a comparative test was conducted between the two planting modes of broader-row ridges with double-shallow-furrow film mulching and bare land in Fuyu County, one of the main maize producing regions of Heilongjiang Province, in May-June 2018, with the soil temperature of 5cm below ground and the near-surface air temperature of 5cm above ground were continuously observed for 24 hours. And the temperature-increasing characteristics and advantages of the shallow-furrow film mulching planting mode were further evaluated. Results show that compared with the bare land, the shallow-furrow film mulching planting mode has a significant warming effect. The temperature increase was mainly at the early stage of maize seed germination, emergence and early stage of seedling growth, that is, before the film mulch was broken and the air was released, and the surface soil temperature and near-surface air temperature significantly increased by 2.8℃ and 6.1℃, respectively. The temperature rose both in the daytime and at night, and the warming effect was greater during the day than at night. At the late stage of seedling growth, that is, after the film mulch was broken, the surface soil temperature and near-surface air temperature dropped slightly, but the temperature decrease was mainly in the daytime, while the temperature increase was distinct at night. The diurnal temperature range was reduced by 3-4℃ on average. During the filming period, the daily minimum temperature of surface soil temperature and near-surface air temperature showed consistent increase, and the minimum surface soil temperature increased significantly by 2.0℃. The shallow-furrow film mulching planting mode increased the integrated temperature by 35% compared with that of the bare land, and the growth period was reduced by 8 days. Results also show that the shallow-furrow film mulching planting mode has obvious effects on temperature increasing during the emergence and growth of maize seedlings, which can reduce the impact of low temperature and strong winds in the maize seedling period, and can provide the basis for improving the utilization rate of heat resources, scientific introduction and optimizing planting structures. This mode is fully operated by machines, which is easy and favorable for large-scale extension. It has vast potential for further application in maize production in cold regions like Heilongjiang Province and other northeastern regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim To determine the internal P loading potential of semiarid tropical reservoir sediment while verifying the driving factors that affect P release rates. Methods An experiment was performed with water and sediment from the reservoir Boqueirão de Parelhas in Brazil. The effects of three variables on P release were studied: air temperature (region average of 28 °C and 32 °C, simulating an increase of 4 °C), pH (region average of pH 8, more acidic pH 6 and more alkaline pH 10) and oxygen (presence and absence). In addition, P fractionation analysis was performed on the P forms in the sediment. Results It was found that the minimum P release was in an oxic treatment at pH 6 and temperature 28 °C (0.22 mg m-2 d-1 ± 0.13) and the maximum P release in an anoxic treatment at pH 10 and temperature 32 °C (2.1 mg m-2 d-1 ± 0.15). The total P in the sediment was 597 mg kg-1, and the major P form in the sediment was NaOH-rP, the P bound to aluminum, corresponding to 42% of the total P. Conclusion These results allow us to confirm that the sediment of the Boqueirão reservoir is susceptible to the release of P bound to aluminum due to the prevalence of this form in its sediments concomitant with the high temperatures and alkaline pH of the water. This scenario can be aggravated by climate change.

Background: This study aimed to compare the temperature increase produced by halogen bulb (HAL) and light-emitting diode (LED) light curing units (LCUs) by irradiating dentin discs (0.5 mm and 1 mm thickness), and to evaluate their cytotoxic effects on fibroblast culture in the presence of dentin discs due to the increasing demand on resin composite restorations and teeth bleaching for esthetic purposes. Methods: A total of 20 bovine incisors were used to obtain dentin discs and divided into four experimental groups (n=10): HAL0.5: irradiation with halogen-tungsten bulb Curing Light XL 3000 at an intensity of 470 mW/cm 2 over a dentin disc of 0.5 mm; LED0.5: irradiation with LED Optilight Max (GNATUS- Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil) at an intensity of 1200 mW/cm 2 over a dentin disc of 0.5 mm; HAL1: irradiation as in HAL0.5 but over a dentin disc of 1 mm; LED1: irradiation as in LED0.5 but over a dentin disc of 1 mm. The temperature increase was measured using a digital thermometer and the cytotoxicity was evaluated using an MTT assay with a mouse fibroblast cell line (L929). Parametric Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey and non-parametric data were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis with Conover-Iman for non-parametric data (all with α=0.05). Results: A significant statistical difference was found between the groups HAL0.5 and HAL1 and both were different of LED0.5 and LED1 which presented higher temperature. All the experimental groups were different of the control group (without irradiation), and promoted reduction of cellular viability. Conclusions: HAL LCU promoted a lower temperature change in the dentin compared to LED, regardless of the dentin thickness (0.5-1 mm). Both HAL and LED LCUs decreased fibroblast viability; however, LED promoted more significant cytotoxic effects.

