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51. P03.05: Report of a case of right ductus arteriosus in a fetus with right aortic arch

Author: T. Foo, George Seow Heong Yeo, Y. L. Yan, X. Zhang, and J. V. K. Tan
Subjects: Aortic arch, medicine.medical_specialty, Fetus, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, business.industry, Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Medicine, Reproductive Medicine, medicine.artery, Internal medicine, medicine, Cardiology, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, business, Right ductus arteriosus
Published: 2009
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52. The outcome of trial off catheter after acute retention of urine

Author: K B, Lim, M Y, Wong, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Male, Time Factors, Transurethral Resection of Prostate, Middle Aged, Prostate-Specific Antigen, Urinary Retention, Treatment Outcome, Urethra, Risk Factors, Acute Disease, Humans, Urinary Catheterization, Aged, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse the outcome of trial off catheter for patients who were admitted to the Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital (SGH) for acute retention of urine (ARU) due to benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). From 1 June to 15 October 1997, 150 patients were admitted for ARU. Seventy-one patients were excluded from our study due to our exclusion criteria such as chronic retention, patients with bladder stones and cancer of the prostate. Our results showed that 58% (n = 46) had a successful trial off catheter. The risk factors for failure were: high residual urine (more than 800 ml) and high prostatic specific antigen (PSA) value (10.9 versus 21.5). All patients with normal PSA value (4 ng/l) had successful trial off catheters. There was no difference between trial off catheter 24 hours versus 48 hours after admission.
Published: 1999

53. Current indications for open stone surgery in Singapore

Author: F Y, Sy, M Y, Wong, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Adult, Male, Ureteral Calculi, Comorbidity, Kidney, Nephrectomy, Kidney Calculi, Postoperative Complications, Lithotripsy, Ureteroscopy, Humans, Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures, Surgical Wound Infection, Kidney Pelvis, Obesity, Renal Insufficiency, Treatment Failure, Nephrostomy, Percutaneous, Retrospective Studies, Singapore, Pneumothorax, Middle Aged, Treatment Outcome, Patient Satisfaction, Female, Urinary Calculi, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: A 3-year retrospective study (January 1995 to December 1997) of all treatment modalities for urinary stone disease done in the Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital was documented, and open stone surgery identified. Patient's characteristics, stone burden, surgical factors, indications and outcome were reviewed for each patient. Of the 2651 procedures performed for urinary stone disease, the majority had extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy [78% (n = 2075)], while 11% (n = 298) had percutaneous nephrostolithotomy and 9% (n = 228) ureteroscopy. Open stone surgery rate was 2% (n = 50) which included 16 anatrophic nephrolithotomies, 5 pyelolithotomies, 18 ureterolithotomies and 11 nephrectomies. There were 28 males and 22 females varying in age from 26 to 63 years (mean 48 years). The most common indications for open stone surgery were complex stone burden [38% (n = 19)], failure of minimally invasive modalities [16% (n = 8)], non-functioning kidneys [20% (n = 10)], concurrent open surgery [8% (n = 4)], co-morbid medical condition [4% (n = 2)], patient preference for open procedure [8% (n = 4)], anatomic abnormality [4% (n = 2)] and obesity [2% (n = 1)]. Stone free rate of 90% was achieved, morbidity of 8% (n = 4) mostly wound infections and a pneumothorax. Majority of patients with urinary tract calculi can be treated with less invasive modalities. Complex stone burden, failure of less invasive modalities, non-functioning kidney, concurrent open surgery, co-morbid medical problems, patients' preference, anatomic abnormality and obesity are factors to be considered in a small cohort of patients who may still benefit from treatment using open surgical technique.
Published: 1999

54. Clinics in diagnostic imaging (38). Post-ESWL perinephric haematoma

Author: K W, Chong, S K, Yip, R H, Lo, M K, Li, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Diagnosis, Differential, Male, Radiography, Hematoma, Ureteral Calculi, Klebsiella, Lithotripsy, Humans, Pain, Kidney Diseases, Middle Aged, Abscess, Klebsiella Infections
Abstract: A 57-year-old man presented with urosepsis related to urinary calculi. He underwent multiple sessions of ESWL and developed a perinephric haematoma that was treated conservatively and monitored by serial imaging. However, the haematoma became infected, necessitating percutaneous drainage 2 months after the initial ESWL. The risk factors and sequelae of post-ESWL perinephric haematoma, as well as its diagnosis and imaging, are discussed.
Published: 1999

55. Partial nephrectomy for renal tumours: the Singapore General Hospital experience

Author: S K, Yip, W S, Cheng, B S, Tan, M K, Li, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Adult, Male, Length of Stay, Middle Aged, Nephrectomy, Kidney Neoplasms, Diagnosis, Differential, Postoperative Complications, Humans, Female, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Carcinoma, Renal Cell, Aged, Neoplasm Staging, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: From January 1991 to August 1998, 220 radical nephrectomies were performed for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). During the same period, 27 patients underwent partial nephrectomy for their renal tumours. These included 19 male and 8 female (mean age, 54; range, 35-75). Their clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities and surgical outcome were evaluated. The lesions included 18 RCCs, 7 angiomyolipomas (AMLs), 1 oncocytoma and 1 dysoncogenetic renal tumour. Only 8 patients had specific urological symptoms. Computerised tomography (CT) scan was diagnostic in 78% of cases. Tumour size ranged from 15-50 mm for RCC and 30-190 mm for AML, respectively. Operative time averaged 92 minutes (range: 35-145). The hospital stay ranged from 3 to 25 days (mean 11). Complications occurred in four cases (14.8%); there was one death (3.7%). No tumour recurrence was detected during a mean follow up of 20 months. None of the patients developed significant renal impairment. Partial nephrectomy is feasible in small RCC and some large AML, and can be offered in selected patients.
Published: 1999

56. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis with bilateral lower ureteric obstruction--a case report with literature review

Author: J S, Koh, M Y, Wong, M K, Li, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Male, Humans, Retroperitoneal Fibrosis, Hydronephrosis, Aged, Ureteral Obstruction
Abstract: Whilst prostatic enlargement remains the commonest cause of bilateral hydronephrosis in males greater than 50 years of age, other rarer conditions such as retroperitoneal fibrosis should be borne in mind. We report a case of bilateral hydronephrosis which was eventually diagnosed as idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis and treated with open surgical ureterolysis with omental wrapping.
Published: 1999

57. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy--results and clinical experience

Author: M K, Li, M Y, Wong, K L, Toh, G H, Ho, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Male, Singapore, Middle Aged, Survival Rate, Kidney Calculi, Postoperative Complications, Treatment Outcome, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Lithotripsy, Humans, Female, Aged, Nephrostomy, Percutaneous
Abstract: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) have largely replaced open surgical intervention for the management of upper urinary tract calculi. ESWL is the preferred treatment modality for calculi less than or equal to 2 cm in diameter as morbidity is lower than PCNL and success rates are comparable. However, the morbidity of ESWL rises substantially for stones greater than 2 cm in diameter while stone-free rate is less when compared to PCNL, suggesting that PCNL is the preferred treatment modality for most larger stones. PCNL was performed on 86 patients with 87 renal calculi. The indication for this approach was either high stone burden as in 72 patients (83%) or failed previous ESWL as in 15 patients (17%). The success rate was 74.7% and this was associated with minimal morbidity which included; symptomatic urinary tract infection (9.2%), pleural effusion (2.3%) and the formation of a pseudo-aneurysm (2.3%). Blood transfusion was required in one patient (1.1%) and we had one postoperative death due to massive pulmonary embolism (1.1%). PCNL is the preferred approach to patient with difficult renal calculi at our institution.
Published: 1996

58. An overview of acute scrotal pain

Author: S J, Chia, N, Ganesan, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Adult, Diagnosis, Differential, Epididymitis, Male, Adolescent, Acute Disease, Scrotum, Humans, Pain, Orchitis, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Spermatic Cord Torsion
Abstract: Acute scrotal pain requires immediate medical attention to determine the underlying cause and to treat accordingly. The diagnosis may not be straightforward and in some patients, immediate surgery may be necessary in order to treat torsion of the testes early to achieve good results. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the underlying causes and the outcome of acute scrotal pain. It includes a total of 116 patients over a period of 18 months who were admitted to the general urology ward. Seventy-six percent of the patients complained of pain only, 13% complained of pain with fever, 7% complained of urinary symptoms and 4% a combination of the three. After evaluation, 44 patients were diagnosed to have torsion of the testes and all of these patients were below 20 years old. Thirty-eight of the patients complained of pain only and 2 had pain with fever. Two patients were thought to have torsion and exploration was performed. They were found to have infection. The rest had orchidopexy done and only 2 had orchidectomy due to infarction. Fifty-two patients had acute epididymo-orchitis, 50 of these were above 20 years old and half (n = 25) of this group of patients admitted to having had exposure to sexually transmitted diseases, 11 patients had a history of instrumentation and 14 had no known causes. From this study, age appeared to be the main differentiating point between torsion and epididymo-orchitis. for equivocal cases, new technology such as the Doppler ultrasound and testicular scan may be useful in future to improve the diagnosis of this urogenital emergency.
Published: 1995

59. Radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer--an experience of fifteen cases in Singapore

Author: C, Cheng, H N, Koong, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Adult, Male, Prostatectomy, Postoperative Complications, Humans, Prostatic Neoplasms, Length of Stay, Middle Aged, Prostate-Specific Antigen, Aged
Abstract: Radical retropubic prostatectomy as a viable option for patients with localized prostate cancer hinges on the morbidity associated with the surgery. We assessed a group of 15 patients operated between February 1992 to September 1994 by a single surgeon to gauge the severity of short-term morbidity. Their mean age was 66.7 years (range, 40-76 years). While most of them had obstructive urinary symptoms, 4 were asymptomatic and were diagnosed by screening. Their median preoperative prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 25.9 ng/dl. The mean operative time was 110 minutes and the mean blood loss was 450 ml. One patient developed postoperative pulmonary embolism which delayed his discharge from the hospital despite routine prophylactic physical measures. The median length of hospital stay was 7 days. Eight patients had immediate total continence, while the remainder attained day-time and nocturnal continence within 1 to 3 months. Three patients had adjuvant orchidectomy. Most patients had high grade and margin positive (T3) disease but none were node positive. With a median follow-up of 7 months, none of the patients developed local or systemic recurrence. With the minimum surgical morbidity, short hospital stay and excellent continence achieved, the option of radical prostatectomy can be offered to suitable patients for curative treatment of localised prostate cancer.
Published: 1995

60. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer

Author: C, Cheng, D, Consigliere, K T, Foo, E C, Tan, K H, Tung, and E P, Tock
Subjects: Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Male, Carcinoma, Transitional Cell, Middle Aged, Mycobacterium bovis, Disease-Free Survival, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, Multivariate Analysis, Humans, Female, Immunotherapy, Carcinoma in Situ, Aged
Abstract: We evaluated the efficacy of immune and scarification Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in the treatment of carcinoma in situ and prophylaxis against recurrence in patients with superficial transitional carcinoma of the bladder. A single-blind, randomised, comparative trial involving 43 patients with a median follow-up of 39 months was analysed. The end points were progression to muscle invasive disease or recurrence. The overall response rate was 93% after one to two courses. There was no difference between the two preparations and no statistically significant difference between the response or progression rates of the carcinoma in-situ or prophylactic groups. However, the response to BCG was found to be a significant prognostic indicator in a multivariate analysis.
Published: 1995

