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The presented manuscript represents the superlative 1 × 2 MIMO antenna structure. Eight designs were analyzed by the patch elements' varying shapes and inserting the slits in the ground regions. The overall dimensions of the structure are 50 × 39 × 1.6 (mm3). The low-profile substrate FR4 is used for the fabrication, and the reflectance response of simulated and measured designs are compared. The insertion L shaped slits in the ground region and engraving of the patch elements provide the wider isolation bands. The minimum S 11 is −67.53 dB, a broader bandwidth of 5.653 GHz, and a peak gain of 8.72 dBi. The design concert also analyzed ECC, CCL, TARC and DG. These results reflect the presented design's behaviour as per the standard requirements. The response of the design is also compared with the previously published works to identify the improvement. The work targets wireless applications like WLAN, weather broadcast, Satellite and Military. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) MIMO antenna working at millimeter-wave is proposed in this research. It is composed of eight radiating elements with various shapes. It is designed with a rectangular structure and various carved slots. The carved slots are used to increase the antenna's bandwidth. The antenna's radiating elements are placed near one another, and thus, isolation is widespread. In order to improve the isolation of the MIMO antenna, parasitic elements and a defective ground structure are used. Antenna parameters such as Correlation Coefficient (CC), Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Diversity Gain (DG), and Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) depend on the isolation. Parasitic elements with a rectangular form are positioned between the radiating patches. Rectangular-shaped ground structures with defects comprise the ground plane. An FR-4 substrate is used to fabricate the antenna. The analysis of the antenna shows that there is less than -14dB return loss, less than -40dB isolation, less than 0.0010 crosscorrelation, less than 0.10 TARC, and higher than 500MHz bandwidth. The antenna uses a fractional bandwidth higher than 35% (UWB) for the 6GHz frequency and operates on a variety of bands. This antenna is suitable for many different wireless system applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We proposed the numerical investigation of Hilbert-shaped multiple-input multi-output (MIMO) with multi-band operation characteristics using graphene resonator material, which operates on the band of 1 to 30 THz of the frequency range. This numerical investigation of antenna structure was carried out for the multiple antenna types, consisting of graphene as a regular patch, Hilbert order 1, and Hilbert order 2 designs. This antenna is investigated for the multiple physical parameters, such as return loss, gain, bandwidth, radiation response, Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC), Mean Effective Gain (MEG), Directivity Gain (DG), and Channel Capacity Loss (CCL). These variables are also determined to verify compatibility and the difficulties connected with communicating over a short distance. The THz MIMO antenna that was recommended offers strong isolation values in addition to an operational band. The maximum gain of ~10 dBi for the band of <15 THz and ~17 dBi for the band of the >15 THz frequency range of the proposed antenna structures. The proposed antennas are primarily operated in three bands over 1 to 30 THz of frequency. This work aims to create a brand new terahertz antenna structure capable of providing an extraordinarily wider bandwidth and high gain while keeping a typical compact antenna size suited for terahertz applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is characterised by malignant Hodgkin Reed–Sternberg cells located in an inflammatory microenvironment. Blood biomarkers result from active cross‐talk between malignant and non‐malignant cells. One promising biomarker in adult patients with cHL is thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine (TARC). We investigated TARC as marker for interim and end‐of‐treatment response in paediatric cHL. In this multicentre prospective study, TARC levels were measured among 99 paediatric patients with cHL before each cycle of chemotherapy and were linked with interim and end‐of‐treatment remission status. TARC levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. At diagnosis, TARC levels were elevated in 96% of patients. Plasma TARC levels declined significantly after one cycle of chemotherapy (p < 0.01 vs. baseline) but did not differ at interim assessment by positron emission tomography (p = 0.31). In contrast, median plasma TARC at end of treatment was significantly higher in three patients with progressive disease compared to those in complete remission (1.226 vs. 90 pg/ml; p < 0.001). We demonstrate that, in paediatric patients, plasma TARC is a valuable response marker at end‐of‐treatment, but not at interim analysis after the first two chemotherapy cycles. Further research is necessary to investigate TARC as marker for long‐term progression free survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new compact and modified hexagonal-shaped circular MIMO antenna that operates in the band of 2.95–6.3 GHz is presented in this paper. This antenna covers the complete range of 5G sub: 6 GHZ (N77/N78 & N79) and WLAN bands. The design consists of two element MIMO antenna fabricated on low cost FR-4 substrate. In order to improve the isolation a vertical stub is placed between two elements. Isolation greater than 15 dB is achieved over the entire operating band. The suggested MIMO antenna is excited using an asymmetric feeding approach. Simulated and measured results from fabricated prototypes are in good agreement. Results confirm the diversity and radiation performance of the proposed MIMO antenna are good. The diversity metric parameters ECC, DG, TARC, CCL, and MEG values strongly agree. The construction is created on a FR4 substrate with dimensions of 20 × 34 mm2, 1.6 mm in height, and 4.4 as the constant. The structure has efficiency and gain values of above 83% and 0.2–3 dBi, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a novel ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for 5G millimeter-wave applications. The edge-to-edge distance between the radiation patches is 5.8 mm or 0.54 λ at 28 GHz. The proposed antenna gives wide impedance bandwidth from 20 GHz to more than 40 GHz covering the two recommended 5G operating bands: 28 and 38 GHz. The proposed antenna consists of two-planner parallel antennas allowing the use of two antennas on the same substrate within one enclosure to serve two sectors separately. The antenna is designed on a Rogers RT5880 substrate with a compact size of 32.9 × 29.2 × 0.254 mm3. In the proposed MIMO antenna, the isolation reduction is achieved by combining a pair of neutralization lines (NL) with five complementary square ring resonator (CSRR) structures to minimize the mutual coupling between the antenna elements. The isolation enhancement between MIMO elements is more than 30 dB. The metamaterial cells and NL result in more than 2 dBi gain enhancement. A maximum realized gain of 13.5 dBi is achieved at 28 GHz. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), and total active reflection coefficient (TARC) are improved; furthermore, mean effective gain (MEG) is calculated. The proposed antenna is designed and simulated on CST Microwave Studio 2019. The fabricated prototypes of the MIMO array show very good agreement with simulated results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC, also known as CCL17) is used as a biomarker for atopic dermatitis. The methods currently used for its measurement are complex, time-consuming, and require large machinery, warranting the need for a method that is simple, has a quick turnaround time, and requires less complex machinery. We evaluated the analytical performance of a novel latex turbidimetric immunoassay method, “Nanopia TARC”, on 174 residual serum samples from patients with skin or allergic diseases. This evaluation included the assessment of the limit of blank/detection/quantification (LOB/D/Q), precision, accuracy, linearity, interference, and commutability between Nanopia TARC and “HISCL TARC”, based on the chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) method. The LOB/D/Q values were 13, 57, and 141 pg/mL, respectively. The coefficient of variation of the repeatability was 0.9–3.8%, and that of the intermediate precision was 2.1–5.4%. The total error of the accuracy was 1.9–13.4%. The linearity was 141 and 19,804 pg/mL for TARC. The correlation coefficient between Nanopia TARC and HISCL TARC determined using the Passing–Bablok regression analysis was 0.999. Furthermore, the concordance of diagnostic criteria with AD was 92%. Nanopia TARC was confirmed to have the same analytical performance for TARC measurement as the existing CLEIA method.