Plastic behavioural adjustments represent a powerful mechanism for animals to respond to severe environmental changes. For instance, animals may use distinct resources, which could enhance their fitness, because of increased temperatures. Such shifts in resource use may be observed in egg laying female insects, modifying host plant preference under challenging conditions. Indeed, females are expected to increase their selectivity towards high-quality host plants when experiencing high compared with benign temperatures. In this study, we examined whether female Bicyclus anynana butterflies can enhance their reproductive performance by modifying host plant use in response to challenging temperature regimes. Towards this end, we investigated (1) whether exposure to variable thermal conditions affected reproductive output when females had access to only one host plant, and (2) whether this in turn affected the oviposition preference for host plants of different quality under laboratory conditions. We expected hot conditions to reduce the reproductive performance (egg number, offspring survival and performance) of butterflies. Such deleterious effects may, however, be counterbalanced by a higher selectivity for high-quality plants when females have simultaneous access to plants of different quality. We found that the reproductive performance of butterflies was indeed reduced when they experienced hot conditions. These temperature effects were only observed when butterflies only had access to a low-quality plant. However, individuals did not increase their selectivity towards the higher-quality host plant in response to hot conditions, possibly because of fecundity costs associated with increased choosiness. Our results illustrate the limits of plastic behavioural adjustments in response to changing environmental conditions under laboratory conditions. Further studies are, however, necessary to clarify whether this lack of plasticity is also observed in wild animals, which may limit their adaptability in the face of climate change. • Female butterflies lay fewer eggs on low-quality host plants under hot conditions. • Butterflies did not target plants of better quality under hot conditions. • This lack of selectivity probably results from its associated fecundity costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the influence of bone density, orthodontic mini-implant (OMI) size, and the surgical procedure on temperature increase during implant site osteotomy and placement. OMIs of different sizes (2.0 × 7, 2.3 × 7, 2.0 × 11, and 2.3 × 11 mm) were placed in artificial bone blocks of different densities (D1–D4). Optionally, the drilling and insertion angle was 90° or 60° to the bone surface. A total of 640 OMIs were inserted, and predrilling was performed in 320 cases. All insertions were done without irrigation with an axial load of 20N, which resulted in 64 groups. Temperature measurements were performed during implant site preparation and placement using Type-K-thermocouples. Mean temperature increase differed for OMI osteotomy between 1.38 °C and 8.75 °C and placement between 3.8 °C and 18.74 °C, respectively. Critical thermal increase was especially reached during placement using long implants. Increasing bone density and implant size (diameter

Copyright of Journal of Crops Improvement / Majallah-i Bih/zirā̒ī-i Kishāvarzī is the property of University of Tehran and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

High yielding ruminant livestock require high nutritive value in forage for maintenance, growth and production. Climate change has been documented as impacting on the nutritive value of forage plants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of increased temperature in combination with CO2-enhancement on the nutritive value of orchard grass (cocksfoot; Dactylis glomerata L.), as a C3 model plant, widespread in mountainous permanent grassland plant communities. Functional traits and forage quality of orchard grass were investigated both under ambient (C0T0) and under simulated, future climate conditions (C2T2) with increased temperature (+3°C) and enhanced CO2 concentration (+300 ppm) under field conditions. Plant samples were taken from each of the three growths over a period of three consecutive years and numerous functional properties and forage quality parameters were determined. Special attention was paid to the determination of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), crude protein (CP), non-protein N (NPN) and metabolizable energy (ME) as possible indicators for different climatic conditions. It is hypothesized that (i) functional traits and (ii) forage quality of orchard grass are altered by increased temperature and higher CO2 concentration. The results showed a negative impact of C2T2 compared to C0T0 on tiller height (54.4 v. 70.6 cm) and weight (2.42 v. 3.22 g) as average over cuts and years. The NPN content was lower in C2T2 (312 g/kg CP) compared to C0T0 (339 g/kg CP). In contrast, the WSC content was higher in C2T2 (90.3 g/kg DM) compared to C0T0 (82.5 g/kg DM). Both ME content and digestibility were increased in C2T2 (9.18 ME/kg DM and 68.2%) compared to C0T0 (8.86 ME/kg DM and 65.4%). Concluding, under increased temperature and enhanced CO2, both functional traits and certain nutrients and their fractions appear to change in orchard grass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrestrial biomes are the main reservoirs of biodiversity and CO2 on the planet. In South America, they play a crucial role in climate regulation and biodiversity conservation. Despite scientific advances and recent efforts, there is still no detailed analysis of trends in surface air temperature and precipitation changes until the end of the 21st century and magnitude of change for South America’s terrestrial biomes. In this study, we used the annual mean of temperature and annual cumulative precipitation variables provided by WorldClim (version 2.1) from an ensemble of five Global Circulation Models from the most recent simulations of the CMIP6 project. We used four-time intervals between 2020 and 2100, combined at two climatic trajectories (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5), to map climate change scenarios’ trend magnitude in South America. Also, we evaluate the exposure level of the nine terrestrial biomes according to their respective vegetal cover densities. Our results indicate that in the two possible futures evaluated (SSP2-4.5 & SSP5-8.5), the terrestrial biomes of South America would be exposed to climatic conditions that are not analogous to the current ones. The results indicate a persistent and long-term annual temperature trend increase, indistinctly for all terrestrial biomes and a significant moisture reduction in forest biomes. The consolidation of such climate scenarios can make potentially modify water and carbon cycling patterns and promoting biodiversity loss, mainly at forest biomes, with probably more severe effects under the pessimistic scenario.