61. Current assessment and proposed staging of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia

Author: K T, Foo
Subjects: Male, Prostatic Hyperplasia, Humans
Abstract: With better understanding of the natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and recent advances in ultrasound and the many new modalities of treatment, the assessment of BPH has undergone rapid changes in the past few years. A system of staging of patients with BPH, to assist in the tailoring of treatment to the severity of the disease is proposed. The initial assessment consists of the International Prostatic Symptoms Score (IPSS) and the Quality of Life Index, digital rectal examination (DRE), urinalysis, prostate specific antigen (PSA) estimation, and subsequently, assessment with ultrasound of the urinary system and estimation of residual urine and uroflow done at the same sitting. Patients with no bothersome symptoms and no significant obstruction are classified as stage one, and they can generally be watched. Stage 2 patients are those with bothersome symptoms but no significant obstruction and they can be treated with pharmacotherapy in the first instance, failing which other less invasive therapies such as thermotherapy are advised before considering transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Stage 3 patients are those with significant obstruction and defined as patients with significant residual urine of more than 100 ml, generally with a maximum flow rate of less than 10 ml. This group of patients would be advised TURP first, then thermotherapy, or pharmacotherapy in descending order, taking into account the age of the patients, their co-morbidity and preferences. Stage 4 patients are those with complications resulting from significant obstruction by BPH such as retention of urine, bladder stone and recurrent urinary infection; they would be strongly advised to have TURP. With proper assessment and staging, it is hoped that patients with BPH will not be over or undertreated, and treatment outcome will be improved.
Published: 1995

62. Use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in the diagnosis of prostate cancer--a local experience

Author: H H, Tan, E, Gan, I, Rekhraj, C, Cheng, M K, Li, P, Thng, I K, Tan, S L, Yo, W T, Poh, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Male, Humans, Prostatic Neoplasms, Middle Aged, Prostate-Specific Antigen, Aged, Ultrasonography
Abstract: Prostate specific antigen (PSA) and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) are two new modalities added to improve our ability to diagnose prostate cancer at an early stage. We reviewed our own experience of 100 cancers among 579 men from August 1991 to October1994. The detection rate was 17.3%. Digital rectal examination (DRE) alone had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 39.9%. The PPV for PSA was 23%. The combination of PSA and DRE gave a PPV of 47.2%. TRUS had a PPV of 30.6%. Features of cancer on TRUS may be both hypoechoic or hyperechoic nodules which appeared to have almost equal proportions associated with cancer. The addition of age-specific ranges did not affect the PPV of PSA. The PPV of the combination of TRUS and DRE was 53%. With all 3 modalities combined, the PPV was 58.8%. An interesting finding from the study was the higher average PSA for benign and malignant disease in the local population and cases of acute retention of urine. There was a higher incidence of prostatitis and lower incidence of cancer in cases with retention of urine.
Published: 1995

63. Recent trends and advances in genitourinary medicine

Author: C L, Goh, R K, Chan, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Urologic Diseases, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Humans
Published: 1995

64. Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)--our first 100 cases

Author: K T, Lee, H H, Tan, M K, Li, W S, Cheng, I R, Rekhraj, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Male, Prostatectomy, Biopsy, Remission Induction, Prostatic Hyperplasia, Urination, Cystoscopy, Hyperthermia, Induced, Middle Aged, Urinary Retention, Urodynamics, Patient Satisfaction, Urinary Tract Infections, Humans, Safety, Microwaves, Aged, Follow-Up Studies, Hematuria, Ultrasonography
Abstract: One hundred consecutive cases treated by Transurethral Microwave Thermotherapy (TUMT) since October 1991 were analysed to assess its efficacy and safety. Out of these, 28 were in urinary retention. Patients were selected based on Madsen Symptom Score (MSS), Uroflowmetry, Transrectal Ultrasound Scanning (TRUS) plus biopsy and flexible cystoscopy. In the non-retention group, symptomatic improvement was 81%; mean MSS dropped from 13.6 to 2.6 at one year. Objective improvement was less marked: mean peak urine flowrate (PFR) (+45%), mean residual volume (-63%) and mean prostatic volume (-15%). 8.3% had failed TUMT requiring TURP. In the retention group, 79% was able to void freely after TUMT. Fourteen percent underwent TURP. Based on given criteria, the overall response rate for MSS and PFR averaged 71% at 3 months, 72% at 6 months and 84% at 1 year. Sixty-seven percent of patients who responded to a phone interview were satisfied with TUMT treatment. Minimal morbidity was encountered: temporary retention for non-retention group (24%), UTI (9%), haematuria (7%), impotence (2%) and fistula (1%). There was no treatment-related death. The results showed that TUMT is a viable alternative and safe treatment of BPH.
Published: 1995

65. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy monotherapy for selected staghorn stones

Author: P K, Tan, E C, Tan, K H, Tung, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Adult, Male, Kidney Calculi, Treatment Outcome, Lithotripsy, Humans, Female, Stents, Middle Aged, Urinalysis, Aged
Abstract: To define a subgroup of staghorn stones that is amenable to extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) monotherapy and review the need for prophylactic ureteric stents.Fifty-eight renal units with staghorn calculi in 56 patients (30 males and 26 females) were treated by ESWL monotherapy on the EDAP LT-01 lithotripter. The stones were grouped as complete staghorn (11, 19%), partial staghorn (34, 59%) and borderline staghorn (13, 22%). Results of treatment were analysed in relation to subgroup and calyceal dilatation. Post-treatment complications were studied and the influence of prophylactic ureteric stents examined.The average number of ESWL sessions was 3.1 (range: 1 to 8). The mean follow-up period was 13 months. Stone-free rate at 10 months was 52%. When clinically insignificant residual fragments less than 4mm were included, the overall clearance rate was 75%. Favourable factors influencing treatment outcome included smaller stone burden, peripheral distribution of stone mass and absence of pelvicalyceal dilatation. The overall complication rate was 39% with urosepsis being the commonest. Complications were related to stone burden. More than half of the renal units with complete staghorn stones developed one or more complications. Auxiliary procedures were required in 18% of the renal units. Twenty of 39 renal units with a stone burden (sum of length and width) greater than 50mm had pretreatment ureteric stenting using the double-J (DJ) siliastic stent. A urosepsis rate of 50% was noted in those with ureteric stents compared to 26% in those not stented. The stents did not offer any advantage in preventing post-treatment obstruction by fragments. Six of 7 renal units with post-treatment obstruction had in-situ stents.ESWL monotherapy is suitable for selected staghorn stones. Prophylactic ureteric stents do not offer any advantage and may predispose to urosepsis.
Published: 1995

66. A PC based neural network algorithm for measurement of heart rate variability

Author: T T, Foo, S S, Hull, and J Y, Cheung
Subjects: Analysis of Variance, Electrocardiography, Death, Sudden, Cardiac, Heart Rate, Risk Factors, Humans, Neural Networks, Computer, Algorithms
Abstract: Heart Rate Variability has recently been shown as a viable index to predict sudden cardiac death. The goal of this research is to investigate the use of neural network technique to classify detected QRS complexes into normal and abnormal ones. A single layer perceptron neural network is used for this QRS pattern learning and classification. Results with real data showed that the algorithm gives a 99% correct QRS detection rate.
Published: 1995

67. Transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia--a local review

Author: M Y, Wong, Y L, Lim, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Male, Prostatectomy, Urethral Stricture, Singapore, Prostatic Hyperplasia, Prostatic Neoplasms, Thrombosis, Length of Stay, Middle Aged, Urinary Retention, Cohort Studies, Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Urinary Incontinence, Urinary Tract Infections, Humans, Ejaculation, Aged, Follow-Up Studies, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: There has been a recent resurgence of interest in the role of transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia in view of the introduction of new modalities. We have conducted a retrospective analysis of 175 cases operated from October 1988 to June 1989 with an aim to ascertain the present mortality and morbidity rates associated with this procedure. The main presenting symptoms were acute retention of urine (54%) and bladder outlet obstruction (33%). The average weight of the prostate resected was 24.2 gm and 3% of specimens revealed malignant changes on histology. Seventy-five percent of the patients have post-operative stay of 5 days or less. Urinary tract infection was the commonest complication (16%). Clot retention requiring re-scope occurred in 2% of our patients. Twelve percent (12%) of our patients developed acute retention post-operatively but only 2% required re-scope as the rest resolved conservatively. We had one mortality in our series as a result of post-operative pneumonia. After 6 months follow-up, 4% complained of mild urinary incontinence and another 4% noted retrograde ejaculation. Six percent developed urethral strictures which required surgical treatment. Three years after the procedure, we retrieved the case notes of our cohort to analyse long-term results. We note that ninety-eight percent of our patients were discharged after nine months follow-up. This includes the 4% who complained of mild stress incontinence at 6 months follow-up. The remaining 2% was discharged after 24 months because of recurrent urethral stricture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Published: 1994

68. A case of localised ureteric amyloidosis

Author: D T, Consigliere, S K, Lim-Tan, M K, Li, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Humans, Ureteral Diseases, Female, Amyloidosis, Aged
Abstract: We describe a case of localised amyloidosis of the distal ureter in a 66-year-old lady who presented with intermittent haematuria. Ureteric transitional cell carcinoma was strongly suspected from the clinical and radiological features, and subsequent nephroureterectomy was performed. Histology revealed nodular eosinophilic deposits in the ureteric wall, with the staining characteristics of amyloid. The literature is reviewed, and conservative surgery is advocated, based on a greater awareness together with improved intraoperative diagnosis of this rare lesion.
Published: 1994

69. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy using Storz Modulith SL20--the Singapore General Hospital experience

Author: M Y, Wong, M K, Li, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Aged, 80 and over, Male, Kidney Calculi, Ureteral Calculi, Lithotripsy, Humans, Female, Aged, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: The Storz Modulith SL20 is a third-generation lithotripter which was installed in our hospital in March 1991. The aim of this paper is to evaluate our results in the management of renal calculi using this machine. We report our experience in the treatment of the first 215 renal units (118 renal and 83 ureteric) in 190 patients with a minimum follow-up period of three months. Success for renal stones was defined as stone-free or with insignificant residual fragments of less than 4 mm in size post therapy. Success for ureteric stones was defined as stone-free after therapy. The success rate for renal calculi was 88% and for ureteric calculi 71%. The mean number of sessions to achieve these results for renal calculi was 1.6 and for ureteric calculi 1.4. Of the failures, only 1.9% required open surgery whilst the remainder were dealt with using minimally invasive procedures like intracorporeal laser lithotripsy. There was no mortality in our series. Complications occurred in four patients, who required hospitalisation for renal colic (n = 1), urinary tract infection (n = 1) and obstructive uropathy (n = 2).
Published: 1993