This study proposes a compact four-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system to operate within a frequency range of 3.2–5.75 GHz to serve in 5G new radio (NR) sub-6 GHz n77/n78/n79 and 5 GHz WLAN with good impedance matching. To increase the isolation between the MIMO antenna elements with low complexity and cost, the antenna elements are orthogonally oriented to each other with distance spacing of $0.3\lambda _{\text {o}}$ between elements, including electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure, defected ground structure (DGS), capacitive elements (CE), and neutralization line (NL). The simulation results show that the measured mutual coupling between the array elements is improved from −20 to −45 dB. The envelope correlation coefficient is enhanced. In addition, the diversity gain, mean effective gain, and total active reflection coefficient are improved simultaneously. The suggested structure has been designed on CST Microwave Studio 2019. The antennas’ overall dimensions for all methods are the same as they approach 46 mm $\times46$ mm $\times1.6$ mm. The measured gain of the proposed designs ranges from 6 to 9 dBi, and the radiation efficiency approaches 90%. The antennas are fabricated and tested, where better experimental results are noticed compared to the simulation results. Our antennas are designed over FR-4 substrate with a noticeable cost reduction. Each antenna element has a dimension of 15 mm $\times23$ mm $\times1.6$ mm. An “EL” slot into the radiating element and two identical stubs coupled to the partial ground are used to improve the impedance matching and radiation characteristics across the bands of interest. The isolation decreases by 22 dB using the EBG method, reaching the value of −65 dB. Meanwhile, the isolation decreases by 19 dB using the DGS method, reaching −60 dB. Due to gaps between adjacent unit cells and the capacitance generated from the dielectric gap between the top metallic patch and ground plane, the EBG method gives the best results. However, in the CE method, capacitances resulting from the four transmission lines in the bottom side of the antennas (parasitic elements) decrease the isolation by 15 dB, reaching −40 dB. NL method makes the isolation to reach the value of −55 dB. Accordingly, the proposed antenna arrays support 5G NR sub-6 GHz n77/n78/n79 and 5 GHz WLAN, where n77 (3.3–4.2 GHz), n78 (3.3–3.80 GHz), and n79 (4.4–5.0 GHz) require a wideband coverage that extends from 3.3 GHz to at least 5.0 GHz.

This paper proposes a massive MIMO antenna operating on 6GHz frequency as millimeter-wave. It consists of eight dissimilar-shaped radiating elements. The radiating element of the antenna is designed using square shape with different cut slots. Parasitic elements and defected ground structure are introduced for the enhancement of the correlation coefficients and total active reflection coefficients of the MIMO antenna. The rectangular shape parasitic elements are placed between the square radiating patches. The ground plane consists of rectangular shape defected ground structures. The antenna is constructed on the FR-4 substrate. Parameters such as isolation, cross-correlation, and bandwidth are enhanced. The obtained through simulations antenna parameters values of return loss, isolation, cross-correlation, total active reflection coefficients, and bandwidth are less than -10dB, less than -9.30dB, less than 0.16, less than 0.00015, and greater than 200MHz respectively. The antenna operates on various bands with fractional bandwidth greater than 3% for a frequency of 6GHz. This antenna is useful for a variety of applications in wireless systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact DNB-MIMO antenna design and analysis for IoT application was proposed. The antenna radiator consists of 2 L-shaaped quarter-wavelengths and inverted 7-shaped radiators with a microstrip feed line, and partial ground plane with a size of 32 × 15 mm2. This antenna achieves a higher quality factor (Q > 10) and narrow band impedance matching at the central frequencies of 1.8 GHz and 2.4 GHz bands with approximately 8.2% and 6.2% bandwidth respectively. The suitability of the designed antenna for IoT applications is verified through the hosting device model. The proposed 4-port MIMO antenna has an overall size of 60 × 60 × 1.6 mm3, and it is printed on an FR4 substrate. The diversity add comma such as ECC, DG, TARC, MEG, and CCL, are calculated and there values are<0.19, 9.85 dB, < -25 dB, < -6 dB, < 0.19 bits/Hz/s, respectively, within the limits. The proposed antenna is integrated with the Zigbee module (lowercase) to analyze the performance for IoT applications at 2.4 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quad-port MIMO antenna is constructed and studied in this communication with single resonating bands (wideband) for WLAN & WiMAX applications. It is designed by etching out a circular slot from a patch placed on the front side of the substrate & a feeder line on the backside of the substrate. The proposed structure has ≤−10 dB impedance bandwidth of 2540 MHz (4.36–6.90 GHz). To legitimize the work attributes of the proposed MIMO antenna, diversity parameters such as total active reflection coefficient; envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) & diversity gain are calculated. The isolation is more than 25 dB, justifying the suggested design's acceptability as a quad-port MIMO antenna. The suggested design's examination revealed the steady performance and a high degree of agreement between the simulated and measured findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Asthma, a chronic inflammatory airway disease, is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and structural changes. Accurate postmortem diagnosis is crucial because of legal and insurance implications, necessitating differentiation from other causes of sudden death. Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) is a chemokine that potentially acts as a biomarker of asthma. This study evaluated the diagnostic value of serum TARC combined with immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels as biomarkers in forensic settings., Results: The subjects were 100 autopsy cases, categorized into fatal asthma (n = 25), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (n = 37), and traumatic deaths (n = 38). TARC levels were significantly elevated in asthma (525.68 ± 801.87 pg/mL) compared with AMI (180.35 ± 109.37 pg/mL) and trauma (173.26 ± 105.01 pg/mL) cases. Similarly, serum IgE levels were higher in asthma (3363.72 ± 7023.46 KU/L) than in AMI (130.92 ± 260.79 KU/L) and trauma (134.53 ± 195.41 KU/L) cases. ROC curve analysis showed that serum TARC had a sensitivity of 68.0 % and specificity of 73.6 % (AUC 0.763, cut-off value of 225 pg/mL). In comparison, serum IgE had a sensitivity of 80 % and specificity of 86.1 % (AUC 0.881, cut-off value of 307 KU/L). The combined use of TARC and IgE increased the diagnostic specificity to 95.8 %., Conclusions: Serum TARC and IgE are valuable biomarkers for diagnosing fatal asthma in forensic settings. While serum TARC levels correlate with Th2-mediated inflammation, the combined measurement of TARC and IgE enhances the diagnostic accuracy, providing significant specificity for confirming asthma diagnosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The effects of thermoactivated recycled concrete cement (TARC) on mortar as a partial replacement for cement was examined. TARC is derived from concrete waste through a series of processes. Different mortar mixtures were tested, ranging from 0% to 50% TARC in 10% increments. A comprehensive range of tests was conducted to assess the properties of the mortar, including fresh, mechanical, microstructure, and durability evaluations. The fresh test indicated that the incorporation of TARC impacted the flow of mortar, leading to reduced workability as the percentage of replacement increased. Regarding mechanical performance, using 20% TARC resulted in improved compressive strength, bulk density, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). Microstructural analysis using thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that the TARC mix exhibited advantageous thermal properties, enhanced FTIR spectra, and a denser microstructure, thereby enhancing the durability of the mortar. Overall, substituting OPC with TARC significantly reduces the carbon footprint associated with cement production, promoting sustainability and contributing to a circular economy in the construction industry.

This paper reports a 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 MIMO antenna configuration on FR4 substrate occupying the area of 1.43λo × 1.43λo mm2 (f = 3.58 GHz) and 2.14λo × 2.14λo mm2 (f = 3.50 GHz). The proposed design is exclusively developed for 5G: n77/n78 wireless band applications. The MIMO antenna comprises of Lotus-shaped radiating element with DGS (defected-ground-structure) in-ground and the addition of slits providing boresight radiation. All the radiating elements are placed orthogonally in a 4 × 4 configuration while pairs of antennas are also placed in the same fashion for 8 × 8 MIMO antenna configuration. The high isolation of more than 16 dB is achieved by using a novel decoupling structure in the ground. Also, the MIMO antenna are characterized with diversity performance including ECC, DG, TARC, CCL and MEG achieving permissible values of <0.005, ∼10 dB, <0 dB, <0.10b/s/Hz and ∼ −3 dB respectively. The peak gain corresponds to 4.51 and 5.02 dBi with radiation efficiency of more than 80% for 4 × 4/8 × 8 MIMO antenna configuration. The proposed antenna also offers desired 2D radiation patterns in principal planes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this manuscript, we have numerically investigated and experimentally verified the six-element split ring resonator and circular patch-shaped multiple input, multiple output antenna operating in the 1–25 GHz band. MIMO antennas are analyzed in terms of several physical parameters, such as reflectance, gain, directivity, VSWR, and electric field distribution. The parameters of the MIMO antenna, for instance, the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), channel capacity loss (CCL), the total active reflection coefficient (TARC), directivity gain (DG), and mean effective gain (MEG), are also investigated for identification of a suitable range of these parameters for multichannel transmission capacity. Ultrawideband operation at 10.83 GHz is possible for the theoretically designed and practically executed antenna with the return loss and gain values of −19 dB and −28 dBi, respectively. Overall, the antenna offers minimum return loss values of −32.74 dB for the operating band of 1.92 to 9.81 GHz with a bandwidth of 6.89 GHz. The antennas are also investigated in terms of a continuous ground patch and a scattered rectangular patch. The proposed results are highly applicable for the ultrawideband operating MIMO antenna application in satellite communication with C/X/Ku/K bands.