Realistic predictions of climate change effects on natural resources are central to adaptation policies that try to reduce these impacts. However, most current forecasting approaches do not incorporate species-specific, process-based biological information, which limits their ability to inform actionable strategies. Mechanistic approaches, incorporating quantitative information on functional traits, can potentially predict species- and population-specific responses that result from the cumulative impacts of small-scale processes acting at the organismal level, and can be used to infer population-level dynamics and inform natural resources management. Here we present a proof-of-concept study using the European anchovy as a model species that shows how a trait-based, mechanistic species distribution model can be used to explore the vulnerability of marine species to environmental changes, producing quantitative outputs useful for informing fisheries management. We crossed scenarios of temperature and food to generate quantitative maps of selected mechanistic model outcomes (e.g., Maximum Length and Total Reproductive Output). These results highlight changing patterns of source and sink spawning areas as well as the incidence of reproductive failure. This study demonstrates that model predictions based on functional traits can reduce the degree of uncertainty when forecasting future trends of fish stocks. However, to be effective they must be based on high spatial- and temporal resolution environmental data. Such a sensitive and spatially explicit predictive approach may be used to inform more effective adaptive management strategies of resources in novel climatic conditions.

Purpose To evaluate the temperature changes in primary teeth pulp chambers of different dentin thicknesses during polymerization of four glass ionomer-based restorative materials. Materials and Methods Eighty extracted, caries-free, primary molars were prepared as standardized Class I occlusal cavities with dentin thicknesses of 1 mm and 2 mm. Four glass ionomerbased restorative materials, Dyract XP, Photac Fil Quick Aplicap, Fuji II LC, and GCP Glass Fill, were placed in the cavities and cured with two light-curing units. Temperature increases (initial temperature, 37°C) in the pulp chamber during polymerization were recorded by a J-type thermocouple in a pulpal microcirculation set-up. The data were analyzed with Variance analyses and Tukey tests. Results The temperatures recorded in samples with dentin thicknesses of 1 mm and 2 mm exhibited statistically significant differences (p<0.05). The GCP Glass Fill group exhibited the highest temperature increases for both dentin thicknesses (p<0.05). The other groups were not statistically different but the Dyract XP group exhibited the least temperature change. Conclusion The highest temperature changes were observed for 1 mm dentin thickness. All temperature increases during polymerizations and setting reactions were lower than the corresponding critical values 5.5°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Climatologie is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To examine the ablation zone, muscle contractions, and temperature increases in both rabbit liver and kidney models in vivo for a custom-made high-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) generator. A total of 18 New Zealand white rabbits were used to investigate five H-FIRE protocols (n = 3 for each protocol) and an IRE protocol (n = 3) for the performance of the designed H-FIRE device in both liver and kidney tissues. The ablation zone was determined by using histological analysis 72 h after treatment. The extent of muscle contractions and temperature change during the application of pulse energy were measured by a commercial accelerometer attached to animals and fiber optic temperature probe inserted into organs with IRE electrodes, respectively. All H-FIRE protocols were able to generate visible ablation zones without muscle contractions, for both liver and kidney tissues. The area of ablation zone generated in H-FIRE pulse protocols (e.g., 0.3–1 μs, 2000 V, and 90–195 bursts) appears similar to that of IRE protocol (100 μs, 1000 V, and 90 pulses) in both liver and kidney tissues. No significant temperature increase was noticed except for the protocol with the highest pulse energy (e.g., 1 μs, 2000 V, and 180 bursts). Our work serves to complement the current H-FIRE pulse waveforms, which can be optimized to significantly improve the quality of ablation zone in terms of precision for liver and kidney tumors in clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mountains are strongly seasonal habitats, which require special adaptations in wildlife species living on them. Population dynamics of mountain ungulates are largely determined by the availability of rich food resources to sustain lactation and weaning during summer. Increases of temperature affect plant phenology and nutritional quality. Cold-adapted plants occurring at lower elevations will shift to higher ones, if available. We predicted what could happen to populations of mountain ungulates based on how climate change could alter the distribution pattern and quality of high-elevation vegetation, using the "clover community-Apennine chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata" system. From 1970 to 2014, increasing spring temperatures (2 °C) in our study area led to an earlier (25 days) onset of green-up in Alpine grasslands between 1700 and 2000 m, but not higher up. For 1970–2070, we have projected trends of juvenile winter survival of chamois, by simulating trajectories of spring temperatures and occurrence of clover, through models depicting four different scenarios. All scenarios have suggested a decline of Apennine chamois in its historical core range, during the next 50 years, from about 28% to near-extinction at about 95%. The negative consequences of climate changes presently occurring at lower elevations will shift to higher ones in the future. Their effects will vary with the species-specific ecological and behavioural flexibility of mountain ungulates, as well as with availability of climate refugia. However, global shifts in distributional ranges and local decreases or extinctions should be expected, calling for farsighted measures of adaptive management of mountain-dwelling herbivores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smarter, more filigree, and resource-saving buildings are the aim of