70. Clinical profile of stage D carcinoma of the prostate--a ten-year experience

Author: P, Chow, M, Wong, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Aged, 80 and over, Male, Prostatectomy, Singapore, Acid Phosphatase, Age Factors, Prostatic Neoplasms, Middle Aged, Alkaline Phosphatase, Prognosis, Combined Modality Therapy, Survival Rate, Treatment Outcome, Humans, Registries, Diethylstilbestrol, Orchiectomy, Aged, Neoplasm Staging, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: Carcinoma of the prostate has become one of the top ten malignancies in Singapore but to date, there has been little local clinical data available on the disease. This study aims to establish the clinical profile of Stage D carcinoma of the prostate in the local population. Forty-seven patients with Stage D disease treated by the department over a ten-year period, 1981-90, were studied. The majority (47.7%) fell in the age-group 66-75 years and the most common presenting symptom was bone pain (36.2%). Both acid and alkaline phosphatases were found to be poor diagnostic markers of the extent of the disease. Acid phosphatase was not elevated in 25.0% and alkaline phosphatase not elevated in 39.1% of our patients. Forty of these patients had orchidectomy and of these, ten were also treated with oral stilbesterol. Five-year survival for the orchidectomy group was 22.7% and that for the orchidectomy-plus-stilbesterol group was 23.0%. This compares well with other studies done in the West. Eight patients died within the first year of diagnosis but of those who survived, all remained symptom-free within this first year. The proportion of those who remained symptom-free fell to 25.0% of the survivors for subsequent years.
Published: 1993

71. Third chapter of surgeons lecture: revolution in urology and its evolution in Singapore

Author: K T, Foo
Subjects: Male, Prostatectomy, Singapore, Urology, History, 19th Century, Cystoscopy, Hyperthermia, Induced, History, 20th Century, History, Medieval, Urology Department, Hospital, Administration, Intravesical, Lithotripsy, BCG Vaccine, Humans, Medicine, History of Medicine, Urinary Catheterization, History, Ancient, Nephrostomy, Percutaneous, Specialization
Abstract: Urology has been an evolving specialty since the time of Hippocrates. The itinerant surgeon was known to go from town to town to remove bladder stones in the early middle ages. In this century, urologists had been at the forefront in pioneering minimally invasive surgery with the introduction of transurethral resection of the prostate more than 50 years ago in the United States. This could be considered the first revolution in urology and this has influenced the evolution of urology in Singapore. Transurethral surgery had proved to be far superior to open surgery for most lesions of the lower urinary tract. This technique was introduced to Singapore in the early 1970s by Dr N E Wong. Because of the need for special instruments, skill and training, there was a need for a Department of Urology. This was not to be until after the second revolution in urology. The second revolution saw the introduction of endoscopic surgery of the upper urinary tract and Extra-corporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy in the early 1980s. This had truly revolutionised the treatment of urinary stones and today almost 95% of patients can be treated with these non to minimally invasive techniques. These new modalities of treatment were rapidly introduced in Singapore in the mid 1980s. The need for the establishment of urology as a specialty was more urgently felt. The Singapore Urological Association was formed in February 1986 and in March 1987, a Division of Urology was formed at the Singapore General Hospital.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Published: 1993

72. Intracellular actin as a marker for myofibroblasts in vitro

Author: I T, Foo, I L, Naylor, M J, Timmons, and L K, Trejdosiewicz
Subjects: Dupuytren Contracture, Tissue Expansion, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Humans, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Muscle, Smooth, Fibroblasts, In Vitro Techniques, Actins, Biomarkers, Cell Division, Cell Line, Skin
Abstract: Myofibroblasts are found in a wide variety of normal tissues and pathological conditions. It is suggested that myofibroblasts are derived from normal fibroblasts and share with smooth muscle cells the expression of actin microfilament bundles. The aim of this study was to establish if the myofibroblast phenotype from tissue expander capsules and Dupuytren's nodules could be distinguished from normal dermal fibroblasts by quantitation of intracellular actin and the ratio of polymerized (filamentous) actin to nonpolymerized (globular) actin.Cell lines were established from six patients from each group. In addition to quantitation of intracellular actin, the cells were characterized by criteria of light microscopy, ultrastructure, actin immunofluorescence, and growth rates.Dermal fibroblasts were the smallest and the most spindle-shaped but grew rapidly and had few actin microfilament bundles. By contrast, myofibroblasts from expander capsules were larger and more stellate, proliferated slowly, and had the most prominent microfilament arrays. Cells from Dupuytren's nodules were intermediate in phenotype. Substantial and significant differences in intracellular actin contents were found, ranging from 0.69 +/- 0.05 micrograms/10(4) cells in fibroblasts and 0.77 +/- 0.15 micrograms/10(4) cells for Dupuytren's nodule cells to 1.46 +/- 0.44 micrograms/10(4) cells in expander capsule myofibroblasts (p0.05). Similar findings were found with respect to ratios of fibroblast to globular actins, being 0.22 for fibroblasts and 0.38 for Dupuytren's nodule cells compared with 0.70 for expander capsule myofibroblasts (p0.01).Measurement of intracellular actin contents and fibroblast:globular actin ratios offers a rapid, sensitive, and reliable technique for establishment of the myofibroblast phenotype and has considerable advantages over traditional ultrastructural approaches for the study of myofibroblast differentiation/regression and in vitro responses to experimental manipulation.
Published: 1992

73. Present status of cancer treatment in Singapore-management of urological cancers

Author: K H, Tun, E C, Tan, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Male, Singapore, Urologic Neoplasms, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, Incidence, Humans, Female, Carcinoma, Renal Cell, Carcinoma in Situ, Kidney Neoplasms
Published: 1992

74. [Dynamic motion study of the cervical spine using ultra-fast gradient echo with RF-spoiled GRASS--evaluation of cervical instability]

Author: S, Nakamura, K, Fujikawa, Y, Ogawa, T, Maeoki, T, Nakamura, E, Yoshitome, T, Tsukamoto, and T, Foo
Subjects: Joint Instability, Spinal Osteophytosis, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Abstract: In order to assess the instability of the cervical spine, ten patients with cervical spondylosis were studied by dynamic MRI using Ultra-Fast RF-Spoiled GRASS which is capable of subsecond imaging. Dynamic MRI has proved to be useful in the evaluation of cervical instability, especially in detecting the transient abnormal mobility of cervical spines which cannot be identified on conventional radiography.
Published: 1992

75. Preliminary experience in ileal neobladder reconstruction

Author: M K, Li and K T, Foo
Subjects: Male, Prostatectomy, Carcinoma, Transitional Cell, Urodynamics, Postoperative Complications, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, Urinary Reservoirs, Continent, Humans, Middle Aged, Cystectomy, Aged, Follow-Up Studies, Neoplasm Staging
Abstract: In the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, the recent trend is towards radiation or chemotherapy which can be either regional or systemic. There have also been good results with giving Mitomycin or Bacillus Calmette Guerin instillation into the bladder for superficial tumours. There are occasions where patients present with large bulky tumours which cannot be controlled by endoscopic measures, invasion involving multiple sites and carcinoma in-situ which progresses to invasion. In these occasions, we have to resort to surgical clearance of the tumour. If it is possible, all patients would not like to wear a urinary bag for the rest of their lives. A bladder replacement if ever possible is always welcomed because the patient can pass urine from the natural passage. Due to the magnitude of a radical cystectomy and status of the urethra, it is not always technically possible to reconstruct the bladder. With improvement of operative techniques and suture materials, there has been a recent development of a method of bladder reconstruction that uses an ileal pouch. We report our early experience with this operation.
Published: 1992

76. Urology

Author: K T, Foo
Subjects: Singapore, Urology, Humans, History, 20th Century, Forecasting
Published: 1992

77. P15.05: Ultrasound features of an anomaly of the umbilico-portal system-a case report

Author: T. Foo, J. V. K. Tan, X. Zhang, Y. L. Yan, George Seow Heong Yeo, and L. S. Khoo
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Reproductive Medicine, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, business.industry, Ultrasound, medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, General Medicine, Radiology, Anomaly (physics), business, System a
Published: 2009
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78. Transrectal ultrasound of the prostate: the early Singapore experience

Author: H H, Tan, W Y, Chang, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Aged, 80 and over, Male, Prostatic Diseases, Methods, Prostate, Humans, Middle Aged, Aged, Ultrasonography
Abstract: During a four-month-period 40 patients presenting to the Department of Urology with mainly retention of urine had their prostates scanned ultrasonically. Eight nodules were detected on the ultrasound of which five were not detected on digital rectal examination. Of the five non-palpable nodules two were diagnosed on ultrasound guided transperineal Tru-cut biopsy to be carcinomas. Of the three nodules detected both on ultrasound and digital rectal examination, two were proven to be carcinomas while the other was benign. The transrectal ultrasound was not only found to be easy to use but was also found to be a useful complement to the urologist's index finger with the added advantage of obtaining good quality biopsy material from suspicious lesions.
Published: 1991

79. Intravesical chemotherapy for superficial carcinoma of the bladder

Author: K T, Foo, E C, Tan, K H, Tung, and E P, Tock
Subjects: Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Male, Carcinoma, Transitional Cell, Administration, Intravesical, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, Mitomycin, Humans, Female, Middle Aged, Thiotepa, Aged
Abstract: Intravesical chemotherapy has been shown to be of value in the treatment of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, not only in the prevention of recurrence but possibly progression of the disease to higher stage as well. At the Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore from 1980 to 1986 we had used intravesical chemotherapy for multiple or recurrent superficial carcinoma of bladder in 45 patients. Of these, 21 patients had associated carcinoma in situ. Initially, thiotepa was used as the main intravesical chemotherapeutic agent. Since 1984, mitomycin C was introduced. The schedule used is 30 mg in 30 mg of water, and left in the bladder for 2 hours weekly for 4 weeks. Intermittent courses were given when deemed necessary on follow-up cystoscopy at 3 to 6 months. Patients were deemed to have good response if there was no evidence of tumour on cytology and biopsy at follow-up cystoscopy. Eleven patients had thiotepa only, of these 4 had good response, 4 were stable and 3 had progression of disease to higher stage. Thirty-four patients had mitomycin therapy. Thirteen of them following thiotepa treatment. Twenty-one patients (64%) had good response to therapy. Three patients (9%) had progression of disease, requiring cystectomy. Of those who responded to therapy, none had developed muscle invasive disease so far with mean follow-up of 43 months. Of the group of patients treated with mitomycin, no patient developed myelosuppression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Published: 1991

80. Haemorrhagic papillary cystadenoma of the seminal vesicle mimicking giant seminal vesicle cyst: MRI appearances

Author: E P, Tock, J, Hoe, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Diagnosis, Differential, Male, Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction, Cysts, Cystadenoma, Genital Neoplasms, Male, Humans, Seminal Vesicles, Hemorrhage, Genital Diseases, Male, Middle Aged, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Abstract: Papillary cystadenoma of the seminal vesicle is very rare. We describe such a case presenting in a 58 year old man with bladder outlet obstruction. Investigations included magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the usefulness of which in pre-operative diagnosis is highlighted in this case. Seminal vesicle cysts can usually be identified by conventional radiological imaging techniques such as ultrasound and computed tomography; however, identification would be difficult if the cyst is very large, causing distortion of the adjacent anatomy. In such cases, MRI, through coronal and sagittal scanning, can be helpful in localising the lesion, as in this patient. The precise pathological nature of the cyst can only be confirmed by biopsy.
Published: 1991