Summary The paper reports an experimental investigation of an 8 × 8 MIMO antenna fabricated on a commercially available FR4 substrate. A fractal printed monopole radiator is introduced as a good prospect for super‐wideband (2.85–20.0 GHz) multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (SWB‐MIMO) configuration. The MIMO antenna is printed on both the planes (Plane A and Plane B) where four antennas are printed on Plane A and remaining on Plane B which are fed asymmetric to achieve wider impedance bandwidth. An inverted‐L type strip is embedded in a rectangular elliptical slotted ground to match the impedance. Also, a circular ring is embedded on both planes with a novel stub connected to each antenna ground providing isolation of more than 30 dB. The diversity performance of the antenna is also investigated with measured envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) < 0.025, directive gain (DG) > 9.995 dB, total active reflection coefficient (TARC) < −40 dB, and channel capacity loss (CCL) < 0.30b/s/Hz in the entire operating band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the design, analysis, and realization of a new printed multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna with a very high gain and wide bandwidth for the millimeter‐wave (mm‐wave) 28/38 GHz fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) applications. The proposed MIMO antenna consists of four identical patch elements in a 2 × 2 configuration to achieve high gain with wide operating bandwidth. The proposed antenna holds an attractive compact size of 31.891 × 37.528 mm2. The proposed MIMO configuration is designed on a 0.508 mm thick Rogers‐5870 substrate material with a loss tangent of 0.0009 and a relative dielectric constant of 2.33. An effective technique for folding the feed line and applying a new protruding ground is introduced to obtain good mutual coupling. The fabricated prototype of the proposed antenna is tested to verify the simulation results for the validation of the suggested design approach. The suggested MIMO antenna exhibits −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 2.6 GHz (27.4–30.0 GHz) and 3.3 GHz (36.7–40.0 GHz) to cover the intended frequency range for 5G applications with isolation less than −22 band peak gains of 18 and 14.5 dBi at 27.5 and 38.8 GHz, respectively. To validate the MIMO performance of the proposed antenna several MIMO diversity parameters such as mean effective gain (MEG), envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), and diversity gain (DG) are evaluated. Determined results indicate ECC < 0.001, DG > 9.995, and an average MEG of −3 dB at the operating bands. The proposed antenna exhibits good agreement between the simulated and measured results, which confirm its suitability for forthcoming mm‐wave 5G MIMO systems and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this communication, a compact (30×30×1.6 mm³), and dual-port MIMO (multiple-input-multiple-output) antenna is observed with gain and isolation enhancement for X-band satellite communications. Four antenna designs (A1-A4) are systematically examined and anticipation of the proposed antenna (A4) has been significant for choosing antenna parameters and operations. A dual-band behavior at (8.81-9.35) GHz and (10.66-12.13) GHz with impedance bandwidth of 5.94 % and 12.90 % respectively for port-1, and (8.83-9.33) GHz and (10.60-11.40) GHz with impedance bandwidth of 5.50 % and 7.27 % respectively at port-2 is observed, and furthermore achieved the dual-resonances has 9.13 GHz and 10.93 GHz with peak gain of 5.54 dBi and 5.48 dBi respectively at port-1, and 9.06 GHz and 10.86 GHz with peak gain of 5.35 dBi and 5.75 dBi respectively at port-2. The proposed antenna has measured isolation ≤ -20 dB, ECC < 0.015, DG between (9.993-9.999) dB, TARC < -10 dB, antenna gain varies in the range of (5.35-5.75) dBi, VSWR is close to 1 and less than 2, group delay varying between (-0.90 to 0.40) ns and radiation efficiency is more than 70 % is obtained during the entire operating frequency bands. The simulated and measured results of the proposed antenna have been validated and minor deviation between simulated and measured results has been observed. The novelty of the proposed MIMO Antenna has a lesser size with highly isolated (between the ports), enhanced gain and better TARC as compared to reference Antenna's (cited in table 3) has been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that can significantly affect daily life by causing sleep disturbance due to extreme itching. In addition, if the symptoms of AD are severe, it can cause mental disorders such as ADHD and suicidal ideation. Corticosteroid preparations used for general treatment have good effects, but their use is limited due to side effects. Therefore, it is essential to minimize the side effects and study effective treatment methods. Dendrobium nobile Lindley (DNL) has been widely used for various diseases, but to the best of our knowledge, its effect on AD has not yet been proven. In this study, the inhibitory effect of DNL on AD was confirmed in a DNCB-induced Balb/c mouse. In addition, the inhibitory efficacy of inflammatory cytokines in TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells and PMACI-induced HMC-1 cells was confirmed. The results demonstrated that DNL decreased IgE, IL-6, IL-4, scratching behavior, SCORAD index, infiltration of mast cells and eosinophils and decreased the thickness of the skin. Additionally, DNL inhibited the expression of cytokines and inhibited the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. This suggests that DNL inhibits cytokine expression, protein signaling pathway, and immune cells, thereby improving AD symptoms in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transdermal sensitization to allergens is of great concern as a sensitization route for food allergies. This skin-mediated invasion and sensitization to allergens is involved in skin barrier breakdown and inflammation, followed by the production of several kinds of cytokines. Cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine are also involved. In this study, we investigated the suppressive effect of tannic acid (TA) on transdermal sensitization using ovalbumin (OVA), a major egg-white allergen. We also analyzed the mechanisms associated with the inhibitory effects of TA. The results showed that the co-application with TA prevents transdermal sensitization to OVA. As possible mechanisms, its anti-inflammatory and astringent effect on the skin and binding ability with the protein were considered. These results indicate that TA could be applied to cosmetics and lotions, which could suppress the transdermal sensitization to allergens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First, to reveal the involvement of PU.1 in the expression of TARC/CCL17, we performed PU.1 knockdown by introducing I Spi1 i small interfering RNA (siRNA) into bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs). Keywords: CCL17; dendritic cells; IRF4; PU.1; TARC EN CCL17 dendritic cells IRF4 PU.1 TARC 1054 1059 6 03/02/22 20220301 NES 220301 Abbreviations BALF bronchoalveolar lavage fluid BM bone marrow ChIP chromatin immunoprecipitation DCs dendritic cells EICE Ets-IRF composite element MCs mast cells MoDCs monocyte-derived DCs siRNA small interfering RNA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the members of the Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science for constructive discussions and technical support. This was useful way to evaluate the effect of exogenously overexpressed PU.1 on the expression of target genes because of the lower levels of PU.1, IRF4, and IRF8 in MCs in comparison with DCs. [Extracted from the article]

AbstractPurpose Topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs) are an important anti-inflammatory drug for treating atopic dermatitis (AD). However, those treatment responses are variable. In this study, we stratified AD patients by patterns of response to remission maintenance therapy (proactive therapy) with topical tacrolimus, a typical TCI. Thereafter, we explored patient features that predict the success or failure of proactive therapy using TCI (TCI proactive therapy).Methods A single-arm open-label clinical study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of TCI proactive therapy was conducted in 31 patients with AD. Patients were treated with TCS to induce remission (remission-induction period) followed by daily TCI ointment (0.1% tacrolimus) application for 4 weeks (maintenance therapy period), and twice-weekly application for 12 weeks (proactive therapy period). Based on its results, treatment outcomes were correlated with the patients’ clinical and laboratory findings.Results Of the 31 patients enrolled in the study, 21 successfully completed maintenance therapy (TCI responders). Among them, 13 completed (proactive-completed group) and 8 failed proactive therapy (proactive-dropout group). At the beginning of maintenance therapy, the serum IgE level was significantly higher in the TCI responders than in those who failed maintenance therapy (p = 0.049). At the beginning of proactive therapy, the mean-SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) score was significantly different between the proactive-completed (11.7 ± 4.6) and proactive-dropout (16.6 ± 4.2) groups (p = 0.025). In proactive-dropout group patients, worsened disease activity correlated well with the elevation of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) levels and peripheral eosinophil count.Conclusion AD patients were stratified into three different response patterns to TCI proactive therapy. Patients with less involvement of IgE in the pathogenesis and inadequate remission induction by TCS may not be expected to respond well to TCI proactive therapy.Key messagesAD patients can be stratified into three types according to their pattern of responsiveness to TCI proactive therapy.The efficacy of TCI proactive therapy is lower in AD patients with lower serum IgE levels.TCI proactive therapy should be done after the achievement of adequate remission induction by TCS.

Topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs) are an important anti-inflammatory drug for treating atopic dermatitis (AD). However, those treatment responses are variable. In this study, we stratified AD patients by patterns of response to remission maintenance therapy (proactive therapy) with topical tacrolimus, a typical TCI. Thereafter, we explored patient features that predict the success or failure of proactive therapy using TCI (TCI proactive therapy). A single-arm open-label clinical study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of TCI proactive therapy was conducted in 31 patients with AD. Patients were treated with TCS to induce remission (remission-induction period) followed by daily TCI ointment (0.1% tacrolimus) application for 4 weeks (maintenance therapy period), and twice-weekly application for 12 weeks (proactive therapy period). Based on its results, treatment outcomes were correlated with the patients' clinical and laboratory findings. Of the 31 patients enrolled in the study, 21 successfully completed maintenance therapy (TCI responders). Among them, 13 completed (proactive-completed group) and 8 failed proactive therapy (proactive-dropout group). At the beginning of maintenance therapy, the serum IgE level was significantly higher in the TCI responders than in those who failed maintenance therapy (p = 0.049). At the beginning of proactive therapy, the mean-SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) score was significantly different between the proactive-completed (11.7 ± 4.6) and proactive-dropout (16.6 ± 4.2) groups (p = 0.025). In proactive-dropout group patients, worsened disease activity correlated well with the elevation of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) levels and peripheral eosinophil count. AD patients were stratified into three different response patterns to TCI proactive therapy. Patients with less involvement of IgE in the pathogenesis and inadequate remission induction by TCS may not be expected to respond well to TCI proactive therapy. AD patients can be stratified into three types according to their pattern of responsiveness to TCI proactive therapy. The efficacy of TCI proactive therapy is lower in AD patients with lower serum IgE levels. TCI proactive therapy should be done after the achievement of adequate remission induction by TCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: The objective of this paper is to elucidate the role of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) as a marker of treatment response in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). Background: Most patients diagnosed with cHL can be cured today but about 20–30% still experience refractoriness/relapse. Positron emission tomography (PET) has been shown to not be the optimal tool, since 15–20% of patients relapse despite negative PET. There is an unmet need for new markers to predict response to treatment as early as possible and for surveillance of patients after completion of treatment to allow prompt intervention in case of signs of evolving relapse. Methods: Literature regarding the role of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) in cHL was searched and 13 studies between 2005 and 2020 with a total of 1433 patients were identified and reviewed. Conclusion: Reviewed studies suggest that TARC is one of the most promising markers, which can be used to improve treatment outcome in cHL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a complex disease characterized by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors for which, despite decades of intense research, diagnosis remains rather delayed, and most therapeutic options fail. Therefore, unravelling other potential pathogenetic mechanisms and searching for reliable markers are high priorities. In the present study, we employ the SOMAscan assay, an aptamer-based proteomic technology, to determine the circulating proteomic profile of ALS patients. The expression levels of ~1300 proteins were assessed in plasma, and 42 proteins with statistically significant differential expression between ALS patients and healthy controls were identified. Among these, four were upregulated proteins, Thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine, metalloproteinase inhibitor 3 and nidogen 1 and 2 were selected and validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in an overlapping cohort of patients. Following statistical analyses, different expression patterns of these proteins were observed in the familial and sporadic ALS patients. The proteins identified in this study might provide insight into ALS pathogenesis and represent potential candidates to develop novel targeted therapies.

We proposed the numerical investigation of Hilbert-shaped multiple-input multi-output (MIMO) with multi-band operation characteristics using graphene resonator material, which operates on the band of 1 to 30 THz of the frequency range. This numerical investigation of antenna structure was carried out for the multiple antenna types, consisting of graphene as a regular patch, Hilbert order 1, and Hilbert order 2 designs. This antenna is investigated for the multiple physical parameters, such as return loss, gain, bandwidth, radiation response, Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC), Mean Effective Gain (MEG), Directivity Gain (DG), and Channel Capacity Loss (CCL). These variables are also determined to verify compatibility and the difficulties connected with communicating over a short distance. The THz MIMO antenna that was recommended offers strong isolation values in addition to an operational band. The maximum gain of ~10 dBi for the band of 15 THz frequency range of the proposed antenna structures. The proposed antennas are primarily operated in three bands over 1 to 30 THz of frequency. This work aims to create a brand new terahertz antenna structure capable of providing an extraordinarily wider bandwidth and high gain while keeping a typical compact antenna size suited for terahertz applications.