developments in the construction industry. In reinforced concrete construction, ultra-high strength concretes have been developed to achieve these goals. Due to their use and requirements, these highly pressure-resistant materials are increasingly exposed to cyclically occurring and high-frequency loads. Examples of this are applications in long-span bridges or wind turbines. Research into the fatigue behaviour of the new construction material is therefore very important for the standardization and practical introduction of the high performance material. In this article, we want to investigate the heating process of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) under fatigue stress in more detail. In previous investigations in this project, an influence of the heating on the fatigue strength could be determined. A systematic parameter study has defined decisive load configurations for a maximum heating process. The aim is now to better understand the heating process. For this purpose, the temperature generation rate and the temperature release, which probably influences the overall temperature development, are investigated. A test program with eight experiments gives information about the temperature release during the experiment and the heating rate with and without pre-damage in the sample. In addition, the causes of failure caused by temperature are investigated with additional insulated tests. The results are presented, discussed, and conclusions are drawn in the article. For instance, fatigue damage affects the rate of temperature increase, but not the thermal conductivity of the material. In the different configurations, the test specimens essentially overlap at the maximum temperature reached in the inner test specimen. In addition to the assumed influence of the temperature gradients in the cross section as a cause of premature failure due to additional constraint stresses, the maximum temperature in particular turns out to be decisive, independent of the gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environment of our planet likes simply like a greenhouse. Practically 50% of the sun's lights arriving at the earth are reflected from the earth. Atmospheric climate is described via carbon dioxide, methane, water stream, ozone, nitrogen oxides, and so others, which are additionally called ozone depleting substances. On these gases, they reflect a portion of the sun beams reflected from the earth back to the earth. The effect of environmental change isn't only an expansion in temperatures. Plants, creatures and biological systems just as human networks are at genuine hazard because of components, for example, dry season, floods, serious tropical storms, expanded recurrence and impact of extraordinary climate occasions, raised sea and ocean water levels, expanded causticity of the seas, softening icy masses. An impermanent dampness lop-sidedness is called dry season territorially. Its long-haul indication permits time to take the fundamental measures for dry season, however dry spell is the most noticeably terrible calamity after some time. The drought, which can manifest itself everywhere after the moisture balance deteriorates, can be felt even in areas with high precipitation. Drought has been effective in Iran as in many countries around the world and the duration of drought has been constantly increasing in the last 20 years. As a result of the study, it was determined that the yield of dry products will decrease in the future. As a precaution, it is recommended to complete the dams and ponds, transfer water between the basins and switch to modern irrigation systems. Drought has a complex structure that affects many sectors of the economy and extends this effect far beyond regions with drought. The reason for this is that water is an indispensable factor in production. The majority of the Konya Closed Basin water supply is supplied from groundwater due to the low level of above-ground water sources, limited alternative irrigation sources or full efficiency. Konya Closed Basin has significant water potential. However, the increasing agricultural activities in recent years have caused excessive and unplanned water use, and thus the surface and groundwater levels have decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has a detrimental impact on human health. Overexposures can lead to erythema and DNA damage causing various skin cancers, including the most dangerous melanoma. Recently, a large increase in melanoma incidents has been detected in Europe. We search for a link between the increase of the skin cancer incidence rate and early spring (April) trends in surface UVR and meteorological parameters (temperature, cloudiness, and precipitation) for several European sites: Belsk (Poland), Oslo (Norway), Reading (UK), and Uccle (Belgium). The trends are calculated for the periods of 1980–2004 and 2005–2018 using ground‐based UV measurements and the reconstructed data by a multilinear regression model. The April trends are of special interest because after winter the human skin is not adapted to high UVR intensity and thus susceptible to solar exposure. Statistically insignificant UV trends are found for all stations except for Belsk with the trend of ~5% per 10 years in the former period. Positive trends of 0.5–1.0°C per 10 years (statistically significant) were calculated for all stations in the mean daily maximum temperature of April in the period 1980–2018. In April, total ozone values are negatively correlated with the daily maxima of the surface temperature, so if the temperature is higher than 15°C, the corresponding total ozone values will go below the long‐term mean, causing more intense surface UVR. Moreover, high temperatures in April may encourage people to stay longer in the sun and expose parts of the body previously covered by winter clothing, which may result in numerous sunburns yielding a higher risk of melanoma. Thus, social campaigns promoting healthy scenarios of outdoor activities should start earlier than before, that is, at the beginning of spring not just before the summer vacation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mediterranean climates, many deciduous fruit trees are unable to meet their seasonal chill requirements, a situation that may be exacerbated by global warming. Modeling approaches can be used to assess the impacts of climate change on tree crops for the past and forecast possible impacts for the future. We apply modeling approaches to assess