81. Highly Immunogenic Transformed Tumor Clones Expressing Allogeneic Class I Histocompatibility Gene Demonstrate a Specific Immunotherapeutic Affect Against the Parental Tumor

Author: T. Sim, K. M. Hui, T. T. Foo, and A. A. Oei
Subjects: biology, education, Acquired immune system, medicine.disease, Major histocompatibility complex, Virology, Leukemia, Antigen, Immunity, medicine, Cancer research, biology.protein, Tumor growth, Gene, Histocompatibility gene
Abstract: In this study, the possibility of generating tumor-specific immunity by the introduction of allogeneic class I histocompatibility gene into tumor cells was investigated. Specifically, we have expressed the H-2Kb gene in the non-immunogenic AKR leukemia K36.16. Thirty-eight H-2Kb-transformed K36.16 clones (Kb/K36.16) were isolated and studied individually. Different amounts of the H-2Kb antigens were detected on the surface of these Kb/K36.16 transformed clones. As expected, the expression of the H-2Kb antigens on the K36.16 tumor cells led to the rejection of the transformed clones by semi-syngeneic AKR mice. It was also noted that AKR mice which had been immunized with the Kb/K36.16 clones were able to survive a subsequent challenge of the parental K36.16 tumor cells. More importantly, from the clinical point of view, some of these Kb/K36.16 clones could induce a specific immune response against the growth of the K36.16 cells in tumor-bearing AKR mice. Such immunotherapeutic observation reinforces the feasibility of using gene-transfer as a molecular approach to abrogate tumor growth.
Published: 1990
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82. Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry

Author: Jitendra PS. Sawhney, Veerappa A. Kothiwale, Vikas Bisne, Rajashekhar Durgaprasad, Praveen Jadhav, Manoj Chopda, Velam Vanajakshamma, Ramdhan Meena, Govindan Vijayaraghavan, Kamaldeep Chawla, Jagan Allu, Karen S. Pieper, A. John Camm, Ajay K. Kakkar, Jean-Pierre Bassand, David A. Fitzmaurice, Samuel Z. Goldhaber, Shinya Goto, Sylvia Haas, Werner Hacke, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Frank Misselwitz, Alexander G.G. Turpie, Martin van Eickels, Freek W.A. Verheugt, Gloria Kayani, Keith A.A. Fox, Bernard J. Gersh, Hector Lucas Luciardi, Harry Gibbs, Marianne Brodmann, Frank Cools, Antonio Carlos Pereira Barretto, Stuart J. Connolly, Alex Spyropoulos, John Eikelboom, Ramon Corbalan, Dayi Hu, Petr Jansky, Jørn Dalsgaard Nielsen, Hany Ragy, Pekka Raatikainen, Jean-Yves Le Heuzey, Harald Darius, Matyas Keltai, Sanjay Kakkar, Jitendra Pal Singh Sawhney, Giancarlo Agnelli, Giuseppe Ambrosio, Yukihiro Koretsune, Carlos Jerjes Sánchez Díaz, Hugo Ten Cate, Dan Atar, Janina Stepinska, Elizaveta Panchenko, Toon Wei Lim, Barry Jacobson, Seil Oh, Xavier Viñolas, Marten Rosenqvist, Jan Steffel, Pantep Angchaisuksiri, Ali Oto, Alex Parkhomenko, Wael Al Mahmeed, David Fitzmaurice, D.Y. Hu, K.N. Chen, Y.S. Zhao, H.Q. Zhang, J.Z. Chen, S.P. Cao, D.W. Wang, Y.J. Yang, W.H. Li, Y.H. Yin, G.Z. Tao, P. Yang, Y.M. Chen, S.H. He, Ying Wang, Yong Wang, G.S. Fu, X. Li, T.G. Wu, X.S. Cheng, X.W. Yan, R.P. Zhao, M.S. Chen, L.G. Xiong, P. Chen, Y. Jiao, Y. Guo, L. Xue, F.Z. Wang, H. Li, Z.M. Yang, C.L. Bai, J. Chen, J.Y. Chen, X. Chen, S. Feng, Q.H. Fu, X.J. Gao, W.N. Guo, R.H. He, X.A. He, X.S. Hu, X.F. Huang, B. Li, J. Li, L. Li, Y.H. Li, T.T. Liu, W.L. Liu, Y.Y. Liu, Z.C. Lu, X.L. Luo, T.Y. Ma, J.Q. Peng, X. Sheng, X.J. Shi, Y.H. Sun, G. Tian, K. Wang, L. Wang, R.N. Wu, Q. Xie, R.Y. Xu, J.S. Yang, L.L. Yang, Q. Yang, Y. Ye, H.Y. Yu, J.H. Yu, T. Yu, H. Zhai, Q. Zhan, G.S. Zhang, Q. Zhang, R. Zhang, Y. Zhang, W.Y. Zheng, B. Zhou, Z.H. Zhou, X.Y. Zhu, S. Kakkar, J.P.S. Sawhney, P. Jadhav, R. Durgaprasad, A.G. Ravi Shankar, R.K. Rajput, K. Bhargava, R. Sarma, A. Srinivas, D. Roy, U.M. Nagamalesh, M. Chopda, R. Kishore, G. Kulkarni, P. Chandwani, R.A. Pothiwala, M. Padinhare Purayil, S. Shah, K. Chawla, V.A. Kothiwale, B. Raghuraman, G. Vijayaraghavan, V.M. Vijan, G. Bantwal, V. Bisne, A. Khan, J.B. Gupta, S. Kumar, D. Jain, S. Abraham, D. Adak, A. Barai, H. Begum, P. Bhattacharjee, M. Dargude, D. Davies, B. Deshpande, P. Dhakrao, V. Dhyani, S. Duhan, M. Earath, A. Ganatra, S. Giradkar, V. Jain, R. Karthikeyan, L. Kasala, S. Kaur, S. Krishnappa, A. Lawande, B. Lokesh, N. Madarkar, R. Meena, P. More, D. Naik, K. Prashanth, M. Rao, N.M. Rao, N. Sadhu, D. Shah, M. Sharma, P. Shiva, S. Singhal, S. Suresh, V. Vanajakshamma, S.G. Panse, Y. Koretsune, S. Kanamori, K. Yamamoto, K. Kumagai, Y. Katsuda, K. Sadamatsu, F. Toyota, Y. Mizuno, I. Misumi, H. Noguchi, S. Ando, T. Suetsugu, M. Minamoto, Hiroshi Oda, K. Shiraishi, S. Adachi, K. Chiba, H. Norita, M. Tsuruta, T. Koyanagi, H. Ando, T. Higashi, K. Okada, S. Azakami, S. Komaki, K. Kumeda, T. Murayama, J. Matsumura, Y. Oba, R. Sonoda, K. Goto, K. Minoda, Y. Haraguchi, H. Suefuji, H. Miyagi, H. Kato, Tadashi Nakamura, Tsugihiro Nakamura, H. Nandate, R. Zaitsu, Yoshihisa Fujiura, A. Yoshimura, H. Numata, J. Ogawa, H. Tatematsu, Y. Kamogawa, K. Murakami, Y. Wakasa, M. Yamasawa, H. Maekawa, S. Abe, H. Kihara, S. Tsunoda, Katsumi Saito, Kazuyuki Saito, T. Fudo, K. Obunai, H. Tachibana, I. Oba, T. Kuwahata, S. Higa, M. Gushiken, T. Eto, H. Yoshida, D. Ikeda, Yoshitake Fujiura, M. Ishizawa, M. Nakatsuka, K. Murata, C. Ogurusu, M. Shimoyama, M. Akutsu, I. Takamura, F. Hoshino, N. Yokota, T. Iwao, K. Tsuchida, M. Takeuchi, Y. Hatori, Y. Kitami, Yoichi Nakamura, R. Oyama, M. Ageta, Hiroyuki Oda, Y. Go, K. Mishima, T. Unoki, S. Morii, Yuhei Shiga, H. Sumi, T. Nagatomo, K. Sanno, K. Fujisawa, Y. Atsuchi, T. Nagoshi, T. Seto, T. Tabuchi, M. Kameko, K. Nii, K. Oshiro, H. Takezawa, S. Nagano, N. Miyamoto, M. Iwaki, Yuichiro Nakamura, M. Fujii, M. Okawa, Masahiko Abe, Masatake Abe, Mitsunori Abe, T. Saito, T. Mito, K. Nagao, J. Minami, T. Mita, I. Sakuma, T. Taguchi, S. Marusaki, H. Doi, M. Tanaka, T. Fujito, M. Matsuta, T. Kusumoto, S. Kakinoki, K. Ashida, N. Yoshizawa, J. Agata, O. Arasaki, M. Manita, M. Ikemura, S. Fukuoka, H. Murakami, S. Matsukawa, Y. Hata, T. Taniguchi, T. Ko, H. Kubo, M. Imamaki, M. Akiyama, M. Inagaki, H. Odakura, T. Ueda, Y. Katsube, A. Nakata, H. Watanabe, M. Techigawara, M. Igarashi, K. Taga, T. Kimura, S. Tomimoto, M. Shibuya, M. Nakano, K. Ito, T. Seo, S. Hiramitsu, H. Hosokawa, M. Hoshiai, M. Hibino, K. Miyagawa, Hajime Horie, N. Sugishita, Yukio Shiga, A. Soma, K. Neya, Tetsuro Yoshida, Tomoki Yoshida, M. Mizuguchi, M. Ishiguro, T. Minagawa, M. Wada, H. Mukawa, F. Okuda, S. Nagasaka, Y. Abe, Sen Adachi, Susumu Adachi, T. Adachi, K. Akahane, T. Amano, K. Aoki, T. Aoyama, H. Arai, S. Arima, T. Arino, H. Asano, T. Asano, J. Azuma, T. Baba, T. Betsuyaku, H. Chibana, H. Date, J. Doiuchi, Y. Emura, M. Endo, Y. Fujii, R. Fujiki, A. Fujisawa, Y. Fujisawa, T. Fukuda, T. Fukui, N. Furukawa, T. Furukawa, W. Furumoto, T. Goto, M. Hamaoka, N. Hanazono, K. Hasegawa, T. Hatsuno, Y. Hayashi, K. Higuchi, K. Hirasawa, H. Hirayama, M. Hirose, S. Hirota, M. Honda, Hideki Horie, T. Ido, O. Iiji, H. Ikeda, K. Ikeda, K. Ikeoka, M. Imaizumi, H. Inaba, T. Inoue, F. Iseki, A. Ishihara, N. Ishioka, N. Ito, T. Iwase, H. Kakuda, J. Kamata, H. Kanai, H. Kanda, M. Kaneko, H. Kano, T. Kasai, T. Kato, Y. Kato, Y. Kawada, K. Kawai, K. Kawakami, S. Kawakami, T. Kawamoto, S. Kawano, J. Kim, T. Kira, H. Kitazawa, H. Kitazumi, T. Kito, T. Kobayashi, T. Koeda, J. Kojima, H. Komatsu, I. Komatsu, Y. Koshibu, T. Kotani, T. Kozuka, Y. Kumai, T. Kumazaki, I. Maeda, K. Maeda, Y. Maruyama, S. Matsui, K. Matsushita, Y. Matsuura, K. Mineoi, H. Mitsuhashi, N. Miura, S. Miyaguchi, S. Miyajima, H. Miyamoto, A. Miyashita, S. Miyata, I. Mizuguchi, A. Mizuno, T. Mori, O. Moriai, K. Morishita, O. Murai, Sho Nagai, Shunichi Nagai, E. Nagata, H. Nagata, A. Nakagomi, S. Nakahara, M. Nakamura, R. Nakamura, N. Nakanishi, T. Nakayama, R. Nakazato, T. Nanke, J. Nariyama, Y. Niijima, H. Niinuma, Y. Nishida, Y. Nishihata, K. Nishino, H. Nishioka, K. Nishizawa, I. Niwa, K. Nomura, S. Nomura, M. Nozoe, T. Ogawa, N. Ohara, M. Okada, K. Okamoto, H. Okita, M. Okuyama, H. Ono, T. Ono, Y. Onuki Pearce, S. Oriso, A. Ota, E. Otaki, Y. Saito, H. Sakai, N. Sakamoto, Y. Sakamoto, Y. Samejima, Y. Sasagawa, H. Sasaguri, A. Sasaki, T. Sasaki, Kazuki Sato, Kiyoharu Sato, M. Sawano, S. Seki, Y. Sekine, Y. Seta, K. Sezaki, N. Shibata, Y. Shiina, H. Shimono, Y. Shimoyama, T. Shindo, H. Shinohara, R. Shinohe, T. Shinozuka, T. Shirai, T. Shiraiwa, Y. Shozawa, T. Suga, C. Sugimoto, Kazuo Suzuki, Keita Suzuki, Shu Suzuki, Shunji Suzuki, Susumu Suzuki, Y. Suzuki, M. Tada, A. Taguchi, T. Takagi, Y. Takagi, K. Takahashi, S. Takahashi, H. Takai, C. Takanaka, S. Take, H. Takeda, K. Takei, K. Takenaka, T. Tana, G. Tanabe, K. Taya, H. Teragawa, S. Tohyo, S. Toru, Y. Tsuchiya, T. Tsuji, K. Tsuzaki, H. Uchiyama, O. Ueda, Y. Ueyama, N. Wakaki, T. Wakiyama, T. Washizuka, M. Watanabe, T. Yamada, T. Yamagishi, H. Yamaguchi, Kenichi Yamamoto, Kentaro Yamamoto, Kunihiko Yamamoto, T. Yamamoto, M. Yamaura, M. Yamazoe, K. Yasui, Y. Yokoyama, K. Yoshida, T.W. Lim, C.K. Ching, C.G. Foo, J.H. Chow, D.D. Chen, F.R. Jaufeerally, Y.M. Lee, G. Lim, W.T. Lim, S. Thng, S.Y. Yap, C. Yeo, S. Oh, H.N. Pak, J.-B. Kim, J.H. Kim, S.-W. Jang, D.H. Kim, D.R. Ryu, S.W. Park, D.-K. Kim, D.J. Choi, Y.S. Oh, M.-C. Cho, S.-H. Kim, H.-K. Jeon, D.-G. Shin, J.S. Park, H.K. Park, S.-J. Han, J.H. Sung, J.-G. Cho, G.-B. Nam, Y.K. On, H.E. Lim, J.J. Kwak, T.-J. Cha, T.J. Hong, S.H. Park, J.H. Yoon, N.-H. Kim, K.-S. Kim, B.C. Jung, G.-S. Hwang, C.-J. Kim, D.B. Kim, J.J. Ahn, H.J. An, H. Bae, A.L. Baek, W.J. Chi, E.A. Choi, E.H. Choi, H.K. Choi, H.S. Choi, S. Han, E.S. Heo, K.O. Her, S.W. Hwang, E.M. Jang, H.-S. Jang, S. Jang, H.-G. Jeon, S.R. Jeon, Y.R. Jeon, H.K. Jeong, I.-A. Jung, Hyeon Jeong Kim, Hyun Ju Kim, Ji Seon Kim, Jung Sook Kim, J.A. Kim, K.T. Kim, M.S. Kim, Sang Hee Kim, Sang Hyun Kim, Y.-I. Kim, C.S. Lee, E.H. Lee, G.H. Lee, H.Y. Lee, H.-Y. Lee, K.H. Lee, K.R. Lee, M.S. Lee, M.-Y. Lee, R.W. Lee, S.E. Lee, S.H. Lee, S. Lee, W.Y. Lee, I.K. Noh, A.R. Park, B.R. Park, H.N. Park, J.H. Park, M. Park, Y. Park, S.-Y. Seo, J. Shim, J.H. Sim, Y.M. Sohn, W.S. Son, Y.S. Son, H.J. Song, H.K. Wi, J.J. Woo, S. Ye, K.H. Yim, K.M. Yoo, E.J. Yoon, S.Y. Yun, P. Angchaisuksiri, S. Chawanadelert, P. Mongkolwongroj, K. Kanokphatcharakun, S. Cheewatanakornkul, T. Laksomya, S. Pattanaprichakul, T. Chantrarat, S. Rungaramsin, S. Silaruks, W. Wongcharoen, K. Siriwattana, K. Likittanasombat, P. Katekangplu, W. Boonyapisit, D. Cholsaringkarl, B. Chatlaong, P. Chattranukulchai, Y. Santanakorn, P. Hutayanon, P. Khunrong, T. Bunyapipat, S. Jai-Aue, P. Kaewsuwanna, P. Bamungpong, S. Gunaparn, S. Hongsuppinyo, R. Inphontan, R. Khattaroek, K. Khunkong, U. Kitmapawanont, C. Kongsin, B. Naratreekoon, S. Ninwaranon, J. Phangyota, A. Phrommintikul, P. Phunpinyosak, K. Pongmorakot, S. Poomiphol, N. Pornnimitthum, S. Pumprueg, S. Ratchasikaew, K. Sanit, K. Sawanyawisuth, B. Silaruks, R. Sirichai, A. Sriwichian, W. Suebjaksing, P. Sukklad, T. Suttana, A. Tangsirira, O. Thangpet, W. Tiyanon, Y. Vorasettakarnkij, T. Wisaratapong, W. Wongtheptien, A. Wutthimanop, S. Yawila, A. Oto, A. Altun, I. Ozdogru, K. Ozdemir, O. Yilmaz, A. Aydinlar, M.B. Yilmaz, E. Yeter, Z. Ongen, M. Cayli, H. Pekdemir, M. Ozdemir, M. Sucu, T. Sayin, M. Demir, H. Yorgun, M. Ersanli, E. Okuyan, D. Aras, H. Abdelrahman, O. Aktas, D. Alpay, F. Aras, M.F. Bireciklioglu, S. Budeyri, M. Buyukpapuc, S. Caliskan, M. Esen, M.A. Felekoglu, D. Genc, B. Ikitimur, E.B. Karaayvaz, S. Kılıç Karataş, S. Okutucu, E. Ozcelik, A. Quisi, H. Sag, L. Sahiner, B.Y. Sayin, T. Seker, D. Uzun Alkan, E. Yildirim, R. Yildirim, F. Yilmaz, V. Yuksekdag, H.L. Luciardi, N. Vensentini, A.C. Ingaramo, G.A. Sambadaro, V. Fernandez Caputi, S.G. Berman, P. Dragotto, A.J. Kleiban, N. Centurion, G. Giacomi, R.A. Ahuad Guerrero, D. Conde, G. Zapata, L.A. Di Paola, J.L. Ramos, R.D. Dran, J. Egido, A.A. Fernandez, M.J. Fosco, S. Sassone, V.A. Sinisi, L.R. Cartasegna, M.A. Berli, O.A. Gomez Vilamajo, F. Ferroni, E.D. Alaguibe, A. Alvarez D'Amelio, C. Arabetti, L. Arias, J.A. Belardi, L. Bergesio, F. Berli, M. Berli, S. Borchowiec, C. Buzzetti, R. Cabrini, V. Campisi, A.L. Cappi, R. Carrizo, F. Colombo Berra, J.P. Costabel, O.J.A. Costamagna, A.A. Damonte, I.N. De Urquiza, F. Diez, M.F. Edén, M. Fanuele, F. Fernandez Voena, M. Foa Torres, C. Funosas, M.P. Giacomi, C.H. Gimenez, E.P. Gurfinkel, M. de L.M. Had, V. Hansen, A.D. Hrabar, M. Ingratta, A. Lopez, G. Maehara, L. Maffei, A. Martinelli, C. Martinelli, J. Matkovich, B. Mautner, A. Meirino, R. Munguia, A. Navarro, V. Novas, G. Perez Prados, J. Pontoriero, R.N. Potito, C. Ricotti, M.A. Rodriguez, F. Rolandi, M.E. Said Palladino, M. Salinger, L.S. Sanziani, P.O. Schygiel, A. Sossich, J.F. Tinto, L. Tonelli, A.L. Tufare, M. Vallejo, M.E. Yunis, M. Zillo, F.J. Zurbrigk, A.C.P. Barretto, D.C. Sobral Filho, J. Jaber, D. Armaganijan, J. Faria Neto, A. Steffens, W. Kunz Sebba Barroso de Souza, J.D. de Souza Neto, J.M. Ribeiro, M. Silveira Teixeira, P.R. Ferreira Rossi, L. Pires, D. Moreira, J.C. Moura Jorge, A. Menezes Lorga Filho, L.C. Bodanese, M. Westerlund Montera, C.H. Del Carlo, T. Da Rocha Rodrigues, F.A. Alves da Costa, A. Lopes, R. Lopes, G.R. Araújo, E.R. Fernandes Manenti, J.F. Kerr Saraiva, J.C. 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Félix Lorenzato Fonseca, E. Fernandes, C. Fonseca, C.R. Frack Costantini, R. Franchin Ferraz, F. Freire, P. Gottardo, D. Guanaes, S. Guizzardi, E. Hettwer Magedanz, F. Igansi, F. Jannuzzi, G. Junior, D. Komar, E.G. Lino, D. Lopes, O. Lourenço da Silva Júnior, E. Lustosa, A.P. Macagnan, M.C. Marinho, M. Mazzoni, G. Melo, L. Mortari, O.M.C.C. Mouco, C. Nanzer Vital, C. Ormundo, S. Oss Emmer, E. Palmegiani, R. Pavani, L. Pereira, V.L. Pereira, R. Perreira, S. Poletti, S.C. Quaia Fortunato, C. Queirantes, N. Ramos Pereira, R.L. Rech, S. Ribeiro, A. Rodrigues, H. Roesch, T. Ruaro Reichert, D. Santos, I. Santos, M. Santos, M.V. Seroqui, S. Silva, L. Soares, L. Spolaor, C. Stoll, N. Toazza Duda, L. Trama, B. Unterkircher, M.V. Valois, T. Vargas, T. Viana, C. Vicente, L. Vidal Armaganijan, R. Vieira Homem, L.G. Vieira Torres, L. Vila Boas, F. Villaça Guimarães Filho, R. Corbalan, G. Eggers, C. Bugueño Gutiérrez, G. Arriagada, S. Potthoff Cardenas, B.A.J. Stockins Fernandez, C. Conejeros, C. 