Background: Detailed scoring systems such as the European Registry of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions (RegiSCAR) score for validating a diagnosis of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome are available, but there is no rapid, easy tool to identify DRESS at presentation.Objective: To identify the clinical, biochemical, and serologic markers predicting the DRESS syndrome and its severity.Methods: In this prospective observational study, 25 patients with the DRESS syndrome and 25 control patients with maculopapular drug rash were recruited. Baseline clinical, biochemical, and serologic markers, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) levels, were recorded and their utility in identifying the DRESS syndrome at presentation and predicting severity was analyzed.Results: The effectiveness of TARC level (>613.25 pg/mL), total body surface area (TBSA, >35%), hsCRP (>5 mg/L), eosinophils (>6%), absolute eosinophil count (>450 cells/mm3), and aspartate transaminase (>92 U/L) were statistically similar to the effectiveness of the RegiSCAR DRESS validation score (≥2) in diagnosing the DRESS syndrome. A combination model (TBSA at baseline, eosinophil count, and hsCRP) at the cutoff of 6.8 had a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 100%. Baseline serum TARC levels did not predict the DRESS severity or outcome.Limitations: Small sample size.Conclusion: The combination of TBSA involvement, eosinophil count, and hsCRP levels can predict the DRESS syndrome at presentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact size wideband circularly polarized (CP) 2-port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is designed for the fifth generation (5G) region under the sub-6 GHz band. The presented antenna has (≤ − 10 dB) impedance bandwidth of 900 MHz (3.3–4.2 GHz) and has 100% 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth. The antenna covers the potential 5G band ranging from 3.3 to 3.8 GHz having left-handed circular polarization characteristics. To validate performance attributes of the MIMO antenna designed various diversity parameters such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), total active reflection coefficient, and diversity gain are calculated. The low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC < 0.10) and the isolation between the antenna elements greater than 15 dB justify the acceptance of the proposed design as a MIMO antenna. The proposed design exhibits good agreement between the simulated and the measured results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a compact Co-Planar Waveguide (CPW) fed antenna for next-generation Vehicular Communications. The antenna is designed by employing two rectangular stacked patch structures and slots, making the antenna resonate at dual frequency bands. The analytical study of antenna design is carried out using the governing microstrip patch equations. On optimizing the patch's dimensions for CPW structures, the desired frequency range of operation is obtained for the single element antenna structure. The designed antenna resonates at 3.5 GHz (LTE-42 Band) and 5.9 GHz (DSRC Band), yielding this antenna to be a prime component for Vehicular to Everything (V2X) Communication. The optimized single-element antenna structure is 35 mm × 20 mm designed on an FR-4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm. The substrate has a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a loss tangent value of 0.001. Further, the antenna structure is developed as a 4-element MIMO configuration with the distance between adjacent antenna elements to be 10 mm. The adjacent antennas in the MIMO configuration are positioned orthogonal to each other, thereby exhibiting better isolation between the antenna elements. The antenna has a reflection coefficient value of < −10 dB within the bandwidth of interest and VSWR less than 2. The Gain value of the designed antenna ranges between 2.8 and 2.9 dBi at 3.5 GHz and between 3.6 and 3.7 dBi at 5.89 GHz. The overall efficiency of the antenna element is between 60 and 80% at both frequency bands. MIMO parameters are analyzed by calculating the Channel Capacity Loss (CL), Diversity Gain (DG), Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) and Total Active Reflection Co-Efficient (TARC). The designed antenna is fabricated and tested, which shows the measured results coincide with the simulated antenna results. The overall dimension of the MIMO configured antenna design is 60 mm × 60 mm × 1.6 mm, which is highly compact and is a suitable candidate for deployment of Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle to Network (V2N) scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a microstrip line fed 2‐port circularly polarized multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna is designed and fabricated. A novel ground structure and radiating patches are used to achieve the circularly polarized radiated field by the MIMO antenna. To improve the isolation between two ports, a meandered U‐shaped narrow metallic strip is placed between the asymmetric Z‐shaped radiating elements. The proposed MIMO design demonstrates the impedance bandwidth (S11 ≤ −10 dB) of 90.94% (3.04‐8.11 GHz). The axial ratio bandwidth ≤3 dB is found to be 32.10% (4.42‐6.11 GHz). The diversity parameters such as envelope correlation coefficient, diversity gain, mean effective gain, total active reflection coefficient and channel capacity loss are also calculated to make the proposed design more reliable for 5G applications. This antenna is made compact and small which carries the dimension 24 × 24 × 1.6 mm3. The entire investigation is first modeled using the simulation software CST Microwave Studio and then verified with the measured results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact size, coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed two‐antenna multiple input multiple output (MIMO) with high isolation and excellent impedance matching operating in n77/n78/n79 5G NR sub‐6 GHz/Wi‐Fi‐5/V2X/DSRC/Wi‐Fi‐6/INSAT‐C is proposed for future wireless applications. Each antenna element is a CPW‐fed antenna type composed of an "inverted‐A," "y‐shaped," and "small extended stub" structures. The two‐antennas are deployed in the same orientation at an edge‐to‐edge distance of 0.06λ (λ represents free‐space wavelength at 3.70 GHz) on a shared rectangular substrate having designed footprint of 0.57λ × 0.39λ. To attain high isolation of greater than 20 dB in the desired bands of interest, a novel comb‐shaped isolating structure is deployed between the two antenna elements. From the measured results, the proposed MIMO antenna has exhibited wide 10‐dB impedance bandwidth of 88.57% (3.00‐7.70 GHz), good gain above 3 dBi and efficiency larger than 78% throughout the desired operating bands. Moreover, the MIMO diversity performance metrics including envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), mean effective gain (MEG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), channel capacity and channel capacity loss (CCL) are also achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research article, a beetle shape Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna including dual notched band characteristics are presented for different wireless band applications (UWB, X-Band and Ku Band) which are also experimentally and computationally investigated. A single evoluation antenna is demonstrated which is than converted to MIMO configuration to overcome the demerits when placed in communication channel. The overall volume of the proposed antenna is 25 × 48 × 0.787 mm3 printed on Rogers RT Duroid5870. Dual notched bands are obtained by etching an L-shaped slot on a radiating patch for WiMAX interference and satellite Downlink System interference (DSS) is removed by placing pair of C-shaped parasitic elements near the feed line. The proposed antenna offers measured isolation between two ports less than − 20 dB in entire operating bandwidth (2.57–19.15 GHz). At non-radiating mode, the radiation efficiency of antenna drops down due to the insertion of stop and filters. The wider impedance bandwidth of the antenna suggest that it is not only capable of working in UWB range but also finds applications in X- and Ku-Band applications allocated for Satellite and RADAR. An antenna is also reconfigured using PIN diodes to control each notched bands independently. Proposed MIMO antenna also offers better diversity performance in terms of ECC < 0.004, DG > 9.95 dB, TARC < − 40 dB and CCL < 0.4 b/s/Hz in entire operating bandwidth. The antenna also offers a gain of 3.11–4.92dBi and desired radiation pattern making it a suitable candidate for different wireless applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, pruritic, inflammatory dermatosis that affects up to 25% of children and 2% to 3% of adults. This guideline addresses important clinical questions that arise in the management and care of AD, providing updated and expanded recommendations based on the available evidence. In this first of 4 sections, methods for the diagnosis and monitoring of disease, outcomes measures for assessment, and common clinical associations that affect patients with AD are discussed. Known risk factors for the development of disease are also reviewed.