climate change impacts on Chilean fruit production in nine major agricultural sites. Using a weather generator, we obtained 100 years of plausible weather data for scenarios produced by 15 climate models for two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Winter chill, safe winter chill (both quantified in Chill Portions - CP), and the percentage of years with spring frost were estimated for two reference years, 2050 and 2085. Projections show a considerable chill reduction in northern regions in all future scenarios. Relatively stable conditions are projected for southern regions, whereas most of the central sites are expected to lose between 10 and 15 CP by 2050. For 2085, expected chill reduction is much more severe. The percentage of years with spring frost is projected to decrease in all locations, varying according to RCP scenario and year. Results highlight that in northern sites, some species may fail to meet their chill requirements in the future. In other regions, strategies to mitigate the effects of chill shortfalls may become critical to ensure adequate yields. Results may be useful for geneticists, breeders, physiologists, dormancy researchers, and growers making production decisions, e.g., on selection of appropriate species and varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although cell-anatomical variables are promising proxies reflecting seasonal as well as annual climate changes, their interdependencies are not yet fully understood. In the present study we assessed the changes in tree-ring width and various wood anatomical traits, including wall thickness, lumen diameter and tracheid diameter in the radial direction in saplings of Pinus sylvestris under six climatic conditions: 5°C warmer alone (ET) or combined with drought in June (ETJ) and in August (ETA) and CO2 enrichment alone (EC, 770 ppm) or combined with drought in June (ECJ) and in August (ECA). The experiments related to temperature conditions using 2-year saplings and CO2 conditions using 3-year saplings were completed in 2009 and 2010 in a greenhouse, respectively. Results showed that tree-ring width and tracheid diameter were not affected by any of the conditions applied, but the lumen diameter was larger and the wall thickness was thinner than those under control conditions. These reactions were verified under ETJ in the warming treatment and under all conditions under CO2 enrichment conditions. Our results indicated that drought counteracted the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on wood anatomical properties, signifying complex interactions between the two major effects of climate change. Our comparison of wood parameters through experiments highlight the potential effect of climate change — increased drought stress due to higher temperatures and water shortage as well as elevated ambient CO2, on tracheid lumen diameter and wall thickness. Whereas the ring-width and tracheid diameter practically remained unaffected under the above-mentioned conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, to examine the impact of distance, angle and frequency on the human head during the regular functioning of a mobile phone, a head model is constructed via COMSOL software dataset. The handset antenna has been configured with a patch antenna being a radiation source at 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2100MHz, respectively. Temperature increase and specific absorption rate distribution on the user’s head with various angles and distances are simulated by using finite element method. Moreover, the simulations are also repeated during the voice and video calls with varying distances. It is observed that the values that are obtained in the simulations are in good agreement with the basic limitations set up by IEEE and ICNIRP, designating that the safety restrictions will not be dared by the usage of user.

Solar panels have been widely criticized for their weather dependence and slowly improving efficiency. Several external factors can further increase the efficiency of solar panels, e.g., shading effect and surface contamination. We investigated the warming effect and the negative impact of these factors on energy production during the research. The continuous operation at high temperatures can modify the crystal structure of solar cells in these hot spots. The electroluminescence (EL) images and thermal imaging measurements show crystal structure failure. In addition to structural damage and rapid aging of the solar cells, contaminants can cause power losses of up to 10%.

Within the tomato clade, Solanum chilense is considered one of the most promising sources of genes for tomato (S. lycopersicum) selection to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we compared the effects of drought, high temperature, and their combination in two cultivars of S. lycopersicum and six populations of S. chilense, differing in their local habitat. Plants were grown at 21/19 °C or 28/26 °C under well-watered and water-stressed conditions. Plant growth, physiological responses, and expression of stress-responsive genes were investigated. Our results demonstrated strong variability among accessions. Differences in plant growth parameters were even higher among S. chilense populations than between species. The effects of water stress, high temperature, and their combination also differed according to the accession, suggesting differences in stress resistance between species and populations. Overall, water stress affected plants more negatively than temperature from a morpho-physiological point of view, while the expression of stress-responsive genes was more affected by temperature than by water stress. Accessions clustered in two groups regarding resistance to water stress and high temperature. The sensitive group included the S. lycopersicum cultivars and the S. chilense populations LA2931 and LA1930, and the resistant group included the S. chilense populations LA1958, LA2880, LA2765, and LA4107. Our results suggested that resistance traits were not particularly related to the environmental conditions in the natural habitat of the populations. The expression of stress-responsive genes was more stable in resistant accessions than in sensitive ones in response to water stress and high temperature. Altogether, our results suggest that water stress and high temperature resistance in S. chilense did not depend on single traits but on a combination of morphological, physiological, and genetic traits.