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Dumikyan, S. Erofeeva, E. Gorbunova, T. Gorshkova, A. Gubanov, M. Gurmach, Y. Ivanova, T. Kolesova, D. Konyushenko, O. Korneeva, O. Kropova, P. Kuchuk, O. Kungurtseva, T. Kupriyanova, B. Kurylo, M. Kuvanova, O. Lebedeva, E. Lileeva, O. Machilskaya, T. Medvedeva, G. Monako, I. Motylev, G. Nagibovich, E. Novikova, Y. Orlov, Y. Osmolovskaya, A. Ovsannikova, D. Platonov, S. Rachkova, O. Sinitsina, S. Speshilova, O. Suslova, A. Ushakov, O. Volodicheva, O. Zemlianskaia, I. Zhirov, E. Zhuravleva, I. Zotova, X. Viñolas, P. Alvarez Garcia, M.F. López Fernández, L. Tercedor, S. Tranche Iparraguirre, P. Torán Monserrat, E. Márquez Contreras, J. Isart Rafecas, J. Motero Carrasco, P. García Pavía, C. Gómez Pajuelo, C. Moro Serrano, L.F. Iglesias Alonso, A. Grande Ruiz, J. Mercé Klein, J.R. Gonzalez Juanatey, G. Barón Esquivias, I. Monte Collado, H. Palacín Piquero, C. Brotons Cuixart, M. Rodríguez Morató, J. Bayo I Llibre, C. Corros Vicente, M. Vida Gutierrez, F. Epelde Gonzalo, C.A. Almeida Fernández, N. Del Val Plana, E. Escrivá Montserrat, J.J. Montero Alía, M. Barreda González, M.A. Moleiro Oliva, J. Iglesias Sanmartín, M. Jiménez González, M. Rodriguez Álvarez, J. Herreros Melenchon, T. Ripoll Vera, F. Ridocci Soriano, L. Garcia Riesco, M.D. Marco Macian, J. Quiles Granado, M. Jimenez Navarro, J. Cosin Sales, J.V. Vaquer Perez, M. Vazquez Caamano, M.F. Arcocha Torres, G. Marcos Gomez, A. Iñiguez Romo, M.A. Prieto Diaz, Carmela Alonso, Concepcion Alonso, D. Alvarez, M. Alvarez, M. Amaro, N. Andere, J. Aracil Villar, R. Armitano Ochoa, A. Austria, S. Barbeira, E. Barraquer Feu, A. Bartes, V. Becerra Munoz, F.J. Bermudez Jimenez, A. Branjovich Tijuan, J. Cabeza Ramirez, M. Cabrera Ramos, E. Calvo Martinez, M. Campo Moreno, G. Cancho Corchado, M. Casanova Gil, M. Castillo Orive, D. Castro Fernandez, M. Cebollada del Misterio, R. Codinachs Alsina, A. Cortada Cabrera, J. Costa Pinto Prego de Faria, S. Costas, M.I. Cotilla Marco, M. Dachs, C.M. Diaz Lopez, A. Domenech Borras, A. Elorriaga Madariaga, A. Espallargas, M. Fernandez, E. Fernandez Escobar, E. Fernandez Mas, A. Ferrer, J. Fosch, M. Garcia Bermudez, V. Garcia Millan, M. Gavira Saenz, C. Gines Garcia, C. Gomez, Y. Gomez Perez, A. Gonzales Segovia, P. Gonzalez, L. Grigorian, A. Guerrero Molina, M. del C. Gutierrez del Val, B. Herrero Maeso, E. Hevia Rodriguez, A. Iglesias Garcia, M.J. Jimenez Fernandez, B. Jimeno Besa, P. Juan Salvadores, M.B. Lage Bouzamayor, I. Lasuncion, L.E. Lezcano Gort, M. Llobet Molina, M. Lopez, A. Manzanal Rey, J. Mara Guerra, S. Marcus, A. Martin Vila, M. Martinez Mena, P. Mazon, F. Mendez Zurita, G. Millán, M. Molina, P. Montero Alia, D. Montes, M. Moure Gonzalez, R.B. Munoz Munoz, A. Negrete Palma, H.N. Orellana Figueroa, V.M. Ortega, C. Ortiz Cortes, D. Otero Tomera, N. Palomo Merchan, I. Pareja Ibar, E. Pena Garcia, M. Pereda Armayor, M. Perez Carasa, I. Prieto, V. Quintern, R. Renom, L.M. Rincon Diaz, V. Rios, L. Riquelme Sola, R. Rivera, X. Robiro Robiro, M. Roca, C. Roca Saumell, C. Rodrigo, E. Rodriguez, M. Rodriguez Garcia, S. Saez Jimenez, P. Sanchez Calderon, L. Sanchez Mendez, S. Sanchez Parra, C. Santolaya, M.R. Senan Sanz, A. Seoane Blanco, E. Serralvo, N. Sierra, C. Simon Valero, J. Sorribes Lopez, M. Teixido Fontanillas, M. Terns Riera, G. Tobajas, C. Torres, J. Torres Marques, M. Ubeda Pastor, M. Rosenqvist, A. Wirdby, J. Linden, K. Henriksson, M. Elmersson, A. Egilsson, U. Börjesson, G. Svärd, B. Liu, A. Lindh, L.-B. Olsson, M. Gustavsson, Lars Andersson, Lisbeth Andersson, L. Benson, C. Bothin, A. Hajimirsadeghi, K. Kadir, M. Ericsson, A. Ohlsson, H. Lindvall, P. Svensson, K. Thorne, H. Handel, P. Platonov, B. Eriksson, I. Timberg, K. Romberg, M. Crisby, J.-E. Karlsson, S.A. Jensen, A. Andersson, L. Malmqvist, B. Martinsson, F. Bernsten, J. Engdahl, J. Thulin, A. Hot-Bjelac, P. Stalby, H. Aaröe, E. Ahbeck, H. Ahlmark, F. Al-Khalili, G. Bonkowski, S. Dzeletovic, A.-B. Ekstrand, G.-B. Eriksson, K. Floren, C. Grässjö, S. Hahn, P. Jaensson, B. Jansson, J.-H. Jansson, R.-M. Kangert, A. Koch, D. Kusiak, A. Lettenström, A. Lindberg, C.-J. Lindholm, A. Mannermyr, K. Mansson, M. Millborg, C. Nilsson, A.-M. Ohlin, A. Olofsson, A. Osberg, A. Pedersen, K. Risbecker, K. Rosenberg, J. Samuelsson, M. Shayesteh, K. Skoglund, M. Stjernberg, C. Thorsen, J. Steffel, J.H. Beer, J. Debrunner, D. Amstutz, J. Bruegger, G. Elise, A. Grau, A. Guinand, I. Henriette, E. Saga, S. Winnik, A. Parkhomenko, I. Rudyk, V. Tseluyko, O. Karpenko, S. Zhurba, I. Kraiz, I. Kupnovytska, N. Serediuk, Y. Mostovoy, O. Ushakov, O. Koval, I. Kovalskyi, Y. Svyshchenko, O. Sychov, M. Stanislavchuk, O. Kraydashenko, A. Yagensky, S. Tykhonova, I. Fushtey, R. Belegai, G. Berko, L. Burdeuna, O. Chabanna, I. Daniuk, A. Ivanov, E. Kamenska, P. Kaplan, O. Khyzhnyak, S. Kizim, O. Matova, O. Medentseva, V. Mochonyi, M. Mospan, V. Nemtsova, T. Ovdiienko, O. Palamarchuk, M. Pavelko, R. Petrovskyy, D. Plevak, O. Proshak, S. Pyvovar, L. Rasputina, O. Romanenko, O. Romanova, A. Sapatyi, O. Shumakov, R. Stets, L. Todoriuk, V. Varenov, D. Fitzmaurice, N. Chauhan, D. Goodwin, P. Saunders, R. Evans, J. Leese, P.S. Jhittay, A. Ross, M.S. Kainth, G. Pickavance, J. McDonnell, A. Williams, T. Gooding, H. Wagner, S. Suryani, A. Singal, S. Sircar, R. Bilas, P. Hutchinson, A. Wakeman, M. Stokes, N. Paul, M. Aziz, C. Ramesh, P. Wilson, S. Franklin, S. Fairhead, J. Thompson, V. St Joseph, G. Taylor, D. Tragen, D. Seamark, C. Paul, M. Richardson, A. Jefferies, H. Sharp, H. Jones, C. Giles, M. Page, O. Oginni, J. Aldegather, S. Wetherwell, W. Lumb, P. Evans, F. Scouller, N. Macey, Y. Stipp, R. West, S. Thurston, P. Wadeson, J. Matthews, P. Pandya, A. Gallagher, T. Railton, B. Sinha, D. Russell, J.A. Davies, P. Ainsworth, C.P. Jones, P. Weeks, J. Eden, D. Kernick, W. Murdoch, L. Lumley, R.P. Patel, S.W. Wong, M. Saigol, K. Ladha, K. Douglas, D.F. Cumberlidge, C. Bradshaw, G. Van Zon, K.P. Jones, M.J. Thomas, E. Watson, B. Sarai, N. Ahmad, W. Willcock, J. Cairns, S. Sathananthan, N. de Kare-Silver, A. Gilliland, E. Strieder, A. Howitt, B. Vishwanathan, N. Bird, D. Gray, M. Clark, J. Bisatt, J. Litchfield, E. Fisher, T. Fooks, A.R. Kelsall, E. Alborough, J. Wakeling, M. Parfitt, K. Milne, S. Rogers, R. Priyadharshan, J.L. Oliver, E. Davies, S. Abushal, M. Jacobs, C. Hutton, N.I. Walls, R. Thompson, C. Chigbo, S.M.A. Zaidi, M. Howard, K.C. Butter, S. Barrow, H. Little, I.U. Haq, L. Gibbons, S. Glencross, A.J. McLeod, K. Poland, C. Mulholland, A. Warke, P. Conn, G. Burns, R.N. Smith, S. Lowe, R. Kamath, H.S. Dau, J. Webster, I. Hodgins, S. Vercoe, P.C. Roome, H. Pinnock, J.R.A. Patel, A. Ali, N. Hart, R. Davies, E. Stuart, C.A. Neden, M. Danielsen, R. Heath, P. Sharma, S. Galloway, C. Hawkins, R. Oliver, M. Aylward, S. Mannion, M. Braddick, D. Edwards, A.C. Rothwell, A. Sabir, F. Choudhary, S. Khalaque, A. Wilson, S. Peters, W. Coulson, N. Roberts, A. Heer, S. Coates, B. Ward, D. Jackson, S. Walton, D. Shepherd, M. Sterry, T. Wong, M. Boon, R. Bunney, R. Haria-Shah, R.T. Baron, S. Davies, T. Schatzberger, N. Hargreaves, T. Stephenson, H. Choi, R. Batson, L. Lucraft, T. Myhill, S. Estifano, D. Geatch, J. Wilkinson, R. Veale, K. Forshaw, T. Davies, K. Zaman, P. Vinson, C. Liley, M. Bandrapalli, P. McGinty, R. Wastling, P. McEleny, A. Beattie, P. Cooke, M. Wong, J. Gunasegaram, M. Pugsley, S. Ahmad, C. A'Court, J. Ayers, J. Bennett, S. Cartwright, S. Dobson, C. Dooldeniya, A. Flynn, R. Fox, J. Goram, A. Halpin, A. Hay, P. Jacobs, L. Jeffers, L. Lomax, I. Munro, R. Muvva, M. Nadaph, K. Powell, S. Randfield, D. Redpath, R. Reed, M. Rickenbach, G. Rogers, P.B. Saunders, C. Seamark, J. Shewring, P. Simmons, H. Simper, H. Stoddart, A. Sword, N. Thomas, A. Thomson, H. Gibbs, A. Blenkhorn, B. Singh, W. Van Gaal, W. Abhayaratna, R. Lehman, P. Roberts-Thomson, J. Kilian, D. Coulshed, A. Catanchin, D. Colquhoun, H. Kiat, D. Eccleston, J. French, L. Zimmett, B. Ayres, T. Phan, P. Blombery, D. Crimmins, D. O'Donnell, A. Choi, P. Astridge, M. Arstall, N. Jepson, M. Binnekamp, A. Lee, J. Rogers, G. Starmer, P. Carroll, J. Faunt, A. Aggarwala, L. Barry, C. Batta, R. Beveridge, A. Black, M. Bonner, J. Boys, E. Buckley, M. Campo, L. Carlton, A. Connelly, B. Conway, D. Cresp, H. Dimitri, S. Dixon, M. Dolman, M. Duroux, M. Eskandari, R. Eslick, A. Ferreira-Jardim, T. Fetahovic, D. Fitzpatrick, R. Geraghty, J. Gibbs, T. Grabek, M.H. Modi, K. Hayes, M.P. Hegde, L. Hesketh, B. Hoffmann, B. Jacobson, K. Johnson, C. Juergens, I. Kassam, V. Lawlor, M. Lehman, S. Lehman, D. Leung, S. Mackay, M. MacKenzie, C. McCarthy, C. McIntosh, L. McKeon, H. Morrison, C. Mussap, J.-D. Myers, V. Nagalingam, G. Oldfield, V. O'May, J. Palmer, L. Parsons, K. Patching, T. Patching, V. Paul, M. Plotz, S. Preston, H. Rashad, M. Ratcliffe, S. Raynes, J. Rose, L. Sanders, M. Seremetkoska, H. Setio, S. Shone, P. Shrestha, C. Singh, C. Singleton, N. Stoyanov, S. Sutcliffe, K. Swaraj, J. Tarrant, S. Thompson, I.M. Tsay, M. Vorster, A. Waldman, L. Wallis, E. Wilford, K. Wong, S.J. Connolly, A. Spyropoulos, J. Eikelboom, R. Luton, M. Gupta, A.S. Pandey, S. Cheung, R. Leader, P. Beaudry, F. Ayala-Paredes, J. Berlingieri, J. Heath, G. Poirier, M. Du Preez, R. Nadeau, G. Dresser, R. Dhillon, T. Hruczkowski, B. Schweitzer, B. Coutu, P. Angaran, P. MacDonald, S. Vizel, S. Fikry, R. Parkash, A. Lavoie, J. Cha, B. Ramjattan, J. Bonet, K. Ahmad, L. Aro, T. Aves, K. Beaudry, C. Bergeron, J. Bigcanoe, N. Bignell, L. Breakwell, E. Burke, L. Carroll, B. Clarke, T. Cleveland, S. Daheb, P. Dehghani, I. Denis, Z. Djaidani, P. Dorian, S. Douglass, J. Dunnigan, A. Ewert, D. Farquhar, A. Fearon, L. Ferleyko, D. Fournier, B. Fox, M.-C. Grenier, W. Gulliver, K. Haveman, C. Hines, K. Hines, A.M. Jackson, C. Jean, G. Jethoo, R. Kahlon, S. Kelly, R. Kim, V. Korley, J. Kornder, L. Kwan, J. Largy, C. Lewis, S. Lewis, I. Mangat, R. Moor, J. Navratil, I. Neas, J. Otis, R. Otis, M. Pandey, F. Petrie, A. Pinter, M. Raines, P. Roberts, M. Robinson, G. Sas, S. Schulman, L. Snell, S. Spearson, J. Stevenson, T. Trahey, S. Wong, D. Wright, H. Ragy, A. Abd El-Aziz, S.K. Abou Seif, M.G. El Din, S. El Etriby, A. Elbahry, A. El-Etreby, M. Elkhadem, A. Katta, T. Khairy, A. Mowafy, M. Nawar, A. Ohanissian, A. Reda, M. Reda, H. Salem, N. Sami, S. Samir, M. Setiha, M. Sobhy, A. Soliman, N. Taha, M. Tawfik, E. Zaatout, D. Kettles, J. Bayat, H. Siebert, A. Horak, Y. Kelfkens, R. Garda, T. Pillay, M. Guerra, L. van Zyl, H. Theron, A. Murray, R. Louw, D. Greyling, P. Mntla, V. Ueckermann, R. Loghdey, S. Ismail, F. Ahmed, J. Engelbrecht, A. Ramdass, S. Maharajh, W. Oosthuysen, G. Angel, C. Bester, M. Booysen, C. Boshoff, C. Cannon, S. Cassimjee, C. Chami, G. Conway, A. Davids, L. de Meyer, G. Du Plessis, T. Ellis, L. Henley, M. Karsten, E. Loyd, J. Marks, L. Mavhusa, M. Mostert, A. Page, L. Rikhotso, M. Salie, J. Sasto, F. Shaik, A. Skein, L. Smith, G. Tarr, T. Tau, F. van Zyl, W. Al Mahmeed, G. Yousef, A. Agrawal, M. Nathani, M. Ibrahim, E.M. Esheiba, R. Singh, A. Naguib, M. Abu-Mahfouz, M. Al Omairi, A. Al Naeemi, R. Maruthanayagam, N. Bazargani, A. Wassef, R. Gupta, M. Khan, B. Subbaraman, A. Abdul, A. Al Mulla, S. El Bardisy, P. Haridas, S. Jadhav, K. Magdaluyo, M. Makdad, I. Maqsood, R. Mohamed, N. Sharma, R. Sharma, M. Thanzeel, S.Z. Goldhaber, R. Canosa, P. Rama, E. Blumberg, J. Garcia, P. Mullen, V. Wilson, A. Quick, K. Ferrick, W.M. Kutayli, M. Cox, M. Franco, S. Falkowski, R. Mendelson, M. Williams, S. Miller, S. Beach, A. Alfieri, T. Gutowski, I. Haque, R. Reddy, W. Ahmed, P. Delafontaine, D. Diercks, D. Theodoro, K. Remmel, M. Alberts, R. Ison, H. Noveck, P. Duffy, S. Pitta, D. Nishijima, C. Treasure, N. Asafu-Adjaye, K. Ball, M. Bartlett, M. Bentley, S. Bowers, A. Brown, A. Browne, J. Cameron-Watts, M. Canova, D. Cassidy, K. Cervellione, S. Congal, J. DePauw, A. Dickerson, M. Eley, L. Evans, S. Felpel, K. Ferdinand, D. Fielder, P. Gentry, A. Haideri, F. Hakimi, T. Harbour, E. Hartranft, B. Hawkins, M. Headlee, L. Henson, C. Herrick, T. Hicks, S. Jasinski, A. Jones, L. Jones, P. Jones, S. Karl, M. Keeling, J. Kerr, P. Knowles, J. Langdon, M. Lay, J.A. Lee, T. Lincoln, E. Malone, A. Merliss, D. Merritt, J. Minardo, B. Mooso, C. Orosco, V. Palumbo, M. Parker, T. Parrott, S. Paserchia, G. Pearl, J. Peterson, N. Pickelsimer, T. Purcell, J. Raynor, S. Raziano, C. Richard, T. Richardson, C. Robertson, A. Sage, T. Sanghera, P. Shaw, J. Shoemaker, K. Smith, B. Stephanie, A. Thatcher, H. Theobald, N. Thompson, L. Treasure, T. Tripti, C. Verdi, and V. Worthy
Subjects: Surgery, RD1-811, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Background: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD–Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. Methods and results: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012–2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P
Published: 2018
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83. Unusual small intestinal obstuction in adolescent girls: The abdominal cocoon