A wideband, multi-standard MIMO antenna with hexagonal geometry and slot is proposed for DCS/PCS/LTE/UMTS applications while keeping the real time application at prime to provide high data rate, low latency, high capacity, non-line-of communication, and reliability with continuity. The designed prototype covers 1.64–2.50 GHz frequency band with percentage bandwidth of 41.55% and resonates at 2.1 GHz. The isolation of more than 10 dB is achieved in the 2:1 VSWR frequency band. The total bandwidth of the MIMO antenna is 860 MHz. The designed MIMO has peak gain of 5.4 dBi, ECC < 0.06, radiation efficiency > 88%, and total efficiency > 71%. The TARC active bandwidth is 600 MHz with best excitation angles of 45°, 45° at ports. The hexagonal slot is used for the control of induced current for better isolation. The proposed MIMO antenna evaluates the SAR performance at resonant frequency for listening, holding, and watching positions, and is found under the required safety norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, compact tapered feed 2 × 2/4 × 4 MIMO antenna are presented and investigated. The proposed MIMO antenna consists of a square patch and modified rectangular ground, which is chamfered at edges and etched with two semicircular slots. Likewise, obstruction caused by WiMAX and WLAN interfering bands is also taken care of by introducing notched filters. WiMAX is removed by embedding an rotated T‐type stub and a C‐type slot eliminates the WLAN band. The proposed antenna configuration covers the usable bandwidth of 3.07 to 11.25 GHz for 2 × 2 MIMO and 2.97 to 11.28 GHz for 4 × 4 MIMO. Also, both the MIMO antennas provide isolation <–20 dB. Proposed MIMO antennas are fabricated and characterized in near, far‐field, and diversity performance where envelope correlation coefficient, directive gain (DG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), and channel capacity loss are simulated and measured. 4 × 4 MIMO antenna configuration provides stable gain with a maximum radiation efficiency of 91% and monopole radiation patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease in which type 2 allergic inflammation plays a critical role. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of conditioned media from human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (USC-CM) was investigated in order to apply it as an effective treatment with a low risk of side effects that can overcome the limitations of AD treatment which is currently in use. We found that USC-CM has various growth factors and cytokines associated with anti-inflammatory effect. RT-PCR and ELISA analysis showed that USC-CM inhibited the levels of type 2 cytokine and chemokine Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), TNF-α and IL-6 in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells. In addition, USC-CM inhibited IL-4 and IL-13 levels in Th2 cells. Therefore, the results of our study demonstrated that USC-CM has anti-inflammatory effect in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells which associated with the inhibition of the immunoglobulin (IgE) secretion by activating B cell line. Our In vivo results showed that when the USC-CM was applied to lesions of patients with the mild AD for 4 weeks, the skin barrier was strengthened by increasing the level of Corneometer and decreasing the value of transepidermal water loss (TEWL). In conclusion, the results suggest that USC-CM may have therapeutic effect for AD as cosmetics and drug materials.

Abstract Background The pathogenesis of asthma, which is an allergic lung disease, is associated with a variety of allergens such as house dust mite, pollen, and mould, IgE containing serum IgE and allergen-specific-IgE, and inflammatory cytokines including thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)/CCL17. Because aging is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of asthma, we examined biomarkers related to asthmatic subjects depending on age. Results Physiological indices such as FEV1(forced expiratory capacity in 1 s), FEV1 (% predicted), and FEV1/FVC(forced vital capacity) (%) in asthmatic subjects were lower than those in normal subjects. Total IgE, Der p1 specific IgE, and Der f1 specific IgE were elevated in serum of asthmatics relative to normal individuals. Regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)/CCL5 in serum and interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/CCL2, RANTES, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α/CCL3 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of asthmatic subjects were higher than in normal individuals. Upon classification of experimental groups depending on age, physiological indices and Der p1-specific IgE (class) were decreased in middle aged adult and elderly adult groups relative to the young adult group. TARC levels in serum were strongly elevated in the elderly adult group relative to the young adult and the middle aged adult groups. TARC in serum was related to total IgE in serum in the elderly adult group. Conclusions Taken together, although TARC in serum and BALF is not different between normal and asthmatic individuals, TARC increases in serum of elderly asthmatic subjects. The level of TARC has a positive effect on the level of IgE in the elderly adult group. These findings may help us better understand the relationship of pathogenesis of allergic diseases and aging.