Atmospheric CO2 enrichment affects C3 crops both directly via increased carbon gain and improved water use efficiency and indirectly via higher temperatures and more frequent climatic extremes. Here we investigated the response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Triso) to CO2 enrichment (550 vs. 380 µmol/mol) and heat, applied as a constant +4°C increase or a typical heat wave either before or after anthesis, or as two typical heat waves before and after anthesis. We applied a climate chamber approach closely mimicking ambient conditions. CO2 enrichment increased above‐ground biomass and yield by c. 7 and 10%, but was not able to compensate for adverse heat stress effects, neither before nor after anthesis, with few exceptions only. Yield depression due to heat stress was most severe when two heat waves were applied (−19%). This adverse effect was, however, compensated by CO2 enrichment. Applying heat stress before or after anthesis did not exert different effects on yield for both +4°C warming and heat wave application. However, +4°C depressed yield more than a heat wave at ambient CO2, but not so at elevated CO2. Thus, the interactive effects were complex and prediction of future wheat yield under CO2 enrichment and climate extremes deserves more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing temperature trends are expected to impact yields of major field crops by affecting various plant processes, such as phenology, growth, and evapotranspiration. However, future projections typically do not consider the effects of agronomic adaptation in farming practices. We use an ensemble of seven Global Gridded Crop Models to quantify the impacts and adaptation potential of field crops under increasing temperature up to 6 K, accounting for model uncertainty. We find that without adaptation, the dominant effect of temperature increase is to shorten the growing period and to reduce grain yields and production. We then test the potential of two agronomic measures to combat warming‐induced yield reduction: (i) use of cultivars with adjusted phenology to regain the reference growing period duration and (ii) conversion of rainfed systems to irrigated ones in order to alleviate the negative temperature effects that are mediated by crop evapotranspiration. We find that cultivar adaptation can fully compensate global production losses up to 2 K of temperature increase, with larger potentials in continental and temperate regions. Irrigation could also compensate production losses, but its potential is highest in arid regions, where irrigation expansion would be constrained by water scarcity. Moreover, we discuss that irrigation is not a true adaptation measure but rather an intensification strategy, as it equally increases production under any temperature level. In the tropics, even when introducing both adapted cultivars and irrigation, crop production declines already at moderate warming, making adaptation particularly challenging in these areas. Plain Language Summary: Global warming affects yields of grain crops, which are at the base of human diets. We use crop models to quantify its impacts on global crop production and to assess how adaptation could compensate for the adverse effects. We find that up to 2 K of increased temperature production can be maintained at the current level by using new cultivars, selected to maintain current growing period length under warming. Irrigation, as another management strategy, is shown to have the potential to increase yields in dry regions if water is available. However, models do not indicate that irrigation reduces the crops' sensitivity to warming. We find large differences in the yield response to warming and adaptation across climatic regions. While continental and temperate regions may benefit from higher temperatures but also show sizable adaptation potentials, tropical and arid regions show largest temperature impacts and smaller adaptation potentials. After all, these two crop management options appear effective to balance the effects of moderate warming but cannot fully compensate impacts above 2 K of warming. Key Points: Without agronomic adaptation, the dominant effect of temperature increase is to shorten growing periods and to reduce yields and productionAdaptation via cultivars that maintain current growing periods under warming can compensate global production losses up to 2 KIrrigation would act as intensification rather than true adaptation, as it hardly affects the sensitivity of crop yields to warming [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the combined effects of increased temperatures and copper on the early live stages of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the blue mussel Mytilus edulis as well as their hybrids. For this purpose, developmental abnormalities was measured after 48 h of exposure as well as a battery of oxidative stress markers such as, antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation measured as malondialdehyde accumulation (MDA) and metallothionein contents (MT) and related gene expression pattern. Embryotoxicity and metal accumulation in tissues of mussel larvae exposed to a sublethal concentration of copper (10 μg/L) along with a slight temperature increase from 18 °C to22 °C were significantly increased after 48 h of exposure. Co-exposure to Cu and elevated temperatures significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activities termed as, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and being maintained at 22 °C only in pure M. galloprovincialis (PG) larvae and female galloprovincialis x male edulis hybrid larvae (HFG). A significant decrease in mRNA abundance of cat, sod, gst gene transcription levels was showed in the same species. Furthermore, metallothionein accumulation increased significantly in PG D-larvae exposed to copper at 22 °C. The same pattern was observed in term of gene expression of MTs cognates (mt-10 and mt-20). Significant increase of MDA levels in pure M. edulis (PE) larvae and their female M. edulis x male M. galloprovincialis hybrid larvae (HFE) combined with a low MTs content were observed. Overall, this study provides clues about the relatively higher resistance and resilience of M. galloprovincialis species compared to M. edulis species under environmental pollution and future climate change scenarios. Unlabelled Image • Cooper and temperature induce embryotoxic effects in Mytilus sp Early life stages. • Antioxydants and target gene expression varied with metal and temperature exposure. • Pure M. galloprvinicilais are resistant to cooper and T° increase compared to Pure M. edulis. • Hybrides frome female galloprovincilias are more resistant than Hybrides from Female Edulis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaner, more filigree, and resource-saving constructions are the development goal of the in the building industry. In reinforced concrete construction, a ultra-high strength concrete was developed to achieve these goals. Due to its use and requirements, this very pressure-resistant material is no longer only exposed to static loads. In applications such as wide-span bridges, machine foundations and wind turbines, the susceptibility to vibration is also significant. Research into the fatigue behavior of the new building material is therefore very important. In this article we will discuss the effect of heating up of high performance concretes under fatigue stress. The thesis is that warming up, which was already observed by several research groups, has an influence on the fatigue strength. Changes in