Author: K T Foo, R Sinniah, A Rauff, K C Ng, and W C Foong
Subjects: Menarche, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Adolescent, business.industry, Peritonitis, Small Intestinal Obstruction, medicine.disease, Small intestine, Surgery, Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis, medicine.anatomical_structure, Intestine, Small, medicine, Humans, Abdomen, Female, Presentation (obstetrics), Drug intoxication, business, Intestinal Obstruction
Abstract: Ten cases of small intestinal obstruction seen over a period of 6 years (1971-6) in young girls within the narrow age range of 13-18 years are described. The patients were all within 2 years of menarche. In all these cases the obstruction was due to a membrane encasing the small intestine in the manner of a cocoon. There was no previous history of abdominal operation, peritonitis or prolonged drug intake. The clinical features, operative findings and management of the cases are presented. Possible causes of the condition are discussed. In view of the similar clinical presentation in all these patients, their conditions can be grouped as a clinical entity–‘the abdominal cocoon’.
Published: 1978
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84. Authors

Author: Thomas G. Humphrey, Thomas H. Smith, Matthew C. Pope, John F. Cline, Dominic A. Cataldo, W. Eugene Skiens, Frederick G. Burton, L. E. Bruns, L. Castelnau, T. Desmas, A. M. Lapicoré, P. Mainy, R. G. Charles, James G. Cleary, M. J. Wootten, F. A. Garner, C. W. Hunter, G. D. Johnson, E. P. Lippincott, J. O. Schiffgens, Harry Farrar, David D. Ebert, Melville A. Feraday, Moon T. Foo, Ross D. Davidson, John E. Winegar, Fumio Kawamura, Motojima Kenji, Matti Valkiainen, Mikko Nykyri, D. R. Olander, Earl J. Wheelwright, William J. Bjorklund, Larry M. Browne, Garry H. Bryan, Langdon K. Holton, Everett R. Irish, Dan H. Siemens, James P. Adams, Victor T. Berta, Hiroshi Tochihara, Eiji Ochiai, Tadashi Hasegawa, P. A. Aarnio, M. J. Koskelo, P. D. Lund, V. K. Maunula, J. T. Routti, J. V. Sandberg, H. J. Takala, F. S. Becker, and K. L. Kompa
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics
Published: 1982
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85. Competitive inhibition of cytochrome P-450scc by (22R)- and (22S)-22-aminocholesterol. Side-chain stereochemical requirements for C-22 amine coordination to the active-site heme