Among patients with advanced‐stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) receiving ABVD chemotherapy, PET performed after the first two treatment cycles (PET‐2) has prognostic value. However, 15% of patients with a negative PET‐2 will experience treatment failure. Here we prospectively evaluated serum thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine (TARC) levels, to improve risk assessment in patients treated according to HD0607 PET‐driven trial (#NCT00795613). In 266 patients with available serum samples, who have agreed to participate in a sub‐study for assessment of the role of TARC monitoring, serum TARC levels were measured at baseline and at time of PET‐2 by commercially available ELISA test kits. The primary end‐point was to evaluate the association between TARC after 2 ABVD cycles and PFS. Median TARC‐2 values were significantly higher in PET‐2‐positive patients compared to PET‐2‐negative patients (P =.001), and in patients with treatment failure compared to those in continuous CR (P =.01). The 4‐year PFS significantly differed between patients with TARC‐2 >800 pg/mL vs ≤800 pg/mL (64% vs 86%, P =.0001). Moreover, among PET‐2‐negative patients, elevated TARC‐2 identified those with a worse prognosis (74% vs 89%; P =.01). In multivariable analysis, TARC‐2 >800 pg/mL was a significant independent predictor of PFS in the whole study population (HR 2.39, P =.004) and among the PET‐2‐negative patients (HR 2.49, P =.02). In conclusion, our results indicate that TARC‐2 serum levels above 800 pg/mL suggest the need for a stringent follow‐up in PET‐2‐negative patients, and the evaluation of new drugs in PET‐2‐positive, who will likely fail to respond to intensification with escalated BEACOPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact eight-port coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-inputmultiple- output (MIMO) antenna with band-notched characteristics in a small size of 54×54×0.8 mm3 is proposed in this paper. The eight-port MIMO antenna consists of four two-port MIMO antennas. For each twoport MIMO antenna, two monopole antenna elements are printed on the FR4 substrate and placed perpendicularly to each other. To increase impedance bandwidth and improve the isolation, a stub is positioned in the middle of two radiating elements. The band-notched characteristic are achieved by etching two L-shaped resonator slots on each radiating elements, respectively. The S11 reflection coefficients, coupling isolation, radiation patterns, peak gain and radiation efficiencies of the MIMO antenna are measured. The MIMO performance of the proposed antenna is analyzed and evaluated by the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and total active reflection coefficient (TARC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this proposed research article, four-port dual notched bands multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna configuration is proposed and is experimentally investigated by fabricating prototype. Initially, a single element is fabricated which is converted to 2 × 2 MIMO configuration and finally to 4 × 4 MIMO configuration. The proposed MIMO antenna is designed to cover impedance bandwidth of 3.15–11.36 GHz and hence is useful in applications for ultrawideband and X-Band applications. Two interfering bands, WiMAX (3.30–4.05 GHz) and WLAN (4.90–5.99 GHz) are eliminated by using an inverted T-shaped stub and C-shaped slot on the radiating patch of the MIMO antenna. The proposed MIMO antenna offers good diversity performance with envelope correlation coefficient < 0.02, directive gain > 9.95 dB and total active reflection coefficient ≤ 20 dB in the entire operating band. Also, antenna gain is stable in the entire operating band except in interfering bands with a maximum radiation efficiency of more than 80% and stable radiation pattern. All the above said features make the proposed antenna suitable for high-speed wireless network applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this research work, a modified shared rectangular radiator is proposed for 5.7‐GHz wireless application using multiple cuts and partially stepped ground. The shared design requires no isolating structure to decouple the ports. The proposed shared geometry produces >13 dB isolation in the 4.4‐ to 6.4‐GHz operating band. The gain varies from 3.0 to 6.2 dBi, and radiation efficiency is >70 % in the band. The mutual coupling among the port is reduced by orthogonal arrangement of ports, and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is <0.04 in the presented band. Apart from this, isolation in the proposed shared radiator is enhanced by additional multiple cuts with stepped ground. The indoor‐outdoor suitability of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna for isotropic and Gaussian medium is checked by mean effective gain (MEG) and specific absorption rate (SAR). The presented results of MEG and SAR fulfill the required safety norms as per the ITU for different environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we design a compact MIMO antenna with high isolation. The antenna covers 2.5/5.8 GHz frequency bands, which are allocated for Wi-MAX / WLAN applications. The suggested MIMO antenna consists of two identical F-shaped monopole antenna elements, which are symmetrically positioned on the top side of an FR-4 substrate. To increase the isolation between the two radiating elements, a T-shaped junction is added which acts as a short stub-loaded resonator (SSLR). To improve the impedance matching, different forms are engraved on the bottom. The measured results show that the proposed antenna has impedance bandwidths of 16.23% (2.32–2.73 GHz) and10.07% (5.56–6.15 GHz), with a mutual coupling of less than –19 dB. Also, the proposed design exhibits high diversity performance in terms of ECC (9.81 dB) on the entire operating band. Furthermore, the MIMO parameters like TARC and efficiency are also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present endeavor, a CPW-fed dome-shaped monopole radiating elements with 2 × 2 MIMO configuration is presented. The dual-band response of the antenna is obtained by embedding a pair of comb-shaped slots in the ground plane. The measured dual frequency bands of 2.11–4.19 GHz (lower) and 4.98–6.81 GHz (upper) effectively cover LTE, Wi-Fi/WLAN, Bluetooth, and Wi-MAX applications. A T-shaped stub is integrated with the ground plane to obtain high isolation (>21 dB). The measured antenna gain varies in the range of 2.75–4.19 dBi and its radiation efficiency is found greater than 70% in both the resonating bands. The overall size of the proposed antenna is 20 × 34 × 1.6 mm3. The antenna is fabricated and measured results are validated with the results obtained by CST Microwave Studio. Finally, various diversity parameters are evaluated for the antenna and the results are satisfactory for MIMO applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A very compact Superwideband multiple-input–multiple-output antenna with dual notched band characteristics is presented. Superwideband characteristics is obtained by means of radiating patch and high isolation between two input ports are obtained by using T-shaped stub in ground plane. Two rejection bands (wireless interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX)/C-band and wireless local area network) are obtained by etching two elliptical slots on radiating patch. Antenna offers large measured useable bandwidth of 2.60–20.04 GHz. Diversity performance is studied in terms of envelope correlation coefficient, diversity gain and total active reflection coefficient. Antenna also offers desirable radiation pattern, gain and radiation efficiency which makes proposed antenna quite suitable for different wireless applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A four-port shared radiator is proposed for 5.2 GHz wireless application using multiple-cut rectangular geometry and partially stepped ground. The difficulty in making the shared radiator structure is almost removed in the presented design, and without the help of any isolating structure, sufficient value of isolation is achieved. The proposed shared geometry produces isolation of >10 dB in the 4.96–5.5 GHz operating frequency band. The gain of the MIMO antenna varies from 2.4 to 5.5 dBi, and radiation efficiency is >63% in the proposed band. The ports are arranged in an orthogonal manner to reduce the mutual coupling. An envelope correlation coefficient is <0.03 in the proposed antenna band. The total active reflection coefficient bandwidth of the antenna is 500 MHz with best combination of input excitation angles of 90, 180°. The isolation in the proposed shared radiator is enhanced by creating multiple cuts and stepped ground. To check the suitability of antenna for indoor and outdoor environments the mean effective gain and specific absorption rate results are also presented in the paper and it found under the required safety norms as per the international telecommunication union for uniform and Gaussian environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]