the strength of the concrete or residual stresses generated by heating can lead to early failure. The aim is to find the reasons for the heating and the grade of influence on the fatigue strength. A systematic test program was developed to investigate the influencing parameters maximum stress level, frequency, and maximum grain size of the concrete. Thirty fatigue tests were carried out; the results will be presented here. The influence on the temperature increase as well as on the heating rate for the individual parameters will be discussed. The results show that all three discussed parameters have a significant influence on the temperature rise. Whereas the maximum temperature reached depends strongly on the frequency, the other two parameters mainly influence the heating rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic and terrestrial organisms are being exposed to a number of anthropogenically-induced environmental stresses as a consequence of climate change. In addition, climate change is altering various linkages that exist between ecosystems on land and in water. Here we compare and contrast how climate change is altering aquatic and terrestrial environments and address some of the ways that the organisms in these ecosystems, especially the primary producers, are being affected by climate change factors, including changes in temperature, moisture, atmospheric carbon dioxide and solar UV radiation. Whereas there are some responses to climate change in common between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (e.g., changes in species composition and shifting geographic ranges and distributions), there are also responses that fundamentally differ between these two (e.g., responses to UV radiation). Climate change is also disrupting land-water connections in ways that influence biogeochemical and hydrologic cycles, and biosphere-atmosphere interactions in ways that can modify how aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are affected by climate change and can influence climate change. The effects of climate change on these ecosystems are having wide-ranging effects on ecosystem biodiversity, structure and function and the abilities of these systems to provide essential services. Unlabelled Image • Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are affected by anthropogenic climate change • Organisms respond by poleward migrations and upward migration • CO 2 negatively affects many aquatic organisms by ocean acidification • Increased water temperatures result in shoaling of the upper mixed layer • Changes in precipitation, hurricane frequency and rising seawater affect terrestrial habitats [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adaptation of plants to future climatic conditions is crucial for their survival. Not surprisingly, phenotypic responses to climate change have already been observed in many plant populations. These responses may be due to evolutionary adaptive changes or phenotypic plasticity. Especially plant species with a wide geographic range are either expected to show genetic differentiation in response to differing climate conditions or to have a high phenotypic plasticity.We investigated phenotypic responses and plasticity as an estimate of the adaptive potential in the widespread species Silene vulgaris. In a greenhouse experiment, 25 European populations covering a geographic range from the Canary Islands to Sweden were exposed to three experimental precipitation and two temperature regimes mimicking a possible climate‐change scenario for central Europe. We hypothesized that southern populations have a better performance under high temperature and drought conditions, as they are already adapted to a comparable environment.We found that our treatments significantly influenced the plants, but did not reveal a latitudinal difference in response to climate treatments for most plant traits. Only flower number showed a stronger plasticity in northern European populations (e.g. Swedish populations) where numbers decreased more drastically with increased temperature and decreased precipitation treatment.Synthesis. The significant treatment response in Silene vulgaris, independent of population origin – except for the number of flowers produced – suggests a high degree of universal phenotypic plasticity in this widely distributed species. This reflects the likely adaptation strategy of the species and forms the basis for a successful survival strategy during upcoming climatic changes. However, as flower number, a strongly fitness‐related trait, decreased more strongly in northern populations under a climate‐change scenario, there might be limits to adaptation even in this widespread, plastic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Increasing temperatures may alter the stoichiometric demands of soil microbes and impair their capacity to stabilize carbon (C) and retain nitrogen (N), with critical consequences for the soil C and N storage at high latitude soils. Geothermally active areas in Iceland provided wide, continuous and stable gradients of soil temperatures to test this hypothesis. In order to characterize the stoichiometric demands of microbes from these subarctic soils, we incubated soils from ambient temperatures after the factorial addition of C, N and P substrates separately and in combination. In a second experiment, soils that had been exposed to different in situ warming intensities (+0, +0.5, +1.8, +3.4, +8.7, +15.9 °C above ambient) for seven years were incubated after the combined addition of C, N and P to evaluate the capacity of soil microbes to store and immobilize C and N at the different warming scenarios. The seven years of chronic soil warming triggered large and proportional soil C and N losses (4.1 ± 0.5% °C−1 of the stocks in unwarmed soils) from the upper 10 cm of soil, with a predominant depletion of the physically accessible organic substrates that were weakly sorbed in soil minerals up to 8.7 °C warming. Soil microbes met the increasing respiratory demands under conditions of low C accessibility at the expenses of a reduction of the standing biomass in warmer soils. This together with the strict microbial C:N stoichiometric demands also constrained their capacity of N retention, and increased the vulnerability of soil to N losses. Our findings suggest a strong control of microbial physiology and C:N stoichiometric needs on the retention of soil N and on the resilience of soil C stocks from high-latitudes to warming, particularly during periods of vegetation dormancy and low C inputs. Highlights • Warming triggered large and proportional C and N losses from these subarctic soils. • Weakly sorbed organic substrates in soil minerals were depleted predominantly. • Warmed soils were able to sustain a lower microbial biomass. • Strict microbial C:N stoichiometric demands also constrained N retention. • This impaired soil N storage and increased its vulnerability to C losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Temperature was shown to have a strong influence on microbial populations. • Archaea adapt slowly after temperature shock and are temperature specific. • Temperature tolerant Bacteria are the main drivers for a rapid recovery. • Methanobacterium is the first Archaea to recover after return to mesophilic condition. • Ruminococcaceae are driver of reactor resilience after return to mesophilic condition. Abstract Temperature is a key parameter of anaerobic digestion. Its modification can have drastic consequences on microbial communities and performances. However it can be an interesting