Author: T Foo, W H Orme-Johnson, A Nagahisa, and M Gut
Subjects: biology, Cytochrome, Stereochemistry, Diastereomer, Active site, Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Dissociation constant, chemistry.chemical_compound, Non-competitive inhibition, chemistry, biology.protein, Pregnenolone, medicine, Amine gas treating, Molecular Biology, Heme, medicine.drug
Abstract: Two diastereomeric aminocholesterols, (22R)-22-aminocholesterol and (22S)-22-aminocholesterol, are both found to be potent inhibitors of the biosynthesis of pregnenolone from cholesterol by purified bovine mitochondrial P-450scc. Both steroids are competitive versus cholesterol, but the stereochemically correct analog (22R)-22-aminocholesterol is bound approximately 1000 times more tightly than (22S)-22-aminocholesterol. The dissociation constants are 25 nM and 13 microM, respectively. Direct comparisons between spectroscopic and enzymatic properties of the two enzymesterol complexes and the 22-amino-23,24-bisnor-5-cholen-3 beta-ol complex are made, underlining the importance of the stereochemistry at the C-22 position.
Published: 1985
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86. Use of Intrapleural Fibrinolytic Therapy in a Trapped Lung following Acute Traumatic Haemothorax

Author: T. Foo, Chuan and Herre, Jurgen
Abstract: Retained haemothorax is a common sequela of traumatic haemothorax and refers to blood that cannot be drained from the pleural cavity. We report a case of trapped lung secondary to retained haemothorax in a patient who sustained a penetrating chest injury. Initial chest computed tomography (CT) showed a large haemothorax that was managed with an intercostal drain insertion (ICD). Repeat chest CT and thoracic ultrasonography performed after ICD removal showed an organized pleural space resembling haematoma. ICD was reinserted with administration of intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy (IPFT). Subsequent chest CT showed the development of a pleural rind and trapped lung. A second ICD was inserted, and further IPFT were administered together with aggressive negative pressure suction. Haemoglobin remained stable. The patient made a full recovery and imaging performed two weeks later showed minor blunting of the costophrenic angle. This case highlights the feasibility and safety of IPFT in the management of trapped lung associated with traumatic retained haemothorax as an alternative to surgery.
Published: 2021
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87. Acute suppurative renal infections

Author: H S, Lam, C, Tan, E C, Tan, K H, Tung, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Adult, Male, Nephritis, Adolescent, Acute Disease, Carbuncle, Humans, Female, Urography, Middle Aged, Abscess, Aged, Ultrasonography
Published: 1986

88. Management of invasive bladder carcinoma--a five year review

Author: E C, Tan, K H, Tung, H S, Lam, K T, Foo, and E P, Tock
Subjects: Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Male, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, Humans, Female, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Aged, Follow-Up Studies
Published: 1988

89. Retroperitoneal fibrosis a case report

Author: K H, Tung and K T, Foo
Subjects: Diagnosis, Differential, Male, Radiography, Humans, Retroperitoneal Fibrosis, Middle Aged
Published: 1981

90. Assessment of difficult renal stones

Author: K T, Foo
Subjects: Radiography, Kidney Calculi, Humans
Published: 1986

91. Gastroenterology and urology in Singapore

Author: T K, Ti and K T, Foo
Subjects: Urologic Diseases, Singapore, Urologic Neoplasms, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Gastrointestinal Neoplasms
Published: 1982

92. Haemorrhagic chronic radiation cystitis--following treatment of pelvic malignancies

Author: P K, Pillay, M, Teh, E J, Chua, E C, Tan, K H, Tung, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Adult, Male, Hydrocortisone, Radiotherapy, Urinary Bladder, Cystoscopy, Middle Aged, Urinary Diversion, Diathermy, Cystitis, Humans, Silver Nitrate, Female, Therapeutic Irrigation, Aged, Hematuria, Pelvic Neoplasms
Abstract: Haemorrhagic chronic radiation cystitis is not an uncommon clinical entity, and should be suspected in patients with painless gross haematuria who have a past history of radiotherapy to the pelvic region. A series of 29 patients with haemorrhagic chronic radiation cystitis were managed in the University Department of Surgery, Singapore General Hospital over a 5 years period from 1979 to 1983. Cystodiathermy was the mainstay of treatment and was successful in controlling haematuria in 27 patients. Two patients developed uncontrolled haematuria, urinary tract infection, septicaemia and died giving mortality of 6.9%. Excellent control of haemorrhage can be obtained with cystodiathermy in the majority of patients. Intravesical instillation of steroid or silver nitrate is used for the more intractable cases, after cystodiathermy. Urinary diversion with or without cystectomy are desperate measures to salvage the severe case and mortality is high.
Published: 1984

93. Surgical causes of haematuria--the diagnostic approach

Author: K T, Foo
Subjects: Urologic Diseases, Humans, Medical History Taking, Physical Examination, Hematuria
Abstract: Gross haematuria is one of the most important symptoms in urology, as one of its causes is neoplasm of the urinary tract. The other important causes are urinary stones, urinary tract infection, which may be acute or chronic, trauma, and chronic haemorrhagic radiation cystitis. The differential diagnosis of gross haematuria depends on the age and sex of the patient, and the associated symptoms. The most important associated symptom is pain.
Published: 1987

94. Primary carcinoma of duodenum--a case report

Author: K T, Foo, M, Sridharan, S C, Ong, and C H, Law
Subjects: Male, Duodenal Neoplasms, Humans, Adenocarcinoma, Aged
Published: 1976

95. Sterilisation patterns in dental practices in Singapore

Author: M, Elliott, M T, Foo, C C, Lim, S C, Lim, Y C, Lim, E M, Loh, and B G, Tay
Subjects: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Cross Infection, Dental Instruments, Singapore, Hot Temperature, Ethanol, Sterilization, Hepatitis B, Dental Equipment, Disinfection, Surveys and Questionnaires, Communicable Disease Control, Dental Offices, Equipment Contamination, Humans, Ultrasonics
Abstract: A survey to find out the standard of sterilisation of dental equipment was conducted via a questionnaire sent out to all Division I dental surgeons in Singapore. Questions asked determined the main methods of sterilisation/disinfection of hand instruments, air rotor and air motor handpieces, burs, salivary ejectors, ultrasonic scaling tips, and the use of disposable needles, local anesthetic, carpules, and gloves. Results indicated that while most respondents sterilised or disinfected various instruments, there was an apparent misconception that sterilisation and disinfection were the same thing. The majority used boiling with water or cold chemical disinfection. Most respondents were willing to treat patients with known histories of hepatitis B but would refer patients with histories of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Published: 1988

96. Stone composition and metabolic study in urinary calculous disease

Author: E C, Tan, K H, Tung, C O, Low, W C, Foong, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Adult, Calcium Phosphates, Male, Calcium Oxalate, Magnesium Compounds, Middle Aged, Phosphates, Uric Acid, Recurrence, Humans, Calcium, Female, Magnesium, Urinary Calculi, Aged
Abstract: A series of 178 urinary stones is analysed qualitatively during a three year period from 1980 to 1982. The majority (96%) of stones orginate from the upper tract. Calcium oxalate stones are the commonest entity seen in the western countries but less than 20% of such stones occur locally. A large proportion consists of mixed stones and one third are infective as triple phosphate is present. 20% contain urate as a constituent whereas relatively pure urate stones constitute 4%. The true incidence of pure urate stones is higher (about 10%) as we have been dissolving them with alkalinisation of urine without surgery. Idiopathic hypercalciura occurs in 11.8% and none has persistent hypercalcaemia. Hyperuricosuria which is commoner, occurs in 24% of patients. It is important to identify this group as it results in the formation of metabolically active stones, and they can be treated with allopurinol to prevent recurrence of stones.
Published: 1984

97. Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm

Author: A, Rauff, K T, Foo, and C K, Tay
Subjects: Adult, Male, Rupture, Adolescent, Diaphragm, Humans, Female, Wounds, Penetrating, Middle Aged, Wounds, Nonpenetrating
Published: 1977

98. Transurethral resection of large obstructing prostates above the weight of 40 grams

Author: E C, Tan, K H, Tung, and K T, Foo
Subjects: Male, Prostatectomy, Prostate, Prostatic Hyperplasia, Humans, Organ Size, Middle Aged, Aged
Abstract: A series of 62 cases of transurethral resection of large obstructing prostates above 40 grams is presented. The weight of resected prostates ranged from 41 to 84 grams with an average of 54.5 grams. The average rate of resection was 0.7 gm/min. Though 74.2% of patients were in clinical grade II and III categories, no mortality occurred and serious complications were minimum. 71% of patients were discharged within a week. On the whole, the results were satisfactory although clot retention (11.3%) was a more common complication following transurethral resection of large prostate. Transurethral resection is a safe and acceptable alternative to open prostatectomy even for large prostates.
Published: 1984

99. Products of dehydroepiandrosterone metabolism by human mammary tumors and their influence on estradiol receptor binding

Author: T. Foo, J.B. Adams, and Li Karen
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Metabolite, Clinical Biochemistry, Estrogen receptor, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Breast Neoplasms, Biology, Biochemistry, Binding, Competitive, chemistry.chemical_compound, Structure-Activity Relationship, Endocrinology, Cytosol, Internal medicine, medicine, Androstenediols, Animals, Humans, Isoelectric Point, Molecular Biology, Pharmacology, Estradiol, In vitro metabolism, Organic Chemistry, Uterus, Mammary tissue, Metabolism, chemistry, Receptors, Estrogen, Estrogen receptor site, Female, Rabbits
Abstract: The high concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone and its 3beta-sulfate in the blood are potential preocursors for further metabolism by normal and tumorous human mammary tissue. In vitro metabolism of 7n-3H- and 1,2,6,7(n)-3H-dehydroepiandrosterone by fifteen mammary tumors was examined. Some 10--50% of the radioactivity recovered was in the form of 7-oxygenated derivatives: the major metabolite being 7alpha-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone accompanied by lesser amounts of the 7beta-epimer. 5-Androstene-3beta,17beta-diol was formed in all but one case. Evidence showed that the high yield of 7alpha-hydroxy derivative resulted from direct action of a 7alpha-hydroxylase capable of using both dehydroepiandrosterone and 5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol as substrates. Although 5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol competed with estradiol-17beta for the estrogen receptor, this property was considerably reduced as a consequence of the introduction of a 7alpha-hydroxyl or 16alpha-hydroxyl group. Dehydroepiandrosterone, which competed less effectively for the estrogen receptor site, showed almost no affinity for the site upon the introduction of a 7alhpa-hydrocyl group. A regulatory role for the 7alpha-hydroxylase is outlined.
Published: 1978

100. Antegrade ureteroscopy and ultrasonic lithotripsy in the treatment of difficult upper and middle ureteric stones

Author: E C, Tan, K H, Tung, K T, Foo, R, Kwok, and J, Hoe
Subjects: Male, Ureteral Calculi, Lithotripsy, Humans, Endoscopy, Female, Length of Stay, Nephrostomy, Percutaneous
Abstract: 34 patients with difficult upper and middle ureteric stones were treated by antegrade ureteroscopy with ultrasonic lithotripsy over a 2-year period. 14 patients (41 percent) had failed extracorporeal wave lithotripsy and another 20 patients (59 percent) were considered unsuitable for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy due either to obstruction associated with urosepsis or renal failure. Thirty patients (88 percent) had large stones with a transverse diameter from 10 to 20mm in size. Thirty-three of the 34 patients (97 percent) were successfully treated by this method with minimal morbidity. Of the 7 patients with residual stones, only one needed transurethral ureteroscopic removal and another by piezoelectric extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. This technique is a safe and effective method in removing impacted upper and middle ureteric stones for patients who have failed or are unsuitable for extra-corporeal shock wave lithotripsy treatment.
Published: 1989

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