parameter to adjust the productivity, energy efficiency or stability of bioreactors. The objective of this work was to give insights into the consequences of abrupt temperature modifications on the microbiota of anaerobic digestion. Two complementary experiments were performed. A continuously stirred lab-scale bioreactor (5-L) simulated the functioning of a semi-continuous industrial digester. Five batch-fed incubations (1-L) served as replicated experiments. Each experiment was divided into three successive steps: reactors were first operated at 35 °C followed by an abrupt increase to 55 °C and finally a decrease to 35 °C. After the first temperature shock, gas production rate increased temporarily and then fell for 1 month before a new steady-state was reached. When temperature was reset to 35 °C in step 3 gas production decreased sharply again. The semi-continuous reactor recovered after 15 days while the batch-fed incubations never recovered. Ecological changes associated to these performance drops and recovery were sought using 16S sequencing of Bacteria and Archaea and multivariate analyses. In brief, Bacteroidales order was rapidly and strongly affected by temperature increase, while Clostridiales became dominant in thermophilic conditions. Several thermotolerant Bacteria were identified as responsible for reactors early recovery, but were outcompeted by a very diverse bacterial population a few weeks after temperature shock. Methanosarcina and Methanobacterium Archaea dominated at 35 °C but were slowly replaced by thermophilic Methanoculleus or Methanosarcina at 55 °C that were essential to methane production. In step 3, when returning to initial temperature conditions after the thermophilic period, Ruminococcaceae and Methanobacterium appeared to drive digester resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Piezoelectric nonlinear vibration was represented by nonlinear Young's modulus. • Nonlinear coefficients increase with temperature increase. • Temperature increase and vibration loss interact and result in serious vibration suppression. • Combination of nonlinear transfer matrix and heat conduction equation described actual vibration behavior. For high-power piezoelectric devices, nonlinear vibrations and related increases in temperature are critical problems produced by large internal stress and strain. Such nonlinear vibrations have been studied by some researchers; however, the related increase in temperature has not been taken into consideration, because it is a complicated phenomenon. In this study, the mechanism underlying the interaction between nonlinear vibration and temperature increase in a piezoelectric transducer under high-power conditions was clarified. For this purpose, cubic terms of the mechanical strain, the nonlinear transfer matrix method, and the heat conduction equation were combined. Additionally, it is necessary to utilize the distributed parameter model because the temperature increase is not uniform. The calculation results obtained using the measured temperature dependence of material constants verified that the temperature increase significantly degrades the piezoelectric vibration. It is expected that the proposed model will prove indispensable in the development of piezoelectric materials for high-power piezoelectric devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract With the increased production and research on nanoparticles, the presence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in aquatic systems is very likely to increase. Although it has been shown that CNTs may cause toxicity in marine organisms, to our knowledge, the possible impacts under global temperature increase is still unknown. For this reason, biochemical and physiological impacts induced in Mytilus galloprovincialis due to the presence of functionalized multi-walled CNTs (f-MWCNTs) and increased temperature were investigated in the present study. The mussels exposed to increased temperature alone presented higher metabolic capacity and expenditure of glycogen as an energy resource to fuel up defense mechanisms and thus preventing oxidative damage. Contrarily, organisms exposed to f-MWCNTs alone seemed not stressed enough to demonstrate differences in the metabolism capacity. Furthermore, f-MWCNTs seemed not able to significantly activate their antioxidant and biotransformation enzymes, which in turn may led to oxidative damage in the cells especially when organisms were exposed to a warmer temperature. In fact, at higher temperature, the antioxidant response of organisms exposed to f-MWCNTs was not effective and oxidative damage levels were observed. Nevertheless, no additive or synergetic effects were observed when mussels were exposed to both stressors simultaneously. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Warming temperature increased the metabolic capacity of mussels. • Under increased temperature mussels were able to avoid cellular damage. • Oxidative stress was observed in the organisms exposed to carbon nanotubes. • The combination of stressors did not show an additive effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper examines the evolution of Romanian seaside tourism between 2008–2018 to find the connection between climate change and the number of total tourist arrivals. The vicious cycle of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change has become one of the most critical topics discussed due to its negative effect on the wellbeing of the planet and its impact on sustainable economic development in the long run. Various economic activities, including tourism, could be subject to dramatic changes due to global warming. Depending on the geographical location of tourist destinations, and the degree of fluctuation in climate indicators, there have been dramatic shifts in visitor flow. This situation has been aggravated as countries that were once famous for their summer season and seaside holidays are now affected by high temperatures. Such temperatures can hardly be tolerated by tourists, particularly those from the Nordic countries. By comparison, there are countries that have been known to have only two or three full summer months suitable for tourism at the seaside and which in the last years have had a more extended summer season. This situation could turn into a significant competitive regional economic advantage for countries such as Romania, at least in the short- and medium-term. In this context, we aim to investigate whether there are climatic conditions, such as the extension of the tourist season on the coast (in the case of destinations that have four seasons and are known for having a shorter number of summer days), that can be turned into advantages. In this regard, we have conducted exploratory research to analyse if there is a statistically significant correlation between the indicators regarding climate change and tourism arrivals on the Romanian seaside, namely Constanta county. For our study, we used secondary data, provided by the Romanian National Meteorological Administration and the National Institute of Statistics, and accumulated a detailed profile of Romanian seaside summer tourism in the context of actual climate changes and challenges. Climate change may have significant consequences on the tourism industry and economic growth as well. Information on the direct effects higher temperatures could have on tourism is lacking. Improving policy analysis is necessary to reduce uncertainties, further understanding, assess implications and enable the tourism industry to adapt to changing circumstances.